Waste management最新文献

{"title":"Holistic approach to odour impact assessment on the basis of three waste management plants","authors":"Justyna Jońca ,&nbsp;Yaroslav Bezyk ,&nbsp;Urszula Miller ,&nbsp;Magdalena Wróbel ,&nbsp;Adalbert Arsen ,&nbsp;Jarosław Szrek ,&nbsp;Artur Muraszkowski ,&nbsp;Adriana Włóka ,&nbsp;Anna Janicka ,&nbsp;Izabela Sówka","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Odour pollution is a significant challenge associated with Waste Management Plants (WMPs) and is related to the emissions of diverse odorants from organic waste decomposition processes. Assessing odorous emissions requires a comprehensive approach that combines analytical and sensory methods. This study showcases such a holistic approach to odour impact assessment at three WMPs in Poland. Sensory investigations included field olfactometry and measurements of odour intensity, frequency, and hedonic quality, while gas sensors and a photoionization detector monitored ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and total Volatile Organic Compounds (tVOCs) in real time. Additionally, an electronic nose (e-nose) demonstrated its effectiveness in continuously monitoring odour intensity and pinpointing critical sources, showing a strong correlation with sensory and analytical data. To enhance the comparability of sensory data with electronic nose readings, an Odour Air Quality Index (OAQI) was developed by aggregating key sensory parameters into a unified scale representing perceived odour impact. This index enabled a structured comparison with e-nose outputs and supported validation of the instrument’s reliability for continuous monitoring. The findings reveal significant spatial and seasonal variability in odour emissions, influenced by technological processes, waste composition, and climatic conditions. Among the three facilities, the biological treatment areas were identified as major odour sources. Furthermore, the quarters were problematic odour hot-spots at one of the facilities. Summer measurements exhibited higher emissions due to increased microbial activity, driven by higher temperatures, while winter emissions were notably lower, reflecting the impact of temperature on decomposition rates. The research underscores the importance of combining sensory techniques, gas analysis, and innovative tools such as the e-nose to enhance odour management in WMPs. Recommendations include improving aeration, enclosing odour-intensive processes, and applying advanced methods such as gas chromatography for detailed emission profiling. This study contributes to improving air quality management in WMPs and mitigating odour nuisance for surrounding communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115156"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable syngas and H2 from a zootechnical waste: an investigation on fluidized bed gasification of cattle manure","authors":"Francesco Miccio ,&nbsp;Izabella Maj ,&nbsp;Lucrezia Polchri ,&nbsp;Annalisa Natali Murri","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cattle manure (CM) is a zootechnical waste no longer desired for direct land application. Therefore, alternative methods of disposal must be developed, especially in countries with high production of dairy products and meat. Fluidized bed gasification allows for the safe utilization of manure together with the recovery of energy in the form of syngas. In the presented research, CM was subjected to fluidized bed gasification in CO₂ and O₂ atmospheres at T = 850 °C. Different CO₂ levels (Y_CO2 = 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30) or equivalence ratios for O₂ (χ = 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) were used during gasification tests at laboratory scale. For the CO₂ atmosphere, the gas yields of H₂, CH₄, and CO were the highest at Y_CO2 = 0.30 with a conversion degree of 73.7 % and maximum cold gas efficiency of 83.1 %. For O₂ atmosphere, the conversion degree of 86.4 % and maximum cold gas efficiency of 60.0 % were achieved at lowest equivalence ratio (χ = 0.3). An exploratory test confirmed the advantage of using a catalytic bed material (dolomite) compared to an inert one (quartzite). The presence of dolomite led to increased levels of H₂ and CH₄. Tar yield and characteristics for CM and reference beech wood (BW) were similar, although a slightly larger amount was appreciated for CM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115140"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial mechanisms enhancing humification and nitrogen retention during co-composting of black soldier fly frass and pig manure","authors":"Xunan Li ,&nbsp;Yanbo Zhou ,&nbsp;Yinglong Su ,&nbsp;Dong Wu ,&nbsp;Min Zhan ,&nbsp;Bing Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bioconversion of food waste by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has garnered increased attention in recent years. However, nutrient-rich BSFL frass produced after larval harvesting does not meet the standard for organic fertilizer and requires secondary composting. This study investigated the co-composting of BSFL frass with different types of pig manure, including fresh (FR) and stored for 10 days (FM), to explore the microbial mechanisms enhancing humification and nitrogen retention using rice bran as a bulking agent. Results indicated FM achieved the longest thermophilic phase, exceeding 50 °C for 15 days and 55 °C for 8 days, along with the highest germination index (64.41 ± 2.13 %) and nitrogen content (4.09 ± 0.21 %). Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy results demonstrated that FM facilitated the most effective humification process, with three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometer (3D-EEM) analyses confirming a greater humic acid formation. Microbial profiling revealed a predominant bacterial succession, with key populations including <em>Bacillus spp</em>., <em>Micrococcales</em>, <em>Saccharomonospora</em>, and <em>uncultured Sphingobacteriaceae</em>. Functional predictions based on PICRUSt2 analysis indicated nitrogen assimilation and fixation were enhanced, while denitrification was suppressed, thereby minimizing nitrogen loss. This study provides a viable strategy for integrating insect-based bioconversion with livestock manure composting to achieve high-value organic waste recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115146"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foam fractionation of PFAS from landfill leachate using a membrane electrochemical reactor","authors":"Biraj Saha ,&nbsp;Himani Yadav ,&nbsp;Md Tanbir Khan ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ateia ,&nbsp;Sujan Fernando ,&nbsp;Syeed Md Iskander","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effective removal of PFAS from chemically complex landfill leachate remains a significant challenge for the solid waste industry. To address this, a membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) was investigated for PFAS removal from landfill leachate at low pH (∼2.0) in the anode chamber. The MER achieved 95.6 % PFAS removal from landfill leachate within seven hours of operation, with 98.3 % of perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA) and 85.5 % of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) removed from the leachate. Short-chain PFSAs (C ≤ 6, 92.5–99.1 %) were removed more efficiently than PFCAs (C ≤ 6, 80.8–90 %), possibly due to their stronger affinity for the air–water interface, which enhanced foam-based separation. Long-chain PFAS (C &gt; 6) showed near-complete removal (96.1–100 %). Importantly, PFAS precursors such as fluorotelomer carboxylic acids and perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluorides were not detected in defoamed leachate, suggesting their removal through both oxidative transformation and foam-phase partitioning in the MER. Simple pH adjustment to 2.0 using concentrated H₂SO₄, conducted for comparison with the MER, resulted in 83.1 % of PFAS separation into foam and 11.3 % into settled solids. Additionally, short-chain PFAS were separated into foam (59.2–84.7 %) and settled solids (5.7–13 %), while long-chain PFAS showed similar trends with 78.3–86 % in foam and 5.3–18.2 % in settled solids. The addition of 0.1 M NaHCO₃ before pH adjustment enhanced foam formation, increasing PFAS separation in foam to 92.5 %. This study highlights MER’s effective PFAS removal performance without any solid precipitate generation. Further research should explore the effect of MER operational conditions and leachate–PFAS chemistry on the treatment performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115154"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of new glass–ceramic materials from float glass and slag waste by modulation of the cooling rate","authors":"Paola Stabile ,&nbsp;Francesco Vetere ,&nbsp;Letizia Giuliani ,&nbsp;Cristina Siligardi ,&nbsp;Consuelo Mugoni ,&nbsp;Manuela Nazzari ,&nbsp;Gianluca Iezzi","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores an alternative route to recycle waste materials from float glass (FG, 30 wt%) and copper slag (CS, 70 wt%). The FG is a silica-rich glass, while the CS is rich in Fe and Zn. They were melted at 1550 °C to obtain a homogeneous glass that was then re-melted and cooled at 10 (low) and 500 (high) °C/h to produce a glass–ceramic. X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and Electron microprobe characterisations show that both products contain spinel crystals within an abundant glassy matrix. At 500 °C/h, unexpectedly, the glass–ceramic contains a higher content (30.0 ± 5.5 area%) of tiny and long dendrites (spinifex) of spinels than at 10 °C/h (13.7 ± 2.2 area%); at the low rate, spinels are skeletal (large crystals) to dendritic (tiny and short) and larger than at high rate. This unveils that the estimated crystal growth rate (10⁻⁷ cm/s) is higher at 500 °C/h. The crystal-chemistry of spinels results in more enriched Fe and Zn at 10 °C/h than at the high rate. This approach is promising for various applications or for concentrating valuable transition metals (Fe, Zn) as a function of cooling rate and type and quantity of starting waste materials; also, it avoids treatments with additives or fluxing agents and it provides, thanks to the dielectric properties shown, a strong potential for industrial use as a microwave absorber.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115141"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An environmentally friendly process for Si recovery from end-of-life photovoltaic panels: Green swelling and mechanical crushing","authors":"Guanghui Yan,&nbsp;Jialun Zhang,&nbsp;Siyuan Liu,&nbsp;Xue Song,&nbsp;Yingming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth in the installation of photovoltaic (PV) panels has made the recycling of end-of-life PV panels an urgent concern. Mechanical crushing is a promising approach for separating various components. However, the separation of glass and silicon powder remains challenging. This paper proposes an environmentally friendly process by combining green solvent swelling and mechanical crushing for glass separation and silicon enrichment from PV panels. The ethyl acetate was successfully used to separate glass from PV panels for the first time. Complete separation of glass was achieved under the optimal conditions (60 °C, 60 min, 8 ml/g, 120 W). The PV panels without glass were then crushed mechanically under shear force. The silicon was enriched to −0.25 mm with a recovery rate of 73.30 % and purity of 88.71 %. This study provides a new option for glass and silicon recovery from waste PV panels, which shows significant potential for industrial application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115142"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic mechano-chemical pretreatment of bagasse: enhancing levulinic acid production and high-performance packaging materials generation","authors":"Ya-Peng Du ,&nbsp;Kai-Bin Ding ,&nbsp;Zi-Quan Wang ,&nbsp;Yu-Cang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan-Zhen Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass, a sustainable feedstock for biorefineries, necessitates effective pretreatment strategies to fractionate it into functional components. This study presented an integrated pretreatment strategy combining mechanical and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole chloroaluminate ([BMIM][AlCl₄])-lactic acid (LA) treatments to valorize bagasse. High-intensity mechanical treatments, such as ball milling (BM), significantly reduced cellulose crystallinity, improving the substrate’s accessibility for subsequent [BMIM][AlCl₄]-LA pretreatment. The combined pretreatment greatly enhanced lignin removal, and preserved cellulose with higher levulinic acid yields compared to untreated biomass. Regenerated lignin nanoparticles, particularly from BM pretreatment, demonstrated excellent interfacial compatibility in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films, enhancing UV-blocking, hydrophobicity, and mechanical strength retention, while minimizing color distortion, highlights lignin’s potential as a multifunctional additive in biodegradable packaging. Particle size-dependent analyses revealed a strong correlation between reduced lignin size and improved film performance, attributed to better dispersion and exposure of functional groups. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of an integrated mechanical-chemical pretreatment strategy for optimizing lignocellulose valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115138"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phage display screening for highly specific nickel- and cobalt-binding peptides for bio-recovery of metals","authors":"Anna Sieber ,&nbsp;Anastasia Kalampaka ,&nbsp;Sabine Matys ,&nbsp;Franziska Lederer ,&nbsp;Klemens Kremser ,&nbsp;Doris Ribitsch ,&nbsp;Georg M. Guebitz","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electronic waste is a valuable source of critical metals like nickel and cobalt, but their recovery is challenging. Current recycling processes use harsh conditions and toxic chemicals, which is why environmentally friendly alternatives are crucial. Metal-binding peptides offer high selectivity and durability, making them promising for sustainable metal separation. Here, phage display was successfully applied to screen a combinatorial peptide library with specific affinities to nickel or cobalt. Identified peptides with the amino acid sequences FWPLHHH, GPHKHHA, HNYHHRH, and HMNHHHH revealed improved binding affinities of up to 20.000-fold to immobilized metal ions compared to the unspecific binding of the phage backbone. Furthermore, low micromolar dissociation constants e.g., 6.2 µM for peptide Co_02 (HMNHHHH) to Co²⁺ and 29.0 µM for peptide Ni_01 (GPHKHHA) to Ni²⁺, determined by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) measurements confirmed the intrinsic metal binding properties. These peptides offer a high potential for future recycling of nickel and cobalt from mixed metal waste like batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115145"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel insight into the heavy metal immobilization by coal fly ash-based geopolymers using machine learning and density functional theory","authors":"Kaizhi Yang ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Kezhou Yan ,&nbsp;Yining Su ,&nbsp;Longyi Zhao ,&nbsp;Jungang Tang ,&nbsp;Yu Che ,&nbsp;Yanxia Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal fly ash (CFA)-based geopolymers are sustainable low-carbon binders for heavy metal immobilization, while promoting solid waste utilization and safe disposal. CFA-based geopolymers immobilization of heavy metal primarily depends on the raw material properties, curing conditions, alkali activator properties and heavy metal properties. However, conventional methods for optimizing geopolymer synthesis and evaluating immobilization capacity are costly, time-intensive, and lack of insight into solidification mechanisms. This study combined machine learning (ML) algorithm and density functional theory (DFT) to predict and reveal heavy metal immobilization of CFA-based geopolymers. Eight ML models were evaluated, with the gradient boosting regression (GB) model exhibiting the best predictive performance (R² = 0.9284, RMSE = 0.3912). Feature importance analysis reveals determinants of immobilization performance: heavy metal properties &gt; geopolymer raw material properties &gt; curing conditions &gt; alkali activator properties. DFT calculations revealed that geopolymers incorporating large-radius hydrated heavy metal ions, low Si/Al ratios, and elevated calcium content exhibit enhanced heavy metal immobilization capacity, characterized by reduced interaction energies and stronger electron localization function peaks. Overall, the integrated ML + DFT method improves predictive capabilities for complex waste systems and reveals immobilization mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115139"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of street views and socio-economic conditions in profiling illegal dumping ‘black spots’: An LLM-enabled study in Hong Kong","authors":"Bing Yang ,&nbsp;Weisheng Lu ,&nbsp;Junjie Chen ,&nbsp;Liang Yuan ,&nbsp;Zhikang Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Illegal dumping remains a persistent urban problem. Previous research has established that a neighborhood’s socioeconomic status and certain urban features, observed from a bird’s-eye view, influence dumping behavior. However, environmental criminologists contend that granular, eye-level street views offer more immediate and relevant environmental cues for potential offenders. This study aims to develop an explanatory model to profile illegal dumping ’black spots’ in urban areas by employing street view analytics. The innovative aspect of this approach lies in leveraging emerging large language models (LLMs) to extract street-level cues, which are then combined with census-based socioeconomic indicators using a spatially adaptive Geographic Random Forest. The model achieved a predictive accuracy of R2 = 0.7574 and an RMSE of 0.9368 on the held-out test set. Local feature analysis revealed that compact hotspot clusters with visible waste or dense vegetation significantly increase illegal dumping risk. Compared to traditional computer vision methods, LLMs proved more efficient in extracting meaningful features without manual annotation or specialized training. These findings demonstrate that integrating scalable, LLM-derived environmental cues with spatial machine learning enables more targeted and effective interventions for urban waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 115137"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}