Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Ultrasonographic Appearance of a Posterior Lenticonus in a Cat.","authors":"Antonella Rampazzo, Marc Orts-Porcar, Francesca Del Chicca","doi":"10.1111/vop.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study is to present high-quality and up-to-date ocular ultrasonographic images and videos of a posterior lenticonus with concomitant mature cataract in a cat. Additionally, the clinical findings, surgical treatment, and outcome are reported for completeness and to confirm the diagnosis. An 8-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat presented due to unilateral cataract. Ophthalmological examination revealed a mature cataract without clinically detectable uveitis. Hematological and biochemical analyses were unremarkable, and tests for common infectious diseases associated with feline uveitis were negative. Electroretinography and ocular ultrasound were performed as part of the presurgical planning for phacoemulsification. Retinal function was normal. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a severely distorted shape of the posterior lens capsule (PLC) with hyperechoic material protruding into the vitreous body. Neither a PLC fibrovascular plaque nor a persistent hyaloid artery was identified. These findings were interpreted as a possible rupture of the posterior lens capsule with lens material extruding into the vitreous body. Posterior lenticonus was considered a less likely differential diagnosis. The owner elected to proceed with phacoemulsification surgery. Intraoperatively, the posterior lens capsule was found to be intact. An axial posterior lenticonus with cataractous lens material bulging together with the capsule into vitreous was identified. An intraocular lens was successfully implanted. Given the better surgical prognosis compared to capsule ruptures, posterior lenticonus, although rare, should be considered a differential diagnosis, particularly when a cone-shaped protrusion lacking Doppler signal is identified at the posterior lens capsule extending into the vitreous body.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144080814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating Inclusive Language in Veterinary Medicine: A Step Toward a More Equitable Workplace.","authors":"Adesola Odunayo, Zenithson Ng","doi":"10.1111/vop.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stigmatizing language, often rooted in unconscious bias, can reinforce power imbalances, perpetuate stereotypes, and compromise inclusivity. Inclusive language-defined as communication that respects diversity, acknowledges lived experiences and promotes equality-fosters a supportive and welcoming environment for all team members and clients. Its application extends to verbal interactions, written communication, policies, and educational materials. Strategies to implement inclusive language include adopting people-first phrasing, avoiding ableist expressions, respecting gender diversity, and embracing cultural humility. Organizations can further support inclusivity through training programs and leadership modeling. By prioritizing inclusive language, veterinary teams not only strengthen collaboration and equity but also enhance team dynamics, client satisfaction, and patient care. Recognizing the power of words and choosing them thoughtfully promotes a culture of belonging and respect, benefiting individuals and the organization as a whole.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Efficacy Testing of TONS504-Based Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (TONS504-PACT) Under a 405-nm Light-Emitting Diode Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Causing Canine Keratitis.","authors":"Tomoya Furujo, Kazuki Harada, Norihiko Ito, Isao Sakata, Tomohiro Osaki","doi":"10.1111/vop.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using TONS504, a newly developed hydrophilic and cationic photosensitizer, under a blue light emitting diode (LED) against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from dogs with keratitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three bacterial strains (i.e., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), isolated from two dogs with keratitis, were used in this study after antimicrobial susceptibility tests. PACT using TONS504 (0.1-100 mg/L) was performed under a 405-nm LED at 30 J/cm² (20 mW/cm², 25 min) against bacterial suspensions (1.0 × 10^7-8 CFU). Bacterial strains that were unexposed, exposed to TONS504 only, or exposed to blue light only served as controls. Antimicrobial effects were assessed by calculating the survival fraction based on the assessment of colony-forming units (CFU) on agar plates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exposure to TONS504 or blue light only did not decrease the bacterial survival fraction against any of the strains. After TONS504-PACT under blue light against S. pseudintermedius, no colonies were observed at any TONS504 concentration, resulting in an approximate reduction of 2.3 × 10⁸ in the survival fraction. TONS504-PACT under blue light against E. coli and P. aeruginosa at 10 mg/L of TONS504 showed the greatest reduction in survival fraction, and the reduction was substantially lower than those of the respective controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TONS504-PACT under blue light exhibited satisfactory activity against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in vitro. Further research on the safety and clinical efficacy of TONS504-PACT under blue light is required; however, it is a potential treatment for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial keratitis in veterinary ophthalmology.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tarsal Gold Weight Implant as a Surgical Treatment for Eyelid Akinesia Related to Facial Paralysis.","authors":"Marta Viñas, Manuela Crasta, Daniele Corlazzoli, Nunzio D'Anna","doi":"10.1111/vop.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the use and outcome of a tarsal gold weight implant as a surgical treatment for facial paralysis in two patients.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Case 1: a four-year-old female neutered French Bulldog was referred for a perforated corneal ulcer of the right eye and a history of ipsilateral recurrent otitis. Case 2: a seven-year-old male neutered domestic short hair was referred for a deep corneal ulcer of the left eye and a four-year history of facial paralysis.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Complete ophthalmic examination revealed facial paralysis in both patients; associated with a perforated corneal ulcer in case 1 and with a descemetocele in case 2. Surgical treatment was required in both patients for corneal repair. Tarsal gold weight implantation was performed in both patients. An eyelid gold weight was implanted and anchored to the tarsal plate with 5-0 Nylon suture; the subcutaneous and skin layers were sutured with 5-0 Polyglactin910 in a simple interrupted pattern. Eyelid motion was achieved after surgery. Post-operative re-examination at 3 years for case 1 and 18 months for case 2 revealed persistence of facial nerve paralysis in both patients. Passive closure and active opening of the affected eyelid were noted in both patients. No signs of active exposure keratitis were noted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These two cases represent a novel surgical treatment to support passive blink for facial paralysis in a dog and cat using a human tarsal gold eyelid weight.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infracyanine Green-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Immune-Mediated Keratitis in Horses.","authors":"Kimberly P Lam, Deborah A Keys, Richard J McMullen","doi":"10.1111/vop.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe infracyanine green-based photodynamic therapy (InfraCG-PDT) and evaluate outcomes in horses with immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK).</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Medical records from 2014 to 2020 from the Equine Clinic Munich-Riem, Germany, and Auburn University Equine Ophthalmology Service identified horses diagnosed with IMMK following ophthalmic examination that had undergone InfraCG-PDT.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Multiple intrastromal injections of EmunDo (InfraCG, A.R.C. Laser, Nuernberg, Germany) within an affected quadrant or the entire cornea were treated with diffuse diode laser energy (FOX A.R.C., Laser, Nuernberg, Germany, 500 mW at 30s cycles) irradiation between 75 J (J, quadrant) and 300 J (entire cornea).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-one eyes (22 OS, 19 OD, 10 OU) from 47 horses were included (22 geldings, 20 mares, and 5 stallions) from 15 breeds aged between 4 and 29 years (median 14 years). Individual quadrants (28/51 eyes, 54.9%) or the entire cornea (23/51 eyes, 45.1%) were treated. Complications were defined as immediate: intrastromal fracture (4/51 eyes, 7.8%), intracameral InfraCG (7/51 eyes, 13.7%), and an epithelial blister (1/51 eyes, 1.9%) or short term: prolonged dye retention (51/51 eyes, 100%, with gradual reduction over a 12-week period) and superficial corneal ulceration (15/51 eyes, 29.4%). Globe threatening ulcers (3/51 eyes, 5.9%) resolved without significant complications. IMMK remained inactive (controlled or managed with improvement in ocular lesions) in 31/40 horses (77.5%) during follow-up (mean 223.0 ± 269.3 days; range 14-1095 days), 4/40 horses (10.0%) required additional treatment, and 5/40 horses (12.5%) were lost to follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>InfraCG-PDT may be an effective treatment for horses with IMMK. Further studies are needed to optimize this treatment modality.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Repair of Deep Melting Ulcers With Freeze-Dried Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Dogs and Cats.","authors":"Cloé Lengellé","doi":"10.1111/vop.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the efficacy of freeze-dried amniotic membrane (FDAM) used in veterinary medicine (Vetrix EyeQ) for the surgical treatment of deep melting ulcers in dogs and cats.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 15 dogs and 5 cats treated for deep melting corneal ulcers were included in this retrospective study. Following keratectomy, a simple or multilayer FDAM was placed into the keratectomy bed and sutured with 9/0 polyglactin suture material. A temporary third eyelid flap was performed for each case. Follow-up examinations were performed on average 18, 45, and 90 days after surgery. Final evaluation included assessment of corneal healing, preserved vision, and residual corneal opacities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 20 eyes were treated between 2019 and 2023. Nine dog and four cat breeds were represented. Mean healing time was 17 ± 2 days. At 18 days postsurgery, inflammatory reaction with superficial vascularization was present in all eyes (20/20). At 45 days, 45% (9/20) of eyes showed persistent corneal neovascularization, mild corneal fibrosis, and focal corneal pigmentation. At 90 days, persistent severe pigmentation was observed in 10% (2/20) of eyes. Corneal transparency was successfully restored, and vision was preserved in 90% of cases (18/20).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FDAM transplantation was effective in treating melting corneal ulcers in dogs and cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Identification of Mast Cells in the Rat Lacrimal Glands.","authors":"Ozkan Yavas","doi":"10.1111/vop.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to investigate the presence, microanatomical localization, and immunohistochemical subtypes of mast cells in the lacrimal glands (LGs) of rats.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A total of ten female Sprague-Dawley rats' LGs were evaluated in this study.</p><p><strong>Procedure(s): </strong>The experimental animals were euthanized. LG samples were collected and fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde for 48 h. Sections were taken from the paraffin-embedded samples and stained for microscopic examination. The histochemical properties of lacrimal gland epithelium and the composition of tears were examined by Periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue staining and evaluated microscopically. Toluidine blue staining and tryptase and chymase immunohistochemically demonstrated localization and phenotypes of mast cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The existence and varying numbers of mast cells were successfully demonstrated in all three LGs by Toluidine blue staining, and the highest number of mast cells was observed in the extraorbital lacrimal gland, while their numbers were almost the same in the intraorbital lacrimal gland and Harderian gland. Immunohistochemically, chymase-positive mast cells were more numerous than tryptase-positive cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study is the first documentation of the presence of mast cells with different phenotypes in rat LGs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Outcomes of Infected Corneal Ulcers in Dogs With or Without the Use of Topical Serum.","authors":"Rachel L Davis, Emily A Latham, Wendy M Townsend","doi":"10.1111/vop.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine if topical serum use impacts clinical outcomes of infected corneal ulcers in dogs.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A total of 252 eyes (237 dogs) undergoing medical and surgical therapy for infected corneal ulcers managed with or without topical serum.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Patients were identified retrospectively in the same geographic region of the United States. Healing times, visual outcomes, and enucleation were recorded for medically managed ulcers. Visual outcomes and enucleation were recorded for surgically managed ulcers. The number and frequency of topical medications were recorded for all groups. Statistical analyses were performed for all comparisons, with a significance level of p = 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 252 eyes (237 dogs) were included. Of these, 203 eyes underwent medical therapy (150 without serum/53 with serum) and 49 eyes were treated surgically at presentation (35 without serum/14 with serum postoperatively). In the medical group, the use of serum had no impact on healing times (p = 0.380), visual outcomes (p = 0.751) or enucleation (p = 0.433). In the surgery group, visual outcomes (p = 0.488) and enucleation (no eyes enucleated) were not impacted by serum use. Healing times were not impacted by frequency (p = 0.092) or number of topical medications (p = 0.346).</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to determine if topical serum use affects clinical outcomes of infected corneal ulcers in dogs. Topical serum did not impact healing times, visual outcomes, or enucleation rates of infected corneal ulcers treated medically or surgically in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Postoperative Intraocular Inflammation in Dogs Receiving Transzonular Intravitreal Triamcinolone-Moxifloxacin Versus Subconjunctival Triamcinolone After Phacoemulsification.","authors":"Samantha V Palmer-Greenberg, Laura A Mancuso, Melanie L Church, Brad Nadelstein, Andrew Berdoulay","doi":"10.1111/vop.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the postoperative effect of transzonular intravitreal triamcinolone-moxifloxacin compared to subconjunctival triamcinolone administered during phacoemulsification in dogs.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Forty-eight dogs (96 eyes) undergoing bilateral phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>All dogs undergoing phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation received transzonular intravitreal triamcinolone-moxifloxacin (TITM) in one eye and subconjunctival triamcinolone (SCT) in the contralateral eye. Aqueous flare (AF), anterior chamber fibrin formation (FF), pigment precipitates (PP) on the intraocular lens, posterior capsular opacification (PCO), corneal edema (CE), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were assessed 1 day, 1 week, 2-3 weeks, 4-6 weeks, 8-12 weeks, and ≥ 3 months postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no difference in AF over time (p > 0.05); however, at 2-3 weeks postoperatively, the average AF was statistically greater (p = 0.01) in the TITM group compared to the SCT group. At three postoperative time points, IOP was significantly different (p < 0.05) between TITM and SCT eyes, but remained within a normal reference range. In both groups, IOP significantly decreased (p < 0.05) over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the parameters evaluated, including overall visual outcome and surgical success, no clinically relevant differences between groups were appreciable. TITM and SCT, used adjunctively to postoperative topical ophthalmic and oral anti-inflammatories, appear to be acceptable techniques for administering a local ocular corticosteroid during canine phacoemulsification, but whether they provide any synergistic or additive effect remains unclear.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Loteprednol Etabonate and Ketorolac Tromethamine on Intraocular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress After Paracentesis-Induced Blood-Aqueous Barrier Breakdown in Cats.","authors":"Hanna Rodrigues Miranda, Alexandre Pinto Ribeiro, Fábio Dumit Pizzinatto, Bianca Eidt Rodrigues, Nathalia de Assis Pereira, Thiago Henrique de Oliveira Alves, Suélem Aparecida de França Lemes, Anderson de Oliveira Souza","doi":"10.1111/vop.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the effects of loteprednol etobonate (LE) and ketorolac tromethamine (KT) on pupil diameter (PD) and aqueous humor levels of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), total protein (TP), and glutathione (GSH) following paracentesis-induced intraocular inflammation in cats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty cats (n = 10/group) underwent anterior chamber paracentesis at T1 and T2 (60 min apart). At T1, the right eye received one drop of LE, KT, or saline (CG). PD was measured at T1 and T2, and aqueous humor samples were analyzed for PGE₂, TP, and GSH.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At T1, PD, PGE₂, TP, and GSH levels did not differ among groups (p > 0.05). At T2, PGE₂ concentrations were significantly lower in LE (p < 0.0001) and KT (p = 0.01) groups when compared to CG. When compared to CG, TP values were significantly lower only in the LE group (p = 0.002). GSH levels decreased significantly across all groups (p < 0.01), maintaining significantly higher levels in the LE group (p = 0.04). PD decreased significantly in the CG (p = 0.003) and KT (p = 0.01) groups, but not in the LE group (p = 0.18).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LE and KT effectively reduced PGE₂ levels following paracentesis. LE also significantly decreased TP levels, mitigated miosis, and preserved GSH, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Considering that KT also reduced PGE₂ levels, further studies are warranted to determine whether KT might effectively reduce protein influx into the anterior chamber at later time points.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}