{"title":"Subconjunctival Granuloma Caused by Dirofilaria repens in an Indoor Dog From Thailand: A Case Report and Mitochondrial Genome Analysis.","authors":"Natthanet Sritrakoon, Pongpun Sawatwong, Kannika Siripattarapravat, Duangkamon Siludjai, Famui Mueanpai, Peera Hemarajata, Sutawee Suksin, Wissanuwat Chimnoi, Nutsuda Klinkaew, Burin Nimsuphan","doi":"10.1111/vop.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe a subconjunctival granuloma caused by Dirofilaria repens in a dog from Rayong province, eastern Thailand, along with the successful treatment outcomes. The causative nematode was identified through morphological examination and molecular techniques.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>A 5-year-old female mixed-breed dog was presented with a subconjunctival mass at the temporal part of the left bulbar conjunctiva. The dog lived indoors with its owner.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A complete ophthalmic examination was performed. The mass was surgically removed and submitted for histopathological examination. During the surgery, a long, slender, white-creamy nematode emerged from the mass, which was sent for parasitology examination and molecular identification. The left eyelids were closed using temporary tarsorrhaphy. Selamectin spot-on and doxycycline were prescribed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two weeks after surgery, the temporary tarsorrhaphy was removed. The excision site had healed completely without recurrence. The histopathological examination revealed eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation. A parasitic nematode was identified in the genus Dirofilaria spp. The full-length mitochondrial genome analysis showed 99.8% coverage of Dirofilaria repens sequences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>D. repens infection caused a subconjunctival granuloma in the current case. The treatments, combined with surgical excision and selamectin spot-on, resulted in a good response. The conjunctival wound had healed completely within 2 weeks, without complications or recurrences. To the authors' knowledge, this was the first report of canine subconjunctival dirofilariasis caused by D. repens in Thailand. The vector-borne transmission of D. repens, a zoonotic nematode, via mosquito bites in humans, should be a concern in Thailand, particularly in the eastern region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70094"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Annual Scientific Meeting of the European Society of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Ghent, Belgium, from October 2 to 5, 2025.","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/vop.70143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147391084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond the White Coat: Addressing the Diversity Gap in Veterinary Ophthalmology.","authors":"Peter Weinstein","doi":"10.1111/vop.70066","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Veterinary medicine has long been acknowledged as one of the least diverse health professions in the United States. According to 2023 AVMA data, over 85% of veterinarians identify as white, a figure that remains disproportionately high compared to the general population. In contrast, non-Hispanic white individuals represent about 59% of the U.S. population according to 2020 Census data. This disparity is even more pronounced in veterinary specialty colleges. For example, while Black veterinarians represent only 2% of the profession overall, their estimated representation within board-certified specialties, including veterinary ophthalmology, falls below 1%. Similarly, Latinx individuals make up 5.4% of matched candidates in specialty programs, far below their 19% share of the general U.S. population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70066"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radan Elvis Matias de Oliveira, Fernanda Loffler Niemeyer Attademo, Rita de Kássia Matias de Oliveira, Romário Parente Dos Santos, Fábia de Oliveira Luna, Antonio A Mignucci-Giannoni, Lesly J Cabrias-Contreras, Fabrício Bezerra de Sá, Flávio José de Lima Silva, Augusto Carlos da Bôaviagem Freire, Moacir Franco de Oliveira
{"title":"Ultrasonographic Ocular Biometry of the Greater Caribbean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus).","authors":"Radan Elvis Matias de Oliveira, Fernanda Loffler Niemeyer Attademo, Rita de Kássia Matias de Oliveira, Romário Parente Dos Santos, Fábia de Oliveira Luna, Antonio A Mignucci-Giannoni, Lesly J Cabrias-Contreras, Fabrício Bezerra de Sá, Flávio José de Lima Silva, Augusto Carlos da Bôaviagem Freire, Moacir Franco de Oliveira","doi":"10.1111/vop.70126","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to characterize the ocular biometry of the Trichechus manatus manatus applying B-mode ultrasonography across different age groups. Twenty-two animals were assessed employing a portable ultrasound device equipped with a linear transducer. Five ocular parameters were assessed: corneal thickness (CT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial lens length (ALL), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), and axial globe length (AGL). Data were statistically analyzed at a 5% significance level based on normality and variance. The mean values (cm) for the right eye of calves, juveniles, and adults were, respectively, CT (0.082 ± 0.012; 0.088 ± 0.011; 0.091 ± 0.010), ACD (0.040 ± 0.005; 0.051 ± 0.008; 0.052 ± 0.007), ALL (0.345 ± 0.028; 0.367 ± 0.016; 0.414 ± 0.020), VCD (1.137 ± 0.076; 1.155 ± 0.062; 1.161 ± 0.089), and AGL (1.606 ± 0.098; 1.663 ± 0.071; 1.720 ± 0.094). Values for the left eye were CT (0.082 ± 0.012; 0.088 ± 0.012; 0.087 ± 0.011), ACD (0.041 ± 0.008; 0.048 ± 0.006; 0.052 ± 0.007), ALL (0.345 ± 0.028; 0.381 ± 0.027; 0.411 ± 0.025), VCD (1.147 ± 0.076; 1.174 ± 0.045; 1.166 ± 0.086), and AGL (1.617 ± 0.086; 1.693 ± 0.062; 1.717 ± 0.095). CT, VCD, and AGL were similar across age groups, while ACD and ALL increased with age. Positive correlations between body length and ocular parameters were significant only in calves. Ocular ultrasonography is, thus, an effective, safe, and reproducible tool for ophthalmic evaluations in T. m. manatus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12963524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145640475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma With Conjunctival T-Lymphocyte Infiltration in a Dog.","authors":"Takuya Yogo, Yutaka Momota, Hisashi Yoshimura, Masami Yamamoto","doi":"10.1111/vop.70167","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Conjunctival lymphoma is rare in dogs, with most cases exhibiting the B cell phenotype. Concurrent cutaneous and conjunctival T cell involvement is exceptionally uncommon. This case report describes a dog with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that presented with chronic conjunctivitis and conjunctival T-lymphocyte infiltration.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>A 15-year-old spayed female Chihuahua presented with a 3-month history of bilateral conjunctivitis that was unresponsive to conventional therapy.</p><p><strong>Procedures and results: </strong>Physical examination revealed severe conjunctival inflammation extending into the corneal limbus and perinasal depigmentation. Conjunctival cytology revealed the presence of mixed inflammatory cells. Histopathological examination of the nasal skin confirmed an epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma with dense atypical lymphoid infiltration. Immunohistochemistry revealed CD3-positive, CD79α-negative cells. Conjunctival biopsy demonstrated lymphocytic infiltration with a similar immunophenotype, although cellular atypia was minimal and mitotic figures were rare. The patient was initially managed with topical corticosteroids, followed by oral prednisolone, and the patient survived for 191 days post-diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>This case underscores the need to consider neoplastic disease in dogs presenting with chronic conjunctivitis, particularly when mucocutaneous lesions are also present. The identification of T-lymphocyte-predominant conjunctival infiltration in a dog with confirmed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma suggests either an early stage of neoplastic involvement or a reactive inflammatory process. These findings emphasize the value of careful diagnostic evaluation, including tissue biopsy and immunohistochemistry, when managing refractory ocular inflammatory conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aaron C Sieve, Elizabeth A Giuliano, Zachary L McAdams, Aida Vientós-Plotts, Carol R Reinero, Aaron C Ericsson
{"title":"Microbiota Analysis and Standard Culture Identify Bacteria in Ophthalmic Trypan Blue Solution Commonly Used During Canine Cataract Surgery.","authors":"Aaron C Sieve, Elizabeth A Giuliano, Zachary L McAdams, Aida Vientós-Plotts, Carol R Reinero, Aaron C Ericsson","doi":"10.1111/vop.70064","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify bacterial communities and quantify endotoxin within different lot numbers and brands of commercially available sterile ophthalmic trypan blue solution commonly used during canine cataract surgery; with the ultimate goal of improving our understanding of possible factors associated with post-operative fibrin web (FW) formation.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Five samples from two production lots of three different brands of trypan blue (30 samples total) and reagent controls were collected for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing, sequence analysis, and classification. All samples underwent conventional aerobic and capnophilic bacterial culture. Assays for endotoxin quantification included fluorogenic, kinetic chromogenic, and turbidimetric methods. Statistical analysis assessed DNA concentration, microbial richness, and alpha (α) and beta (β) diversity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>an-blue (4/10), VisionBlue (3/10), and MONOBLUE Saf-R (3/10) all cultured at least one organism in each lot number from the enrichment broth. Genera cultured included Staphylococcus spp., Lysinibacillus spp., Bacillus spp., and Micrococcus spp. Analysis of sequencing data revealed no significant difference in α-diversity but significant differences in weighted and unweighted measures of β-diversity (Bray-Curtis and Jaccard distances) between an-blue and VisionBlue samples. Differential abundance testing found Halomonas and Saccharofermentans to be genus-level biomarkers. Dominant families recovered from sequencing included Bifidobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Propionibacteriaceae, WCHB1-41, and Streptococcaceae. Endotoxin quantification could not be performed at clinically relevant dilutions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significant brand-specific differences in relative abundance of shared bacterial taxa were noted between an-blue and VisionBlue. Halomonas and Saccharofermentans were identified as genus-level biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70064"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yun-Shan Chiu, Chau-Hwa Chie, Carmen M H Colitz, Wei-Hsiang Huang, Ya-Wen Yang, Chung-Tien Lin
{"title":"Retinal Morphological Characterization of Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia) Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Histological Techniques.","authors":"Yun-Shan Chiu, Chau-Hwa Chie, Carmen M H Colitz, Wei-Hsiang Huang, Ya-Wen Yang, Chung-Tien Lin","doi":"10.1111/vop.70107","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To establish normative retinal imaging and measurement data for the Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia), a nocturnal raptor clinically free of systemic and ophthalmological disorders, using optical coherence tomography and histopathology.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>Ten eyes from 6 Collared Scops Owls (Otus lettia) were included in the study.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>As part of the standard pre-release assessment, ocular reflex tests and basic ophthalmic examinations were performed prior to anesthesia induction. Routine X-ray and blood work were then conducted under general anesthesia, followed by OCT imaging for high-resolution retinal analysis. Parameters assessed included the pecten-foveal distance, foveal width, foveal depth, total retinal thickness (TR), neurosensory retinal thickness (NS), and ganglion cell complex thickness (GCC). Retinal images acquired through OCT were compared with corresponding histological sections to validate the findings and evaluate structural correlations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A single fovea was identified on the superior and temporal side of the pecten. The measured pecten-foveal distance was 5959.7 ± 147.45 μm (mean ± SD), while the foveal width and depth were 656 ± 41.81 μm and 65.3 ± 6.34 μm, respectively. The TR was 299.8 ± 23.08 μm, and the NS averaged 272.9 ± 21.94 μm; the GCC was 87.9 ± 6.24 μm. Histology revealed all retinal layers distinctly, which were well cross-referenced and correlated with OCT images.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The morphology and measurement values of the retina in Collared Scops Owls were first established using OCT and histological analysis. These findings, which are fundamental to raptor ophthalmology, offer valuable support for medical care efforts and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eric C Ledbetter, Kelly E Knickelbein, Nita L Irby, Corey Schmidt
{"title":"Equine Corneal Stromal Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinical and in Vivo Confocal Microscopic Features of 7 Cases.","authors":"Eric C Ledbetter, Kelly E Knickelbein, Nita L Irby, Corey Schmidt","doi":"10.1111/vop.70158","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the clinical and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) characteristics of horses with corneal stromal invasive squamous cell carcinoma (CSI-SCC).</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Retrospective study of 7 horses with histopathologically confirmed unilateral CSI-SCC.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Horses with corneal CSI-SCC were examined by laser scanning IVCM. Signalment, clinical findings, and histopathology results were compared with IVCM findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical ocular lesions in all horses included a heavily vascularized, opaque, gray or tan, anterior or midstromal opacity invading the cornea from the limbus. The corneal epithelium overlying the stromal opacities was intact and the abnormal corneal regions were markedly thickened. Crystalline, white, linear, branching stromal opacities emanated from the leading edge of the corneal lesions in 2 horses. Polygonal neoplastic epithelial cells, with prominent anisocytosis and pleomorphism, were visible in the corneal stroma by IVCM and appeared enlarged and hyperreflective. Islands and cords of neoplastic epithelial cells that occasionally branched could be followed by IVCM as they transversed the corneal stroma. The islands of neoplastic cells were occasionally arranged as circular whirls of cells grouped around concentric layers of hyperreflective cells or amorphous materials within a dark cyst-like space consistent with keratin pearls. Dense accumulations of blood vessels and leukocytes were present within and around the neoplastic cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This report demonstrates the unique ability of IVCM examination to provide a rapid and noninvasive method for the presumptive diagnosis of CSI-SCC and to contribute to the formulation of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical plans for individual horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical Characterization of Corneal Endotheliitis With Distinctive Features in Shiba Inu Dogs.","authors":"Maresuke Morita, Mao Inagaki, Kensuke Usami, Hiroyuki Komatsu, Minori Akasaka, Kayo Kumashiro, Yukihiro Miwa, Yoshitaka Kobayashi","doi":"10.1111/vop.70169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize the clinical features of corneal endotheliitis in Shiba Inu dogs that differ from typical \"blue eye,\" and to compare this condition with primary corneal endothelial degeneration.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Sixteen Shiba Inu dogs (30 eyes) diagnosed with corneal endotheliitis.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical findings, vaccination history, treatment, and outcomes were evaluated. Ophthalmic examinations included slit-lamp biomicroscopy, specular microscopy, and optical coherence tomography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of affected dogs was 5.9 ± 3.7 years, which was significantly younger than that of dogs with primary corneal endothelial degeneration. No clear temporal relationship was observed between vaccination and disease onset. The affected eyes exhibited conjunctival hyperemia, characteristic geographic corneal endothelial opacities, and localized corneal edema. Corneal endothelial cell density was significantly lower than that in clinically normal eyes but significantly higher than that in Shiba Inu dogs with primary corneal endothelial degeneration. Optical coherence tomography revealed hyper-reflective areas on the endothelial surface of the cornea. Topical steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy achieved rapid resolution of inflammatory signs and improvement of corneal edema in all cases; however, recurrence occurred in some eyes during tapering. Endothelial opacities persisted after resolution of inflammation, and gradual endothelial cell loss was observed in some eyes during long-term follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Corneal endotheliitis in Shiba Inu dogs is characterized by geographic endothelial opacity, localized corneal edema, and favorable response to anti-inflammatory therapy. The clinical features, younger age of onset, and milder corneal endothelial damage suggest that this condition may differ from primary corneal endothelial degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kimberly A S Young, Lauren V Schnabel, Brian C Gilger
{"title":"Cell and Gene Therapy in Equine Ocular Disease.","authors":"Kimberly A S Young, Lauren V Schnabel, Brian C Gilger","doi":"10.1111/vop.70151","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Equine ocular disease is common and often challenging to treat using traditional methods. This has led to the development of new therapies. Like human medicine, veterinary medicine is adopting cellular and gene therapy as innovative approaches. Equine ocular disease is a particularly promising area for these techniques. Notably, immune-mediated diseases (such as immune-mediated keratitis and equine recurrent uveitis), ulcerative keratitis, and infectious ocular diseases are of interest. Several ocular gene therapy products are approved for use in humans, and more are currently being researched in veterinary medicine. In veterinary practice, cell therapy mainly involves multipotent stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are also widely studied in human medicine. This review aims to summarize the status of cell and gene therapy in equine ocular disease and provide background on the principles behind these treatments, as well as insights from human medicine. Although many in vitro studies and case series exist, a significant research gap remains. Despite growing clinical use, there are limited controlled in vivo studies assessing their safety, routes of administration, or effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12862700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}