Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Subconjunctival Granuloma Caused by Dirofilaria repens in an Indoor Dog From Thailand: A Case Report and Mitochondrial Genome Analysis.","authors":"Natthanet Sritrakoon, Pongpun Sawatwong, Kannika Siripattarapravat, Duangkamon Siludjai, Famui Mueanpai, Peera Hemarajata, Sutawee Suksin, Wissanuwat Chimnoi, Nutsuda Klinkaew, Burin Nimsuphan","doi":"10.1111/vop.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe a subconjunctival granuloma caused by Dirofilaria repens in a dog from Rayong province, eastern Thailand, along with the successful treatment outcomes. The causative nematode was identified through morphological examination and molecular techniques.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>A 5-year-old female mixed-breed dog was presented with a subconjunctival mass at the temporal part of the left bulbar conjunctiva. The dog lived indoors with its owner.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A complete ophthalmic examination was performed. The mass was surgically removed and submitted for histopathological examination. During the surgery, a long, slender, white-creamy nematode emerged from the mass, which was sent for parasitology examination and molecular identification. The left eyelids were closed using temporary tarsorrhaphy. Selamectin spot-on and doxycycline were prescribed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two weeks after surgery, the temporary tarsorrhaphy was removed. The excision site had healed completely without recurrence. The histopathological examination revealed eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation. A parasitic nematode was identified in the genus Dirofilaria spp. The full-length mitochondrial genome analysis showed 99.8% coverage of Dirofilaria repens sequences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>D. repens infection caused a subconjunctival granuloma in the current case. The treatments, combined with surgical excision and selamectin spot-on, resulted in a good response. The conjunctival wound had healed completely within 2 weeks, without complications or recurrences. To the authors' knowledge, this was the first report of canine subconjunctival dirofilariasis caused by D. repens in Thailand. The vector-borne transmission of D. repens, a zoonotic nematode, via mosquito bites in humans, should be a concern in Thailand, particularly in the eastern region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Connection Between Access to Veterinary Care and Access to the Veterinary Profession.","authors":"Valerie C Marcano, Shadi Ireifej, Serena Nayee","doi":"10.1111/vop.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Access to veterinary care and careers in veterinary medicine are the foundation of public health. Nevertheless, barriers to the veterinary profession persist. The objectives of this review are to (1) understand the similarities between access to veterinary care and careers in the veterinary profession, (2) identify the intersectional barriers that influence access to care and the profession, and (3) recognize strategies to address intersectional barriers to care and the profession. The literature review scopes relevant publications primarily published between 2003 and 2025. Barriers to accessing veterinary care and the profession are classified as socioeconomic, knowledge-based, and geography-based barriers. The results inform our strategies to address intersectional barriers to veterinary care and careers in the veterinary profession.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Caused by Dacryolith With Secondary Infectious Dacryocystitis in a Cat: A Case Report.","authors":"Jean-Baptiste Barbry, Pauline Striffler, Anne-Sophie Poinsard, Olivier Balland","doi":"10.1111/vop.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the clinical features, diagnostic imaging, surgical management, and mineralogical findings of a nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction caused by a dacryolith with secondary infectious dacryocystitis in a cat.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 6-month-old European Shorthair male cat was presented with chronic mucopurulent discharge from the right eye. Ophthalmic examination, NLD irrigation, computed tomography (CT), dacryocystotomy, bacterial culture, and mineral analysis were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CT revealed a calcified opacity in the right NLD consistent with a dacryolith. Simple CT identified the calcification, and CT-dacryocystorhinography (CT-DCG) confirmed a filling defect at this site while showing partial duct patency. Dacryocystotomy allowed removal of a tan, firm, mineralized concretion composed of calcium phosphate. Pasteurella sp. was cultured from the surrounding exudate. Clinical signs resolved postoperatively, with no recurrence observed at 8-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case documents the first reported feline dacryolith, underscoring the diagnostic value of advanced imaging and the therapeutic benefit of dacryocystotomy. Although the mineral composition is established, the pathogenesis remains unclear.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Selective Breeding and Corrective Surgery on Entropion in Labrador Retrievers From a Guide Dog Program.","authors":"Lynna C Feng, Diana L Alvarez, Lauren M Holtz, Jenna M Bullis","doi":"10.1111/vop.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the outcome of implementing a selective breeding strategy to reduce the incidence of entropion in a guide dog program.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Labrador Retrievers born at Guide Dogs for the Blind. 2106 whelped between July 2013 and October 2016 prior to selective breeding, and 1958 whelped between May 2020 and December 2024 after selective breeding for a total of 4064 puppies.</p><p><strong>Procedure: </strong>Retrospective review of medical records. Bayesian logistic regression modeling was used to calculate the heritability of entropion and compare the risk of entropion diagnosis for dogs before and after the implementation of a selective breeding strategy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prior to selective breeding, the incidence of entropion was 6.46%. After selective breeding, the incidence of entropion was 3.12%. Of the 197 puppies diagnosed with entropion (median age at first diagnosis 6.7 weeks), 181 had a recorded surgical repair procedure (median age at first repair 7.9 weeks). Repair was corrective in 164 cases (90.61%) with no recurrence of entropion. Dogs whelped in the pre-selection cohort had 1.96 times greater risk of entropion diagnosis than dogs whelped in the post-selection cohort. Heritability of entropion (h²) in this population is estimated to be 0.80.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results provide evidence that in a population of Labrador Retrievers where the heritability of entropion is high, selective breeding can greatly impact the incidence of entropion, and surgical repair is an effective form of treatment at a young age.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Corneal Thickness and Intraocular Pressure Increases With Age in Normal Holstein Cattle.","authors":"Büşra Kibar Kurt, Erman Gülendağ","doi":"10.1111/vop.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To establish the central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) of normal Holstein cattle and any relationship with age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Age of 50 Holstein cattle was recorded in days. CCT was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry, and IOP values were recorded by rebound tonometry from a total of 100 eyes. CCT and IOP values were subsequently analyzed in relation to age. The animals were divided into the following two groups: calves (< 360 days old) and adults (≥ 360 days old).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean CCT value of all animals was 723.1 ± 75.9 μm in the right eye, 714.5 ± 82.2 μm in the left eye. Mean IOP value of 100 eyes was 25.4 ± 8.07 mm/Hg in the right eye, 24 ± 7.89 mm/Hg in the left eye. Mean CCT and IOP values of the animals < 360 days old were 697.7 ± 8.28 μm and 21.6 ± 0.77 mm/Hg respectively. Mean CCT and IOP values of the animals ≥ 360 days old were 768.1 ± 14.4 μm and 31.9 ± 1.18 mm/Hg, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of CCT and IOP values (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was identified between CCT and age (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) and between IOP and age (r = 0.488, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study documents the age-related increase in both CCT and IOP values in cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145126078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging Canine Post-Trabecular Aqueous Outflow Pathways: Effect of Acute Intraocular Pressure Elevation in Normal Eyes.","authors":"Odalys Torné, Jacob P Nilles, Andrew L Smith, Kevin C Snyder, Kazuya Oikawa, Julie A Kiland, Mary R Telle, Mark Banghart, Gillian J McLellan","doi":"10.1111/vop.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the relationship between increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and the structure of the post-trabecular aqueous outflow tract of dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ex vivo aqueous angiography (AA) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed concurrently in 19 normal canine eyes, following cannulation and intracameral infusion of 2.5% fluorescein and/or indocyanine green (ICG) after maintaining eyes at physiologic IOP (10-25 mmHg) for 30 min and/or elevated IOP (55-68 mmHg) for 30 or 120 min. Scleral lumen heights (SLH) of vascular profiles in OCT scans were measured by Image J, and values analyzed in linear regression models. In a subset of 10 eyes, each quadrant was subjectively characterized as being either a high-flow or low-flow region based on angiographic signal intensity at 2 or 10 min post-tracer infusion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Segmental AA outflow signal correlated with lumens seen on OCT scleral line scans in healthy canine eyes at physiologic IOP. These lumens were also observed at elevated IOP but appeared collapsed in profile. After both 30 and 120 min of IOP elevation, SLH was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001). Large vessels tended to collapse more than small vessels after IOP elevation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acute IOP elevation resulted in a significant reduction in SLH in healthy canine eyes, and the number of AA determined high flow regions was reduced. Future studies to understand the nature and timing of this pressure-dependent change in the post-trabecular outflow pathway in glaucomatous eyes, including its potential reversibility, will be crucial in developing novel diagnostic tools and treatments for canine glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145126135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative and Intraoperative Risk Factors for Short-Term Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss After Phacoemulsification in Dogs: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Tae-Won Yoon, Joon-Young Kim","doi":"10.1111/vop.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the short-term impact of phacoemulsification on corneal endothelial cells and corneal thickness and identify associated risk factors.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>Twenty-four dogs (33 eyes) scheduled for phacoemulsification to treat cataracts were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Preoperative parameters, including age, axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth, and lens thickness (LT), were measured. Intraoperative parameters recorded included the average phacoemulsification power, absolute phacoemulsification time (APT), and effective phacoemulsification time (EPT). Corneal endothelial cell density (CED) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were assessed preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively using specular microscopy and optical coherence tomography, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CED significantly decreased from 2085 ± 240 to 1741 ± 29 cells/mm² postoperatively, with an average reduction of 345 cells/mm² (16%). Endothelial cell damage was negatively correlated with AL and LT and positively correlated with APT and EPT. AL and APT were identified as independent predictors of endothelial cell loss, accounting for 35.6% of the variation. CCT increased from 597 ± 68 μm to 620 ± 60 μm postoperatively, with an average increase of 8 μm (2%); however, this change was not statistically significant. The increase in CCT was negatively correlated with LT. A comparison of preoperative and intraoperative parameters between patients with and without diabetes revealed significant differences in APT, EPT, and postoperative CED reduction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Key factors influencing corneal endothelial cell damage in canine cataract patients undergoing phacoemulsification were identified. These findings suggest that shorter AL and prolonged APT may be risk factors for endothelial cell loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145126123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Assessment of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Topical or Episcleral Implant Form for the Treatment of Equine Glaucoma.","authors":"Emily K Tucker-Retter, Maya Yamagata, Brian Gilger, Annie Oh","doi":"10.1111/vop.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess whether topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) with or without episcleral brinzolamide implants control intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses with glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>12 client-owned horses diagnosed with glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Medical records of horses treated with topical CAIs for ≥ 14 days, with a subset receiving episcleral brinzolamide implants, were reviewed. Diagnosis, signalment, concurrent ocular disease, medications, IOP, visual status, and additional procedures were recorded. Treatment failure was defined as horses with IOP > 30 mmHg resulting in phthisis bulbi or requiring a procedure or enucleation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Secondary glaucoma was diagnosed in 8/12 (67%) eyes and primary glaucoma in 4/12 (33%) eyes. IOP was < 30 mmHg in 7/12 (58%) eyes after treatment with topical CAIs for a median of 28 days. Episcleral brinzolamide implants were placed in 7/12 eyes after a median of 58 days of medical therapy. Treatment failure occurred in 3/7 horses (43%) receiving brinzolamide implants at a median of 189 days and in 4/5 medical therapy-only horses (80%) at a median of 51 days. While 6/12 eyes (50%) were visual at last follow-up (median of 161 days), enucleation was the final outcome in 10/12 (83%) eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Topical CAIs appear to result in temporary IOP control in a subset of horses, though some horses may be refractory. Episcleral brinzolamide implants may extend IOP control in horses with glaucoma, but prognosis for vision remains guarded and further optimization is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145126190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ocular Manifestation of a Systemic Disease With Encephalitozoon Pogonae in a Juvenile Central Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps).","authors":"Vanessa Raphtis, Megan Roeder, Augusto Jimenez-Romero, Danielle Meritet, Kelli Chan, Sarah Ozawa, Michala de Linde Henriksen","doi":"10.1111/vop.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Encephalitozoon pogonae, a recently identified microsporidian species, has been associated with systemic infections in Central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) manifesting as granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis. Despite the species similarity to Encephalitozoon cuniculi, which causes ocular, neurologic, and renal pathology in rabbits, ocular manifestations of E. pogonae in bearded dragons are underreported. This case report aims to explore the ocular manifestations of E. pogonae in a clinical case and highlight the challenges in diagnosis and treatment of microsporidial infections in reptiles.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>A 6-month-old male central bearded dragon with initial presentation of unilateral blepharoconjunctivitis.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>The patient was treated with topical ofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution, systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (meloxicam), and antimicrobials (ceftazidime). Diagnostic efforts included physical and ophthalmic examination, ocular high-frequency ultrasound (48 mHz transducer), cytological examination of conjunctiva, and histopathological examination with PCR analysis confirming E. pogonae in both liver and conjunctiva.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Despite treatment, the patient died from hemopericardium. Necropsy demonstrated severe granulomatous inflammation in multiple organs, including the liver, intestines, and ocular structures (conjunctiva and uveal tissue), as well as hypermature cataracts and phacoclastic uveitis, consistent with systemic microsporidiosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case highlights the potential for an ocular manifestation of a systemic disease caused by E. pogonae, underscoring the importance of considering microsporidial infections in the differential diagnosis of refractory ocular disease in reptiles. The findings also emphasize the challenges in diagnosing and treating these infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Rebound and Applanation Tonometry in Eyes With Focal Corneal Edema.","authors":"Julie A Kiland, Hannah M Terhaar, Hannah E Walleck, Nickolas Chen, Odalys Torné, Kazuya Oikawa, Tina Wahl, Gillian J McLellan","doi":"10.1111/vop.70075","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the effect of corneal edema on intraocular pressure (IOP) readings and their accuracy and precision when obtained with handheld rebound and applanation tonometers.</p><p><strong>Animals and procedures: </strong>IOP readings from areas of focal corneal edema were compared to those from clear cornea in 10 eyes of 7 glaucomatous cats in vivo using TONOVET Plus (TVP) and TONOVET (TV01) rebound, and Tono-Pen Vet (TP) applanation tonometers. Four different feline eyes with focal corneal edema were cannulated ex vivo and tonometry readings obtained from clear and edematous cornea at set manometric IOPs from 5 to 70 mmHg.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rebound tonometry values were 4.0 ± 5.5 (SD) mmHg lower, and TP values were 13.0 ± 5.9 (SD) mmHg higher in regions of edema versus clear cornea in the same eye (p = 0.0075). Relative to manometry, TVP and TV01 accuracy and precision were acceptable for clear cornea readings but were negatively impacted by corneal edema. TP-derived readings grossly underestimated high IOPs relative to manometry in both clear and edematous feline cornea and were significantly less accurate than rebound tonometers in clear cornea (p = 0.03). All tonometers were less precise in edematous cornea; the TP was significantly less precise than the TV01 (p = 0.0419).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although IOP values obtained with the TVP and TV01 tend to be less accurate and precise in edematous versus clear cornea, rebound tonometry is impacted by corneal edema to a lesser degree than applanation tonometry. In patients with corneal edema, IOP measurements should be obtained from clear corneal regions when possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}