Veterinary parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HB EN01) and Steinernema rarum (PAM 25) nematodes on the control of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)","authors":"E.R. Souza,&nbsp;J.G.C. Orozco,&nbsp;F.C. Duarte,&nbsp;L.C. Torres,&nbsp;M.C. Mendes","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The excessive use of acaricides in the management of the tick <em>Rhipicephalus</em> (<em>Boophilus</em>) <em>microplus</em> has favored the development of resistance in the parasites, in addition to causing environmental contamination. In this context, biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes appears as a promising alternative. This study evaluated the efficacy of two isolates, <em>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</em> (HB EN01) and <em>Steinernema rarum</em> (PAM 25), in the in vitro control of <em>R</em>. (<em>B</em>.) <em>microplus</em>. Two experiments were conducted with different concentrations of nematodes. In the first, fifteen engorged females were exposed to suspensions containing 100, 200 and 300 infective juveniles (IJs) per female. The second experiment was carried out in soil substrate, with a concentration of 200 IJs per female. Three application systems were tested: S1 (females placed on the substrate before application), S2 (suspension applied before the introduction of females) and S3 (females placed in a voile bag on the substrate). For <em>S</em>. <em>rarum</em> (PAM 25), there was no significant difference in oviposition inhibition, but larval hatching was lower at concentrations of 200 and 300 IJs/female compared to 100 (p &lt; 0.05). <em>H</em>. <em>bacteriophora</em> (HB EN01) showed a significant reduction in oviposition only between concentrations of 100 and 300 IJs/female (p &lt; 0.05), with no variation in larval hatching or efficacy. On the soil substrate, both isolates showed efficacy above 80 %, except for <em>S. rarum</em> in the voile system (60 %). Treated females showed darkening and dehydration from the 4th day onwards. The control group remained healthy. The results indicate that EPNs are an effective alternative in the control of <em>R</em>. (<em>B.) microplus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical profiling and anticoccidial activity of Syzygium cumini and Trachyspermum ammi extracts against Eimeria zuernii: Integrated in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches","authors":"Muhammad Zahid Sarfaraz ,&nbsp;Sidra Abbas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Arfan Zaman ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zulqarnain ,&nbsp;Kasim Sakran Abass ,&nbsp;Asia Parveen ,&nbsp;Safina Kousar","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Eimeria zuernii</em> is one of the most pathogenic protozoan parasites causing coccidiosis in livestock. This study evaluated the anticoccidial potential of aqueous and methanolic extracts of herbal mixture of <em>Syzygium cumini</em> and <em>Trachyspermum ammi</em> against <em>E. zuernii</em>. Phytochemical analysis, <em>in vitro</em> sporulation inhibition (SPI), and <em>in vivo</em> fecal oocyst count reduction (FOCR) assays were conducted. Mass spectrometry analysis identified a higher number of phytochemicals in the methanolic extract (28) compared to the aqueous extract (16), including astragalin, malvidin 3-laminaribioside, and myricetin. In the SPI assay, the methanolic extract exhibited superior efficacy, achieving 81.33 % inhibition at 500 µg mL⁻¹ compared to 74 % for the aqueous extract and 87 % for sulphadimidine. In the FOCR trial, 130 naturally infected calves were divided into five groups (n = 26) and treated orally with methanolic extract (500 µg kg⁻¹, 2 mg kg⁻¹, and 4 mg kg⁻¹), sulphadimidine (1.2 mL kg⁻¹), or water. The 4 mg kg⁻¹ methanolic extract dose achieved the highest efficacy, with a 91.3 % reduction in oocyst counts on day 15 post-treatment. Molecular docking of phytochemicals against lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) revealed astragalin as the top binder, showing strong affinity comparable to the natural inhibitor NAD. These findings validate the traditional use of these plant extracts as natural remedies for <em>E. zuernii</em> in calves, particularly in resource-limited settings, and highlight astragalin as a potential lead compound for future drug development. Large-scale field trials are recommended to assess the commercial applicability of these extracts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timing is everything – Choosing the right time to screen the herd for neosporosis","authors":"Sharon Tirosh-Levy ,&nbsp;Elena Blinder ,&nbsp;Jacob Joost Doekes ,&nbsp;Monica L. Mazuz","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neosporosis is a major cause of abortions in cattle, leading to economic losses. As no effective treatment or vaccine is currently available, the only strategy to reduce the impact of neosporosis in endemic herds is implementation of control programs, based on serological surveillance. This study aimed to determine the optimal timing for serological testing. Sera were collected from 132 heifers at three farms at three months intervals, between the ages 5 and 28 months. <em>Neospora</em> serological status and antibody titers were evaluated by IFAT, and by ELISA on the first sampling. The agreement between ELISA and IFAT results was 89.9 % (Kappa=0.798). Overall <em>Neospora</em> seroprevalence ranged between 36 % and 66 % on different dates. The antibody titers of almost all heifers fluctuated over time. Of 91 heifers that were sampled on 5 occasions, 67 % maintained their serological status throughout the study. Most cases of negative heifers that become positive in one or more tests (19 of 21 heifers) were transient, while only three remained persistently infected in all further tests. Seropositivity was significantly lower in lactating cows than in pregnant cows or heifers. The results of the first sampling date were representative of the overall status on all dates, with an agreement of 94.5 % (Kappa=0.889). The results demonstrate how fluctuations in antibody titers may affect the sensitivity of serological surveillance. Sampling young heifers, prior to their first insemination may be advisable, allowing future discrimination between what appear to be new infection, which is mostly transient, and congenital or chronic infections, which are usually life-long. This information may assist in the implementation of effective control measures in the herd.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic in vitro effects of albendazole and minocycline on the viability of hydatid cyst protoscoleces","authors":"Nafiseh Hajiheidari ,&nbsp;Hossein Amini Khoei ,&nbsp;Kobra Mokhtarian ,&nbsp;Ebrahim Saedi Dezaki","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydatid disease poses a major zoonotic threat, affecting human health and livestock. Although albendazole is the standard treatment, it may cause adverse effects at high serum levels. This study investigated the protoscolicidal efficacy of minocycline alone and in combination with albendazole, compared to albendazole monotherapy, on hydatid cyst protoscoleces from sheep liver. Protoscoleces were aseptically aspirated from the sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. A total of 30,000 protoscoleces were suspended in 300 µl of normal saline and exposed to various concentrations of minocycline (10, 25, 50, 75, 125, 250, and 500 µg/ml) and albendazole (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 µg/ml) for 10, 30, and 60 min, and subsequently from 1 h up to 43 h of incubation, in triplicate. The viability of the protoscoleces was assessed using 0.1 % eosin staining. The combination of Minocycline and Albendazole significantly reduced protoscoleces viability (P &lt; 0.05). All the treatment groups demonstrated progressive reductions in cell viability over time. Notably, combination therapy reduced viability to zero at 22 h, wherase Albendazole and Minocycline alone reached 0 % and 1.3 % viability, respectively, at 43 h. The combination of minocycline and albendazole produced significantly, partially, stronger scolicidal activity than either monotherapy, achieving complete protoscolex mortality within ∼22 h compared with 43 h for albendazole and incomplete killing with minocycline alone (P &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that this drug combination may enhance treatment efficacy for hydatid disease and warrants further in vivo evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145245490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A serological test based on mutated recombinant Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L protease for the diagnosis of equine fasciolosis","authors":"Philipp A. Kronenberg ,&nbsp;Nathalie Fouché ,&nbsp;Mary Sekiya ,&nbsp;Pauline Liechti ,&nbsp;Caroline F. Frey ,&nbsp;Grace Mulcahy ,&nbsp;Ramon M. Eichenberger","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Fasciola hepatica</em> is a common trematode parasite of livestock in many regions, causing significant economic losses and affecting animal welfare. Horses rarely develop patent liver fluke infection. However, liver damage can affect animal health and welfare. Therefore, <em>F. hepatica</em> infection in horses may be underreported. Recently, a serological test for the antibody detection has been reported based on recombinant parasite cathepsin L1 (FhCL1) protease. Here, we optimized this enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody-detection in horses with equine fasciolosis based on recombinant forms of FhCL proteases with a bioengineered diagnostic epitope mutation. Epitopes from different homologues of FhCL-proteases were modified, and canonical and mutated versions were recombinantly produced. The best performing candidate was evaluated with 175 serum samples from horses in Ireland. Seven horses suspected of having liver fluke infections were monitored for one year following treatment with triclabendazole. Additionally, a cohort of 368 samples from Swiss horses was tested to gather prevalence data. The final diagnostic test based on an epitope-mutated antigen showed a sensitivity and specificity of 65 % and 97.4 %, respectively. Follow-up of horses with suspected <em>F. hepatica</em> infection showed not only improved biochemical liver values but also a decrease in antibody titres, which fell below the test threshold after approximately 6–9 months. This group allowed for the definition of thresholds to distinguish between ambiguous/borderline results and clear positives. The prevalence of equine fasciolosis in Swiss horses was between 3.5 % and 5.7 %, depending on the applied diagnostic threshold. These results suggest that <em>F. hepatica</em> may be a neglected infection in Swiss horses. However, reliable diagnostic tests remain important, particularly for detecting cases in horses with liver disease of unknown origin or those co-grazed with ruminants in endemic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthelmintic efficacy of ethanolic extracts from two Jatropha species against monogenean gill parasites and hematological and histopathological effects on Piaractus brachypomus","authors":"Alexandra Cornejo-Rigaud ,&nbsp;Noelia Estela ,&nbsp;Marian Paredes ,&nbsp;Patrick Mathews Delgado ,&nbsp;Omar Mertins ,&nbsp;Marcos Tavares-Dias ,&nbsp;Christian Fernández-Méndez ,&nbsp;Anaí Flores Gonzales","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study evaluated the anthelmintic efficacy of ethanolic extracts from <em>Jatropha gossypiifolia</em> and <em>Jatropha curcas</em> leaves for the control of gill monogeneans, as well as their hematological and histopathological effects on <em>Piaractus brachypomus</em>. The dried and ground leaves were macerated in 96 % ethyl alcohol, and the extract was obtained through filtration followed by solvent evaporation. The chemical composition of the extract was analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In the <em>in vitro</em> assays, gills of <em>P. brachypomus</em> were exposed to extracts of <em>J. gossypiifolia</em> at concentrations of 500, 700, 1000, 1800, and 2000 mg L⁻¹ , and to <em>J. curcas</em> at 500, 700, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg L⁻¹ . Two control groups were included: water and water with alcohol. For the treatment baths, five concentrations (50, 100, 500, 700 and 2000 mg L⁻¹) were tested. At the end of the exposure period, hematological and gill histological analyses were performed. The results indicated that the extracts contained phenolic compounds, peptides, and lipids. The <em>in vitro</em> assays demonstrated that all tested concentrations induced monogenean mortality, irrespective of dose or exposure time. Fish tolerated both 50 and 100 mg L⁻¹ concentrations of the extracts. <em>J. gossypiifolia</em> reduced the mean abundance of parasites after six days of treatment, whereas <em>J. curcas</em> achieved a reduction after only three days, with efficacy exceeding 87 %. The extract of <em>J. curcas</em> induced milder alterations in hematological and histological parameters. These findings suggest that species of the genus <em>Jatropha</em> possess therapeutic potential for controlling parasitic infections in fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145041495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis DNA in wild deer in Scotland","authors":"Paul M. Bartley ,&nbsp;Clare M. Hamilton ,&nbsp;Jackie Thomson ,&nbsp;Ross Bacchetti ,&nbsp;Mairi C. Mitchell ,&nbsp;Tom N. McNeilly ,&nbsp;Renata Pimentel Bandeira de Melo ,&nbsp;Adam D. Hayward ,&nbsp;Frank Katzer ,&nbsp;Beth Wells","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. and <em>Giardia duodenalis</em> are zoonotic pathogens that cause enteric disease in humans and animals. This study aimed to identify the species/assemblages of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> and <em>Giardia duodenalis</em> in Scottish wild deer populations. Faecal samples (n = 990) were collected from across mainland Scotland from red deer, roe deer, sika deer and fallow deer. The oocysts/cysts were concentrated, DNA was extracted and then analysed by PCR (<em>Cryptosporidium</em> SSU-rRNA and <em>Giardia duodenalis</em> β-giardin<em>,</em> glutamate dehydrogenase <em>(gdh)</em>, triosephosphate isomerase (<em>tpi</em>) DNA). All positive PCR amplicons were sequenced to determine <em>Cryptosporidium</em> species and <em>Giardia</em> assemblage. Overall, 12.3 % (122/990) of samples were positive for <em>Cryptosporidium</em> and identified <em>C. ryanae</em> (77/122), <em>C. parvum</em> (22/122) and <em>C. ubiquitum</em> (13/122). Rates of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> infection varied significantly (P = 0.009) between the deer species. <em>Cryptosporidium</em> was also significantly (P = 0.001) more likely to be detected in male deer compared to females and in seasons with high rainfall (P = 0.002). <em>Giardia</em> was detected in 7.9 % (76/962) samples, and sequencing identified assemblage A (62/76), assemblage B (4/76), assemblage D (2/76) and assemblage E (5/76). The assemblages of 3/76 positive samples were unidentifiable. Detection of <em>Giardia</em> was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001) in roe deer than the other deer species. During this study we also demonstrate that deer calves had significantly higher rates of infection for both <em>Cryptosporidium</em> (P = 0.001) and <em>Giardia</em> (P &lt; 0.001), than other age groups. Co-infection with both pathogens was rare (14/962 samples). These findings confirm that wild Scottish deer harbour both <em>Cryptosporidium</em> and <em>Giardia</em>; however, their role in transmission to humans or livestock remains unclear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis and larvicidal activity of ZnO nanoparticles against Lucilia sericata larvae using essential oil bio-reductants","authors":"Hatice Tosyagülü Çeli̇k ,&nbsp;Nilüfer Vural ,&nbsp;Sibel Kaymak","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Lucilia sericata</em>, a dipteran fly, causes myiasis by infesting living or necrotic tissues and transmits mycobacterial infections to livestock. Its potential resistance to common insecticides underscores the need for integrated pest management strategies and highlights the importance of biopesticides. In this context, larvicidal effects of <em>Citrus sinensis</em>, <em>Cymbopogon flexuosus</em>, <em>Achillea millefolium</em>, <em>Origanum onites</em>, <em>Salvia fruticosa</em>, and <em>Mentha piperita</em> essential oils and biocapsulated ZnO nanoparticles were investigated to control <em>Lucilia sericata</em> vectors. Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, SEM and EDX techniques. By analytical characterization, sizes of nanoparticles loaded with <em>Cymbopogon flexuosus</em> and <em>Citrus sinensis</em> essential oils were 112 and 230, respectively, and SEM analysis confirmed monoclinic and hexagonal crystallites. The larvicidal effects of oils and nanoparticles were determined at various concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 20 µg/ml) and all oils except <em>Origanum onites</em> showed high larvicidal effects and a linear increase in % mortality was observed with increasing concentration. To understand molecular mechanisms of larvicidal effect of oils on <em>Lucilia sericata</em> larvae, in silico analyses revealed that the highest antagonistic activity against the cytochrome P450 6A1-like protein of the species homology modeled was mediated by carvone and vertonal compounds, and predictions of ADMET properties revealed the properties of volatile bioactive components as a low toxicity alternative to temefos, a currently used larvicide. This research demonstrates the usability of the six essential oils and biosynthesized nanoparticles as highly effective, natural fly vectors and control pesticides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110633"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro efficacy of essential oils against for the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: Ultrastructural analysis of larval alterations using scanning electron microscopy","authors":"Luciano dos Reis Silva Santos ,&nbsp;Juliana Pimenta Cruz ,&nbsp;Geziella Aurea Aparecida Damasceno Souza ,&nbsp;Marta Cristina Pereira da Silva ,&nbsp;Fernando Veloso Caldeira Barcellos ,&nbsp;Andréia Luiza Oliveira Costa ,&nbsp;André Luiz Sena Guimarães ,&nbsp;Eduardo Robson Duarte ,&nbsp;Viviane de Oliveira Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus</em> is an ectoparasite of significant economic impact in livestock, exacerbated by resistance to synthetic acaricides. This study evaluated the acaricidal activity of eight essential oils (EOs) on larval and engorged female stages of <em>R. (B.) microplus</em> and, analyzed the morphological alterations in larvae using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The stability of the EOs was also tested at different temperatures using the Preliminary Accelerated Stability Test (PAST). EOs from <em>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</em>, <em>Ocimum basilicum</em>, <em>Eucalyptus globulus</em> and <em>Citrus reticulata</em> exhibited efficacy greater than 80 % against larvae at concentrations ≥ 2,5 %. The EO of <em>C. zeylanicum</em> was particularly notable, inhibiting 100 % of oviposition in engorged females at concentrations of 5 % and 2,5 %. The chemical composition of the EOs was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying -limonene, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, eugenol, and germacrene-D as major compounds. SEM revealed, in larvae exposed to the EOs of <em>C. reticulata</em>, <em>O. basilicum</em>, <em>E. caryophyllus</em>, and <em>E. globulus</em>, cuticular lesions, loss of integrity, oral deformities, and damage to locomotor appendages. The EO of <em>E. globulus</em> maintained its sensory properties even when subjected to different temperatures over 30 days, demonstrating efficacy of 97,4 % and 71 % against <em>R. microplus</em> larvae when stored at −20°C and 4°C, respectively. The data demonstrated acaricidal property of EO of <em>E. globulus</em> against the larvae and adults of <em>R. microplus.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of proteins identified in the secretory and excretory products (SEPs) of the infectious copepodid stage of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis","authors":"Alexander Dindial ,&nbsp;Sean Monaghan ,&nbsp;Jay Haywood ,&nbsp;Kevin McLean ,&nbsp;Dorota Androscuk ,&nbsp;Kim Thompson ,&nbsp;William Roy ,&nbsp;James Bron","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The salmon louse (<em>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</em> (Krøyer, 1837)) is a caligid ectoparasite of salmonids that feeds on host blood, mucus, and skin. While secreted virulence factors from later life stages have been studied, the protein composition of secretory and excretory products (SEPs) from copepodids, the initial infectious stage of <em>L. salmonis</em>, remains uncharacterized.</div><div>Copepodids were hatched and incubated at 10°C until 7 days post-hatch. Batches (n = 4) were then exposed to either 0.45 μm filtered seawater or 0.1 mg mL⁻¹ isophorone to stimulate SEP production. Adult males and females (n = 2 replicates) were similarly treated for comparison. SEPs were filtered, precipitated, trypsin-digested, and analyzed via LC-MS/MS. Proteins were identified using an <em>L. salmonis</em> database and further analyzed with SignalP and InterPro.</div><div>In total, 433 distinct proteins were detected in copepodid samples (mean 95.5 ± 146.74), and 117 in adult samples (mean 56 ± 12.70). Signal peptide analysis revealed 164 copepodid and 69 adult proteins as secretory. Among adults, 31 secretory proteins were female-specific and 10 male-specific. Twenty-one secretory proteins were shared across life stages, including 8 proteases, 2 protease inhibitors, and 2 uncharacterized proteins. Of proteins with GO annotations, 75 % were involved in proteolysis and 50 % localized extracellularly. However, secretory profiles differed markedly between life stages. Notably, 67 % of adult-specific secretory proteins were extracellular versus 30.7 % in copepodids. Copepodid and adult SEPs also contained 23 and 4 unique uncharacterized proteins, respectively.</div><div>These findings highlight a complex repertoire of copepodid SEPs potentially involved in host invasion and immunomodulation, providing new targets for therapeutic development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 110608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}