Vector borne and zoonotic diseases最新文献

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Lyme Disease in Asian Human Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Jieqin Song, Yan Dong, Yu Zhang, Guozhong Zhou, Xinya Wu, Li Gao, Hanxin Wu, Li Peng, Jiaru Yang, Zhenhua Ji, Bingxue Li, Yuxin Fan, Jingjing Chen, Meixiao Liu, Jing Kong, Weijie Ma, Lei Zhong, Weijiang Ma, Aihua Liu, Fukai Bao","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0092","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Lyme disease (LD, also known as Lyme borreliosis) is the most frequent tick-transmitted disease caused by the spirochete <i>Borrelia</i> in Europe and the United States. LD is distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, but the seroprevalence of LD in Asian human populations is unclear. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To investigate the seroprevalence of LD in Asian human populations. <b><i>Data Sources:</i></b> PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and other sources were searched for relevant studies with MeSH terms from their inception up to 20 June 2022. <b><i>Study Eligibility Criteria:</i></b> Cross-sectional studies with no language restrictions. <b><i>Participants:</i></b> Healthy people, at-risk people, and patients with suspected LD. Moreover, the seroprevalence of LD was diagnosed by laboratory diagnosis (nzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)/Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) or/and two-tier testing) in human populations. <b><i>Assessment of Risk of Bias:</i></b> Risk of bias was rated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) standardized critical appraisal instrument for prevalence studies (Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies). <b><i>Methods of Data Synthesis:</i></b> Seroprevalence and proportion of LD in human populations in Asia were obtained from the included studies. Two authors independently screened and selected studies according to our predefined criteria (PROSPERO CRD42022362029) and assessed their risk of bias. A third author was available for arbitrating discrepancies. A random-effects model meta-analysis was conducted to determine the proportions of LD and related information, and further subgroup analyses of some studies were conducted, such as methods for diagnosing LD, gender, and human populations with and without tick bites. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There are 18 studies included after full-text screening and 11,498 people in the meta-analysis. These studies encompassed countries such as China, Japan, Korea, Türkiye, Singapore, and Indonesia. Regarding the risk of bias and the JBI checklist, 2 studies scored 7 points and 16 studies scored 8 points. All studies were rated as high quality (≥5 points). In the meta-analysis, the seroprevalences of LD were 12.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.081-0.168) by ELISA/IFA and 5.7% (95% CI 0.034-0.085) for two-tier seropositivity testing in Asia. In subgroup analyses, the proportion of those diagnosed with LD by ELISA/IFA (14.7%, 95% CI 0.094-0.208) was significantly higher than the proportion diagnosed by two-tier testing (5.9%, 95% CI 0.032-0.095) (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The proportion of LD (two-tier testing) was slightly higher in women (7.4%, 95% CI 0.036-0.123) than in men (6.2%, 95% CI 0.026-0.111), but the difference was not significant (<i>p</i> = 0.70). In the study population, 47% (95% CI 0.159-0.795) were bitten by ticks (people with confirmed tick bites). The difference in the prop","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"444-453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i> in <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> Ticks Removed from Hosts in Northern Italy.","authors":"Emanuela Olivieri, Sara Rigamonti, Nadia Vicari, Andrea Grassi, Iyad Karaman, Irene Bertoletti, Alessandro Bianchi, Claudio Marco Lodola, Giuseppe Polonini, Giulia Maioli, Paola Prati","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2025.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2025.0017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i> is a relapsing fever spirochete, first identified in Japan and later detected in various <i>Ixodes</i> species across the northern hemisphere. The pathogen was linked to human infections in North America, Europe, Asia, and Russia, causing symptoms ranging from flu-like illness to severe neurological damage. This study aimed to assess the presence of <i>B. miyamotoi</i> in <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> ticks collected from wildlife, dogs, and humans in Lombardy, Northern Italy, between 2020 and 2023. A total of 3,886 ticks were sampled, with a 1% positivity rate. The spirochete was detected in all life stages of ticks, with sequences 100% identical to European strains. The pathogen was found mostly in northern mountain regions. Although no human cases have been reported in Italy, these areas pose a potential risk due to high tourist activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a Blood Meal on <i>Plasmodium</i> Oocyst Growth Using the Enema Injection Method.","authors":"Asako Haraguchi, Moeka Gonda, Kazuhiko Nakayama, Kanta Fujiwara, Jun Hakozaki, Sakure Nakamura, Kodai Kusakisako, Hiromi Ikadai","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0099","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes transmit <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites through blood feeding. The oocyst stage in mosquitoes is crucial for <i>Plasmodium</i> transmission. Oocysts can form without a blood meal or the midgut passage and utilize nutrients from additional blood feeding. However, it remains unclear the impact of a blood meal during infection on oocysts. The present study evaluated how a blood meal during infection impacts oocyst growth to better understand oocyst development. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We used a novel method for <i>Plasmodium</i> infection known as enema injection, which involves injecting <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> (ANKA strain) into the midgut lumen of <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> mosquitoes (STE2 strain) via the anus, traversing the midgut wall without a blood meal. We compared the size of oocysts in mosquitoes infected by enema injection alone, hemocoel injection alone, and each infection method combined with uninfected blood feeding, as well as those only with infected blood feeding. <b><i>Results:</i></b> By enema injection with <i>Plasmodium</i> ookinetes, oocysts formed solely in the mosquito's midgut. Oocysts from enema-injected mosquitoes were similar in size to those from hemocoel-injected mosquitoes. Oocysts from mosquitoes infected by enema injection combined with uninfected blood feeding were larger than oocysts from mosquitoes infected by enema injection alone. However, the size of oocysts from mosquitoes infected by hemocoel injection was not affected by the presence or absence of blood feeding. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Enema injection with <i>Plasmodium</i> ookinetes is applicable to <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. Using the enema injection method, we suggest that a blood meal during infection might facilitate oocyst growth within the midgut.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"408-415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Survey and Phylogenetic Characterization of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Hubei Province, China.","authors":"Yake Lei, Ying Dai, Meng Guo, Lei Yi, Kun Cai, Bing Hu","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0126","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Tick-borne diseases pose a serious disease burden globally, with pathogens including viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, and spirochetes. This study aims to investigate ticks and pathogens in Huanggang and Suizhou, two regions with the highest tick-borne disease prevalence in Hubei, China. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 2,958 ticks were collected, and their species diversity was characterized. RNA and DNA were used for polymerase chain reaction detection and sequencing of <i>Dabie bandavirus</i> (DBV), spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFGR), <i>Coxiella burnetii</i>, <i>Borrelia</i>, <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>, <i>Babesia</i>, and <i>Bartonella</i> pathogens in ticks. Molecular evolutionary traits and phylogenetic linkages were further analyzed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> One family, four genera, and four species of ticks were identified, with <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> being the predominant species. The overall DBV-positive rate was 2.63% in ticks from Huanggang City and 0.48% in those from Suizhou City. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the DBV strains from Hubei Province belonged to genotypes A-F, with high evolutionary homology with those sampled from local human patients. The tick-borne SFGR-positive rate was significantly higher in samples from Huanggang City (48.23%) than in Suizhou City (8.29%). High levels of <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> sequences were detected in both regions, with 99% homologous. <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> was detected for the first time in Suizhou City, with a very low carriage rate (0.24%), and was not detected in Huanggang City. No <i>Bartonella</i>, <i>Babesia</i>, or <i>C. burnetii</i> pathogens were detected from either location. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study represents a substantial effort to investigate the diversity of tick-borne pathogens in Huanggang and Suizhou City. Our findings provide references and data to help develop effective tick-borne disease prevention, surveillance, and early warning systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"377-389"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Elderly Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: A Retrospective Study Conducted in Shaanxi Province, China.","authors":"XiaoQin Cao, YaFei Jin, Hong Du, Wei Wang, YanYan Zhao, XuYang Zheng, XiaoYan Wang, PeiYu Bian, LiMei Wang, Hong Jiang","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0063","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> To study the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Chinese elderly patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The clinical data of hospitalized patients diagnosed with HFRS from 2011 to 2022 were extracted from the inpatient record system of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. A comparative analysis was conducted between young and elderly individuals regarding the male-to-female ratio, disease classification, clinical laboratory indices, and prognosis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Among the patients diagnosed with HFRS, the elderly population accounted for 14.86%, comprising 199 males and 86 females. The proportion of severe-type cases among elderly patients was 25.96%, while the proportion of critical cases was 32.63%. Critically, the proportion of critical-type cases in this age group was significantly higher compared to individuals aged 20-60 years. Comparing the clinical indices of elderly patients with HFRS with different clinical outcomes, our findings revealed deceased cases exhibited significantly higher body temperature, hemoglobin (HGB) levels, and white blood cell (WBC) counts compared to surviving patients. Conversely, albumin (ALB) levels, fibrinogen (FIB) levels, and platelet counts were significantly lower in deceased patients than in surviving patients. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The incidence of HFRS in the elderly presents a higher proportion of severe-type and critical-type cases and a greater mortality rate compared to younger individuals. Elevated body temperature, HGB levels, and WBC counts, and lower ALB and FIB levels suggest a poorer prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"416-423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital-Based Surveillance of Rickettsial Diseases in Kashmir, North India.","authors":"Bashir Ahmad Fomda, Yawar Bashir Mir, Mudasir Qadri Syed, Nazima Abdullah, Mubashir Nazir, Mushtaq Ahmad Bhat, Sonaullah Shah","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0122","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Rickettsial diseases were reported from Kashmir, India, in the early 20th century. Since then, limited research was carried that has resulted in a significant gap in understanding these diseases. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence and diversity of rickettsial diseases in this region. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Blood sample from 476 patients were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was done for the detection of IgM and IgG, and immunofluorescence assay was done for endpoint titer determination. Nested polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of spotted fever group (gltA, sca0, sca5 genes), typhus group (17 kDa gene) scrub typhus group (47 and 56 kDa gene), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The seropositivity of scrub typhus, spotted fever group, typhus group was 74 (15.54%), 71 (14.91%), and 60 (12.60%), respectively. Scrub typhus was significantly associated with the urban population (odds ratio = 1.812, 95% confidence interval 1.099-3.0, <i>p</i> = 0.02). Bimodal seasonal variation was observed in all the three groups. In spotted fever group, out of 48 samples 81.25%, 45.83%, and 38.09% were positive for gltA, sca0, and sca5 genes, respectively, and in typhus group 20.83% were positive for 17 kDa. In the scrub typhus group, out of 62 samples, the 56 kDa gene was positive in 56.45%, while the 47 kDa gene was positive in 35.48%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed <i>Rickettsia conorii</i>, <i>Rickettsia parkeri</i>, <i>Rickettsia typhi</i>, and <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i>. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study confirms the presence of human rickettsial infections in Kashmir, highlighting the need for including rickettsial diseases in diagnostic algorithm for acute febrile illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"390-402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144062269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of Pediatric Brucellosis with a Rare Complication of Splenic Abscess.","authors":"Coskun Ekemen, Gulhadiye Avcu, Asli Arslan, Emine Cigdem Ozer, Zumrut Sahbudak Bal","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0133","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"427-428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Infection in Triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in an Ecotourism Area of the Atlantic Forest in São Paulo State.","authors":"Jaciara de Oliveira Jorge Costa, Herbert Sousa Soares, Isabela Pereira Pesenato, Thiago Fakelmann, Giovanna Stefani Nosberto Castelli, Arlei Marcili","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0078","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), which are the vectors of Chagas disease in Brazil, are associated with forested areas. This study analyzed triatomines and their natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in an Atlantic Forest remnant in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Thirty-five triatomines were captured and identified as Triatoma tibiamaculata and Panstrongylus megistus. The study included direct trypanosome research and isolation in Balb/c mice. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Fifteen isolates were obtained from seven triatomines representing both species. Protein sequences from the V7-V8 SSUrDNA region were obtained from the isolates and positive triatomines and were analyzed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods for phylogenetic positioning. All sequences obtained were identified as T. cruzi; the isolates were classified as TcII, whereas a direct sample was typed as TcIV. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The results demonstrated the occurrence of active transmission cycles and the risk of vector transmission to the population in these regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"424-426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of <i>Leishmania infantum</i> in Horses from Brazilian Amazon.","authors":"Arlei Marcili, Isadora Karolina Freitas de Sousa, Rejane Dos Santos Sousa, Rafael Alves de Souza, Gabriel Ferreira Batista, Varley Cardoso Bosco, Thamiris Nascimento Dos Santos, Bruna Alves Farias, Livia Mendes Miranda, Herbert Sousa Soares, Valéria Castilho Onófrio, Fernanda Ap Nieri-Bastos","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0109","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis distributed throughout Brazil and caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. The disease manifests in its visceral form, with dogs being the primary reservoir. Manaus is the largest city in the Brazilian Amazon region, and despite its significance, there are only documented cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of Leishmania infantum in horses in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> A total of 178 horses from 16 different properties within the city were sampled, and the specific molecular diagnosis was based on the L-like cathepsin gene. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 178 horse samples, 82% were positive for L. infantum in the molecular diagnosis based on the L-like cathepsin gene, and of the 16 different properties sampled, only one did not have any positive animals. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The role of horses in the transmission cycle of visceral leishmaniasis remains controversial, but the presence of infected horses before the appearance of human cases suggests that this host group could be considered sentinel, and their monitoring may serve as an early warning for the emergence of leishmaniasis in a given area.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"403-407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of West Nile Virus as a Cause of Human Disease in Kansas.","authors":"Stephen Higgs, Susan M Hettenbach, Ashlie M Ake, Nicole M Ioerger, Dana L Vanlandingham","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0104","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> In the United States, West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in 1999 in New York City and in Kansas in 2002. How the virus was introduced remains uncertain, although several potential methods have been hypothesized. This review presents an overview of what has occurred with WNV since 1999 and the potential for establishment of related viruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus, if they were to be introduced in the United States. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> We have compiled human West Nile case data from Kansas over time with the purpose of illustrating how this virus has become endemic in the center of North America in a representative Midwestern state that is seasonal and does not have year-round mosquito vector activity. Case data were compiled from multiple sources including the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The annual reported numbers of human WNV infections have fluctuated widely in Kansas since the introduction in 2002. Between 2002 and 2022, there were a total of 715 reported cases in Kansas, with an average of 34 cases per year. Among the 715 cases, 73% were from 23 counties, but 4 counties accounted for 32% of this total with clusters of cases. Sedgwick County, which is the second most populous county in Kansas, represented 15% of the 715 total cases. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The reasons for fluctuations in the number of cases reported each year and the distribution of these cases is uncertain, but they are most likely due to changes in the mosquito vector populations, which are influenced by environmental factors, such as seasonal rainfall, temperature, and humidity. With regards to the future, WNV is here to stay with annual fluctuations that are difficult to predict. The establishment of WNV in the U.S. and Kansas should serve as a warning for the possibility of establishment of other mosquito-vectored diseases, including Japanese Encephalitis virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"367-376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143626063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}