Vector borne and zoonotic diseases最新文献

{"title":"Diagnosis of Cat-Scratch Disease by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing.","authors":"Ying Yue, Yan-Jun Kang, Haimin Wang, Hai Jiang, Haijian Zhou, Wenguo Jiang, Kun Li","doi":"10.1177/15303667261435870","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261435870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cat-scratch disease caused by <i>Bartonella henselae</i> is a worldwide distributed zoonotic disease. Cats are the major reservoirs of <i>B. henselae</i>, and human infection cases are usually resulted from contact with pet cats. In this study, a 49-year-old woman presented to the hospital after 10 days of fever. She also complaint lymph node enlargement and pain. Laboratory tests indicated liver dysfunction and inflammation. Pathological examination of the lymph node suggested the possibility of cat-scratch disease, and then doxycycline was used. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing showed that 59496 sequences of <i>B. henselae</i> were identified, confirming the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Meanwhile, <i>Acinetobacter towneri</i> and Epstein-Barr virus were also identified. Doxycycline therapy was continued, and the enlargement of lymph node was apparently alleviated. Epidemiological investigation showed that she had a pet cat, and she was possibly infected through direct contact with the cat. Cat-scratch disease in China may be an underestimated disease. Although multiple methods for detecting <i>B. henselae</i> have been established, low bacteremia is still a key challenge to molecular diagnosis. mNGS is a preferable choice for the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease due to its feasibility, sensitivity, and timeliness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"511-514"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunopathogenesis of Mayaro Virus-Induced Chronic Arthritis: From Inflammatory Pathways to Targeted Therapeutic Strategies.","authors":"Trianha M García, Juan M Agraz-Cibrian, Natalia A Taborda, Juan C Hernandez","doi":"10.1177/15303667261457378","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261457378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mayaro virus (MAYV), an emerging and endemic arthritogenic alphavirus in tropical regions of South America, represents a growing public health threat and is primarily transmitted by Haemagogus genus mosquitoes. Although MAYV infection typically results in a self-limiting febrile illness, a significant proportion of patients develop chronic musculoskeletal symptoms, notably persistent arthralgia and arthritis.</p><p><strong>Rationale: </strong>This comprehensive review examines the immunopathogenesis of MAYV infection, focusing on the complex dynamics of innate and adaptive immune responses and the mechanisms contributing to postviral joint inflammation. Particular emphasis is placed on macrophage activation, inflammasome signaling (notably NLRP3), and the intrinsic susceptibility of joint-resident cells, including synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. Furthermore, this review discusses recent evidence of viral persistence within tissue reservoirs as a key driver of chronic pathology and proposes a conceptual model in which MAYV persistence within joint-resident cells sustains chronic NLRP3 inflammasome activation, thereby driving long-term arthralgia. Additionally, the viral strategies for immune evasion-chiefly mediated by the nonstructural protein nsP2-are discussed in the context of interferon suppression and transcriptional shut-off.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The article provides a critical evaluation of current and developing therapeutic strategies, including antiviral agents such as favipiravir and immunomodulatory agents targeting IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor, and IL-6 signaling. Understanding the interplay between viral determinants and host immune responses is critical for the rational design of effective interventions against MAYV-induced chronic inflammation and arthritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"441-448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148200149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes of Pediatric Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Esra Cakmak Taskin","doi":"10.1177/15303667261449283","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261449283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic tick-borne disease endemic in Türkiye with expanding geographic distribution. Pediatric data remain limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included children (<18 years) with Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-confirmed CCHF hospitalized in a tertiary referral center in eastern Türkiye between January 2021 and December 2022. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained from electronic medical records using a standardized data collection form. Patients were grouped according to ribavirin use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-one children were included; 85% were male. The mean age was 164.7 ± 44.7 months. The mean duration of hospitalization was 10.1 ± 2.9 days. Most patients (90%) were involved in animal husbandry, and 57% reported self-removal of ticks. Generalized fatigue (100%), fever (95%), and headache/myalgia (66.7%) were the most common symptoms. The mean duration of fever was 2.62 ± 1.43 days. Hemorrhagic manifestations occurred in 42.9% of patients. Thrombocytopenia developed in 81% of cases. Ribavirin was administered in 72% of patients, with varying durations. No statistically significant difference was observed between ribavirin groups in terms of hospitalization duration or fever duration. However, a shorter duration of cytopenias was observed in the short-course (2-7 days) group. No patients required intensive care unit admission, and no mortality occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pediatric CCHF in endemic regions is strongly associated with environmental and behavioral exposures, particularly livestock contact and tick handling. The disease course appears milder compared to adults, with excellent outcomes under supportive care. Ribavirin use was not associated with improved clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"490-495"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Coinfection of <i>Bartonella</i> spp. and Hantavirus in Wild Rodent and Shrew Species in Eastern China.","authors":"Shang-Hao Song, Li-Zhu Fang, Jing Jia, Run-Ze Lu, Li-Yan Dong, Dan Zhao, Si-Tong Liu, Zhao-Guo Wang, Hua-Qiang Zhang, Kun-Zheng Lv, Hai-Ping Duan","doi":"10.1177/15303667261448824","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261448824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Bartonella</i> spp. are Gram-negative bacteria that cause diseases including endocarditis, lymphadenopathy, and neuroretinitis. Hantavirus (HV), belonging to the family Hantaviridae, induces illnesses such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Both pathogens exhibit host specificity-defined as a preference or restriction to specific host species or ranges. Rodents and shrews are primary hosts for these pathogens, and their high coinfection rates often indicate elevated risk of human exposure. To our knowledge, however, data on <i>Bartonella</i> spp.-HV coinfection in rodents and shrews from Eastern China remain limited.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Between 2020 and 2023, rodents (<i>n</i> = 311) and shrews (<i>n</i> = 16) were investigated for coinfection with <i>Bartonella</i> spp. and HV in Qingdao, eastern China. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (<i>RdRp</i>) gene of HV and the Internal Transcribed Spacer, citrate synthase (<i>gltA</i>) and RNA polymerase beta subunit (<i>rpoB</i>) genes of <i>Bartonella</i> spp.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall infection rates of <i>Bartonella</i> spp., HV, and coinfection were 21.4%, 6.7%, and 4.0%, respectively. The highest rates were observed in <i>Apodemus agrarius</i> (53.8%, 21.3%, and 15.0%). Coinfection rates differed significantly by species (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with <i>A. agrarius</i> exhibiting the highest rate (15.0%). Notably, the coinfection rate was significantly higher in male (28.9%) than female <i>A. agrarius</i> (7.1%) (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study confirms the coinfection of <i>Bartonella</i> spp. and HV in rodents in the eastern region of China. Enhanced monitoring of rodent and shrew densities, as well as their carried pathogens, is essential. Additionally, timely screening, diagnosis, and treatment should be conducted for high-risk populations in the region to reduce the incidence of related zoonoses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"449-460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) from Southern Thailand Livestock Farms to Household Larvicides and Adulticides.","authors":"Tepyuda Yongsue, Sunaiyana Sathantriphop, Thipwara Tiansawang, Smonrapat Surasombatpattana, Tewee Maneerat, Krajana Tainchum","doi":"10.1177/15303667261442831","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261442831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Aedes albopictus</i> (Skuse) is a major mosquito vector in Southeast Asia, especially in livestock farm environments. This study evaluated the susceptibility of laboratory and field-collected (Songkhla Province) <i>Ae. albopictus</i> to commercial insecticides.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Laboratory colony and field population were tested against temephos larvicides, mosquito coils, and aerosol sprays following WHO protocols. Larvicidal efficacy and persistence were assessed in semifield conditions, while adult knockdown and mortality were measured in controlled assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both laboratory colony and field population exhibited high initial susceptibility to temephos (97.5-100% mortality), but residual efficacy declined rapidly, reaching 0-27% by 30 days. All adulticides achieved 100% mortality. Knockdown times (KT₅₀) ranged 0.58-2.52 min for mosquito coils and 1.09-2.29 min for aerosol sprays. The coil containing 0.03% metofluthrin showed the fastest knockdown (KT₅₀ = 0.58 min laboratory, 1.37 min field).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Commercial insecticides remain effective against <i>Ae. albopictus</i> in livestock farm settings. However, rapid temephos degradation highlights the need for more frequent larvicide applications or the use of persistent formulations. Integrated approaches combining chemical and nonchemical interventions are recommended to optimize vector control and delay resistance development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"481-489"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147692662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Geographic Distribution of <i>Candidatus</i> Rickettsia <i>jingxinensis</i> and <i>Rickettsia heilongjiangensis</i> in <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> Ticks from Northeast and East-Central China.","authors":"Ying-Wei Sun, Lei Gong, Wen Wang, Shu-Zhen Guo, Ling-Ling Mao, Rui Zhang, Dan-Dan Song, Yu-Hui Guan, Yuan-Yuan Jiang, Kun Yang, Xue-Sheng Liu, Ming Wu, Guo-Dong Yang, Tian Qin, Yan-Hua Wang","doi":"10.1177/15303667261428518","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261428518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Asian <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> is capable of transmitting a wide range of zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of major pathogens in questing <i>H. longicornis</i> ticks collected from two geographically and ecologically distinct regions in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 1004 questing <i>H. longicornis</i> ticks were collected from Liaoning Province (Northeast China; <i>n</i> = 882) and Anhui Province (Central and Eastern China; <i>n</i> = 122) and pooled into 670 mixed samples. Tick species were identified by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequencing. Nucleic acid samples from all pools were first screened for <i>Dabie bandavirus</i> using RT-PCR and for bacteria using universal 16S rRNA primers. Bacteria-positive samples were further tested using polygenic seminested PCR for <i>Rickettsia</i> spp. and <i>Coxiella</i>-like endosymbionts (CLEs). Phylogenetic analyses, including polygene sequence analysis, were performed to ensure the accuracy of species identification and to explore genetic relationships.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No <i>Dabie bandavirus</i> was detected in any samples. Among the 670 tick pools, 14 were positive for spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR), with an overall minimum infection rate (MIR) of 1.4% (14/1004). Notably, the detected SFGR species showed clear geographic segregation: <i>Candidatus</i> Rickettsia <i>jingxinensis</i> was detected only in Liaoning Province (MIR of 1.4%), while <i>Rickettsia heilongjiangensis</i> was found exclusively in Anhui Province (MIR of 1.6%). Additionally, CLEs (overall MIR of 2.0%) were identified in 20 tick pools, with a significantly higher prevalence in Anhui Province (10.7%) than in Liaoning Province (0.8%; <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This surveillance revealed a distinct geographical distribution pattern of SFGR species in <i>H. longicornis</i> populations in China and confirmed the presence of <i>Ca</i>. R. <i>jingxinensis</i> in the northeast and <i>R. heilongjiangensis</i> in the central and eastern regions. These findings, supported by polygenic evidence, provide essential epidemiological data for understanding regional tick-borne disease risks and highlight the need for continued region-specific surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"466-473"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147692674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Spatial Distribution Characteristics of the Peak Density of Rodents and Mosquitoes in the Main Urban Area of Hefei in 2024.","authors":"Hongping Xu, Lei Zhang, Wenjun Wang, Tingting Cheng, Qian Wang, Wenjing Wang","doi":"10.1177/15303667261440861","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261440861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the spatial distribution characteristics of the peak density of rodents and mosquitoes in the main urban area of Hefei, and analyze the spatial clustering.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The survey data of the peak density of rodents and mosquitoes in the main urban area of Hefei in 2024 (May-June) was collected, and a thematic map of point pattern was drawn to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics using Ordinary Kriging interpolation and spatial autocorrelation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average density of rodents and mosquitoes in the main urban area during the peak density was 0.91% and 3.50 per/(light·night), respectively. The interpolation ranges of rodent and mosquito densities were 0.03-3.22% and 0.04-13.80 per/(light·night), respectively, which made the fluctuation range smaller and the density range narrower compared with the actual density range, but the distribution of the two were basically the same. The Moran's <i>I</i> values of rodent and mosquito densities were 0.508 and 0.347, respectively (all <i>Z</i> > 0, all <i>P</i> < 0.010).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The density of rodents and mosquitoes in the main urban area was generally at a low level, with obvious differences in spatial distribution characteristics, but presented a spatial pattern of high in the east and low in the west, high in the north and low in the south, with positive correlation clustering. More attention should be paid to the risk of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and other related infectious diseases in key areas and streets. Vector control measures with key points, key linkages and differentiation should be adopted.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"474-480"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147655202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Japanese Encephalitis in Pigs in Central Province, Papua New Guinea.","authors":"Elaine Hevoho, Antonio Di Rubbo, Andy K Yombo, David T Williams, Bruce Gummow, Victoria J Brookes","doi":"10.1177/15303667261442507","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261442507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus of significant public health and veterinary concern in Asia and the Western Pacific. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the epidemiology of JEV remains poorly understood, with limited data on its circulation in pig populations. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of JEV in commercial and semicommercial pig farms in Central Province, PNG, a region experiencing rapid urban and agricultural expansion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serum samples (n = 136) were collected from grower (5-7 months old) and breeder pigs (8-36 months old) on three farms and tested using competitive ELISA for JEV antibodies, with follow-up testing to resolve cross-reactivity with antigenically related orthoflaviviruses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 45% of pigs tested positive for JEV-specific antibodies. By age, a significantly greater proportion of grower pigs were seronegative to JEV, and although seropositivity was similar in grower and breeder pigs, breeder pigs showed higher proportions of cross-reactive results, suggesting multiple exposure to JEV or other orthoflaviviruses. No significant association was found between JEV serostatus and reproductive outcomes in breeding sows.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide evidence of JEV circulation in a densely populated region of PNG and support the need for integrated One Health surveillance to inform risk-based control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"496-502"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Likely Plague Epizootic Involving Wild Lagomorphs in the Mojave Desert of California: Public Health and Ecological Implications.","authors":"Richard M Davis, Dean E Biggins","doi":"10.1177/15303667261451608","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261451608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plague is a disease that poses serious threats to public and ecosystem health. Its causative bacterium, <i>Yersinia pestis</i>, was transported to North America around 1900, where it quickly became established in native rodent populations and spread throughout the western half of the United States by the mid-1900s. Many questions remain about plague circulation in the numerous rodent species involved, but its ecology in rabbits and other lagomorphs is even less understood. We describe a plague epizootic that appeared to involve both desert cottontail rabbits (<i>Sylvilagus audubonii</i>) and black-tailed jackrabbits (<i>Lepus californicus</i>). We believe this to be the first such description to involve both species of rabbits and the first description of a plague epizootic in the Mojave Desert. This epizootic also involved a human case of plague; we discuss human health ramifications of plague in rabbits and suggest a potential link between plague and the general long-term decline in rabbit populations, especially for jackrabbits.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"461-465"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147949699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management Implications of Shifting <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> West Nile Virus Transmission Suitability in Florida.","authors":"Sadie J Ryan, Catherine A Lippi","doi":"10.1177/15303667261426902","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261426902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavi<i>virus</i>, has circulated in the United States since 1999. In 2025, Florida was home to 24 million people, with projected increases in population and urbanization in a changing climate. The southern house mosquito, <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, is found in every county, and is a major vector for WNV. Describing shifting WNV transmission risk is important to inform public health and vector control planning.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using published estimates of thermal suitability of WNV transmission by <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i>, with climate models and population data, we calculated and mapped baseline and projected county-level transmission suitability and people at risk for 2000, 2030, and 2050. Five general circulation models and two mitigation scenarios (SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) were used to explore future trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, all 67 counties in Florida experienced 5-9 months of transmission suitability. Using the year 2000 census estimates, 2.33 million people in 2 counties experienced 9 months, and in 2030, across climate models, 8.93-12.26 million people (10-20 counties; SSP2-4.5), and 8.95-18.10 million people (11-26 counties; SSP5-8.5) are projected to experience 9 or more months of transmission suitability. In 2050, for both SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, 17.08-20.42 million people (23-26 counties), ranging to approximately 70% of the projected population of Florida will experience 9 or more months. The 10 most populated counties in 2000 are projected to experience 1-3 months of additional climate-driven transmission suitability in the future.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The southern house mosquito was previously managed as a seasonal nuisance in Florida, but now represents an increasing public health exposure risk. Projections across climate trajectories underscore an increasing suitability and exposure risk for WNV in Florida, ranging as high as around 70% of the population exposed to suitable climate conditions for transmission for 9 or more months of the year in the 2050s. This means the types of operations and number of employees needed in vector control and public health will also increase.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"503-510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}