Vector borne and zoonotic diseases最新文献

{"title":"Brucellosis Seroprevalence in Humans and Risk Factors Among High-Risk Groups at Two Urban Populations in Kenya.","authors":"Esra Buyukcangaz, Bethel Alebel Bayrau, Ananya Pinnamaneni, Caroline Ichura, Francis Maluki Mutuku, Bryson Alberto Ndenga, Angelle Desiree LaBeaud","doi":"10.1177/15303667251392007","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251392007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease that can affect humans and animals. It is often transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated animal products or by direct contact with infected animals. In Kenya, data on human and animal brucellosis are limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To investigate the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of human brucellosis in Kenya, we randomly selected from the healthy participants with possible exposure to animals and animal products and randomly selected 348 out of 2,779 human blood samples, that were obtained from a larger longitudinal cohort study that investigated of dengue, chikungunya and Rift Valley Disease exposure in western (Kisumu) and coastal (Ukunda) Kenya.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study included 126 males (36%), 222 females (64%) in different age categories, and 61 children aged 16 years and younger (18%), with an overall median age of 29.5 years (2- to 75-year age range). Samples were tested by Abnova Brucella IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kit (KA0954). Of the tested individuals, anti-Brucella IgG antibodies were detected in 96 (28%) of 348 randomly selected participants. All samples yielded negative results in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. There was no statistically significant correlation between Brucella exposure and study site, gender, age, socioeconomic status, ownership of particular livestock (sheep, goats, and cattle), or consumption of raw animal products. However, highly educated individuals were more likely to have Brucella exposure (odds ratio = 2.02, 1.20-3.41, <i>p</i> = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In comparison to previous seroprevalence-based studies conducted in nonpastoral Kenyan communities, our study revealed relatively higher seropositivity. This article emphasizes the importance of conducting surveillance for brucellosis in urban areas. Urban brucellosis surveillance within the framework of One Health could serve as a baseline to guide future research on brucellosis in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"143-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145426445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Evaluation of 13 Cases of Anthrax in Children: A Clinical and Therapeutic Perspective.","authors":"Emine Hafize Erdeniz, Ayşe Sena Dönmez","doi":"10.1177/15303667251412066","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251412066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anthrax is a zoonotic infection caused by <i>Bacillus anthracis,</i> predominantly affecting livestock, and may be transmitted to humans through direct or indirect contact with infected animals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included all children aged 0-18 years who presented to Erzurum City Hospital, a major regional referral center, between January 2019 and January 2020 and were either clinically diagnosed with anthrax or identified as high-risk contacts and received prophylaxis. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, as well as treatment regimens, were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 13 children (median age: 9 years; range: 4-16) were included; 11 (84.6%) were male and 2 (15.4%) were female. All children were from rural areas; 10 (76.9%) had direct contact with sick animals or consumed contaminated animal products, and four (30.7%) asymptomatic children were evaluated due to a high-risk exposure. Cutaneous anthrax occurred in 9 (69.2%) patients, involving the hands (5/9, 55.5%), forearms (2/9, 22.2%), and feet (2/9, 22.2%), all of whom developed a characteristic black eschar. Cultures and PCR were negative in all cases, and diagnoses were based on clinical and epidemiological criteria. Prophylaxis consisted of oral ciprofloxacin; therapeutic regimens included ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin-clavulanate. No complications or deaths occurred during follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Anthrax should be considered in children with painless black-eschar lesions and a history of contact with infected animals in endemic regions. Early recognition and appropriate treatment may prevent complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":"26 3","pages":"153-157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147310524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i> in <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> Ticks Removed from Hosts in Northern Italy.","authors":"Emanuela Olivieri, Sara Rigamonti, Nadia Vicari, Andrea Grassi, Iyad Karaman, Irene Bertoletti, Alessandro Bianchi, Claudio Marco Lodola, Giuseppe Polonini, Giulia Maioli, Paola Prati","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2025.0017","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2025.0017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i> is a relapsing fever spirochete, first identified in Japan and later detected in various <i>Ixodes</i> species across the northern hemisphere. The pathogen was linked to human infections in North America, Europe, Asia, and Russia, causing symptoms ranging from flu-like illness to severe neurological damage. This study aimed to assess the presence of <i>B. miyamotoi</i> in <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> ticks collected from wildlife, dogs, and humans in Lombardy, Northern Italy, between 2020 and 2023. A total of 3,886 ticks were sampled, with a 1% positivity rate. The spirochete was detected in all life stages of ticks, with sequences 100% identical to European strains. The pathogen was found mostly in northern mountain regions. Although no human cases have been reported in Italy, these areas pose a potential risk due to high tourist activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"173-175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tick-Borne Disease Knowledge in the Transboundary USA-Mexico Region.","authors":"Consuelo Aguilar, Tamer Oraby, Mirayda Torres-Avila, Santos-Luna René, Teresa Patricia Feria-Arroyo","doi":"10.1177/15303667251393965","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251393965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The USA-Mexico transboundary region has environmental conditions that may favor the occurrence and abundance of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs). About 40 cases of <i>Rickettsial</i> infections have been reported in recent years in this region, mainly in Tamaulipas, Mexico (28 cases) and in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, and Willacy Counties, Texas, USA; 12 cases). A low level of knowledge about TBD, along with inappropriate protection practices to prevent tick bites, could severely affect human health in this region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed the purported understanding of ticks and TBDs among residents in cities of the transboundary region of USA-Mexico, creating awareness on how to prevent TBD. We developed and validated an online bilingual (English and Spanish) survey and distributed it using the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Qualtrics platform from October to December 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 543 people, aged from 18 to 67 years old, answered the survey. We found that 54.80% of the people reported knowledge of ticks and TBD, whereas 45.20% reported no knowledge, contradicting our prediction. Nonetheless, residents lack protection practices to prevent tick bites.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings can help develop educational tools in English and Spanish (<i>e.g.,</i> videos and flyers) to prevent TBD in the transboundary region of USA-Mexico.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"75-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota in <i>Culex pipiens pallens</i> and <i>Culex tritaeniorhynchus</i> from Four Regions in Chinese: Composition, Function, and Antibiotic Resistance.","authors":"Guang-Rong Bao, Hany M Elsheikha, Xin-Wen Hou, Ji-Xin Zhao, Kai-Meng Shang, Jin-Wen Su, Rui Liu, Hong-Bo Ni, Xiao-Xuan Zhang, He Ma","doi":"10.1177/15303667251394200","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251394200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding the composition, structure, and function of mosquito gut microbiota is critical for developing microbial-based strategies to control mosquito-borne diseases. Regional variations in gut microbial diversity and abundance may influence pathogen transmission and facilitate the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult Culex pipiens pallens and Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were collected from four provinces in China. The gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable region. Taxonomic profiles were determined at the phylum and genus levels, and functional characteristics of the gut bacterial community were inferred from 16S rRNA gene data using predictive functional profiling tools. In addition, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 49 cultured bacterial isolates to identify antibiotic and insecticide resistance genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the phylum level, Proteobacteria (49.87-99.69%) and Firmicutes (3.43-49.81%) dominated the mosquito gut microbiota. At the genus level, Wolbachia (13.67-61.96%), Acinetobacter (1.46-29.57%), Staphylococcus (0.53-37.80%), and Providencia (13.64-19.20%) were predominant. Functional profiling revealed regional variation in microbial communities, particularly in genes associated with metabolic processes. WGS analysis of bacterial isolates demonstrated a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes, especially those conferring multiclass resistance, whereas insecticide resistance genes were detected at lower frequencies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals significant regional differences in the composition and functional potential of mosquito gut microbiota, accompanied by widespread antimicrobial resistance among cultured isolates. These findings provide critical insights for identifying microbial targets and developing region-specific microbial or genetic control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"96-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145565487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rat Coronavirus Epizootiology in Wild <i>Rattus norvegicus</i>.","authors":"Gregory E Glass, Andrew S Walsh, Sabra L Klein","doi":"10.1177/15303667251396375","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251396375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From 2006 through 2008, 543 synanthropic <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> were sampled from 20 alleys clustered in five high-density human neighborhoods throughout Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Results indicated that rat coronaviruses (RCV) circulated endemically and infected most rats in the region. Collected animals were tested by serology and RT-PCR for evidence of exposure to RCV and the results were used to characterize the epizootiology of natural infection. Serology showed that 71.8% of rats had IgG antibodies to RCV, indicating previous exposure, while only 3.0% showed evidence of recent infection based on positive PCR results. Incidence was estimated at 16% per month. Antibody and PCR results were uniformly distributed throughout the city. Consistent with historical laboratory studies, RCV appeared to be horizontally transmitted and generated an acute infection with a short period of infectiousness. Evidence of past infection increased with rat age but did not differ significantly between males and females. The low incidence (6/1000) of infectious rats (PCR positive/IgG negative) limits the risk of spillover to nearby species, including humans. These results encourage surveys for other wildlife agents to collect sufficient samples to estimate the power to detect the agents and use serological surveys as a screening tool if active infection is of short duration. Otherwise, substantial efforts may be expended with a low likelihood of detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"107-113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145582537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation of <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i> from Human Blood and Factors Effect <i>In Vitro</i> Isolation in South Korea.","authors":"Yeon-Joo Choi, Seon-Do Hwang, Hyungsuk Kang, Dong-Min Kim, Yeon-Sook Kim, Kwang-Jun Lee, Won-Jong Jang","doi":"10.1177/15303667251396018","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251396018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i>, the causative agent of scrub typhus, is endemic to South Korea. While diagnostics such as PCR and immunochromatographic tests (ICT) are widely used, pathogen isolation remains essential for antimicrobial resistance and genetic studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 444 blood samples were collected from febrile patients across 13 hospitals. Among 263 samples identified as scrub typhus-positive by at least one diagnostic method, 99 isolates were successfully cultured. Fisher's exact test and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to estimate odds ratios.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A positive nested PCR result (odds ratio [OR] = 28.85), clinician's diagnosis (OR = 16.33), and presence of eschar (OR = 10.95) were strongly associated with successful isolation. Furthermore, delays from blood collection to inoculation significantly impacted outcomes: Isolation success was 41.4% when inoculated within 2 days, but declined to 15.0% after ≥8 days.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings underscore the importance of prompt sample handling and key clinical indicators in improving <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i> isolation efficiency for downstream research applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"117-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Babesia microti</i> Transmission Risk Through <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i> Ticks in Selenge, Mongolia, and Investigation of Its Infectivity in Rodents.","authors":"Davganyam Bayarmagnai, Gombodash Ganbat, Ariunbold Munkhtsetseg, Mygarmarsuren Odonchimeg, Dashzevge Erdenechimeg, Tserennyam Davaajargal, Zorigt Uurtsaikh, Khandsuren Naranbaatar, Damdinsuren Boldbaatar, Bumduuren Tuvshintulga","doi":"10.1177/15303667251399615","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251399615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Babesia microti</i>, a causative agent of human babesiosis, a tick-borne zoonotic disease, has been detected in <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i> ticks in Mongolia. Large-scale surveys of <i>B. microti</i> in ticks and its infectivity in rodents are essential. Of 458 <i>I. persulcatus</i> ticks, 94 females and 176 males were screened for <i>B</i>. <i>microti</i> infection, while 111 female and 77 male ticks were used to investigate <i>B</i>. <i>microti</i> transmission to BALB/c mice and hamsters. The prevalence of <i>B. microti</i> was higher in female ticks (26.6%) than in males (13.1%), with nearly one-sixth (17.8%) of ticks carrying the parasite. The infectivity of Mongolian isolates, as a sister clade to the U.S. lineage, remains unclear, as they failed to infect rodents. Our study suggests that the risk of <i>B</i>. <i>microti</i> transmission is approximately of one-sixth of <i>I. persulcatus</i> ticks, with a higher risk observed in females than in males.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"114-116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145565435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current and Future Risk Distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Shaanxi Province, China: An Ecological Niche Modeling Approach.","authors":"Xinxin Li, Yunpeng Nian, Luqian Zhang, Mengyan Zhang, Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1177/15303667251393839","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251393839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that remains endemic and poses an ongoing public health concern in western and central China. In recent years, several areas in Shaanxi Province have reported a resurgence of VL. This highlights the need for spatial risk assessments under current and future climatic conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employed the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) ecological niche modeling approach to predict the potential distribution of VL in Shaanxi Province. Historical VL case report data from 2005 to 2024 were integrated with environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic variables to identify key contributing factors and assess both current risk areas and projected future VL distributions under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) across four future periods in the model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MaxEnt model showed good performance, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.902 for the training data and 0.862 for the testing data. The most important contributing factors were annual mean temperature, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and gross domestic product to VL suitability distribution. Under the current climatic conditions, the potential risk area accounted for approximately 25.28% of Shaanxi Province, with 0.97% classified as high-risk regions. These risk areas were primarily located in Hancheng, Weinan, and Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province. Under future climate scenarios, especially the high-emission pathway, high-risk regions are projected to expand significantly, particularly in northern Shaanxi.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study identified the influence of climatic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on the distribution of VL in Shaanxi Province and revealed the substantial expansion of ecologically suitable areas under future climate change. The risk maps and ecological insights generated in the study can assist public health authorities in optimizing vector surveillance, region-specific surveillance, early warning, and targeted control efforts, particularly in the context of climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145524444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arboviral Diseases in a Changing World: Evolutionary Dynamics, Host-Vector Interactions, and Novel Control Strategies.","authors":"Ebrahim Abbasi","doi":"10.1177/15303667251376450","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251376450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Arboviral diseases, transmitted by hematophagous arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks, represent an escalating global public health challenge. The resurgence and geographic spread of arboviruses particularly dengue virus, Zika virus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and West Nile virus are closely linked to environmental change, urbanization, and increased human mobility. Understanding their evolutionary mechanisms, host-vector interactions, and emerging control strategies is critical to effective disease mitigation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This systematic review employed a comprehensive multidatabase search (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) from 2000 to 2025 using MeSH terms and Boolean logic to identify studies on arbovirus evolution, transmission, and control. From 16,320 initial records, 12 high-quality, peer-reviewed studies met the final inclusion criteria based on relevance, methodology, and publication standards. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and adopted an integrative analytical framework, including genomic analysis, meta-epidemiological synthesis, and predictive modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review highlights that arboviruses possess high genomic plasticity, enabling rapid adaptation through mutations (<i>e.g.,</i> CHIKV A226V), recombination, and immune evasion. Key molecular mechanisms include subversion of RNA interference (RNAi) and Toll/IMD pathways, and saliva-assisted transmission in vectors. Environmental and anthropogenic driver's climate change, urban sprawl, and globalization are expanding arbovirus endemicity into new regions. Novel control strategies such as CRISPR gene drives, <i>Wolbachia</i>-based interventions, and RNAi antivirals offer promising alternatives to conventional vector control, with mRNA vaccine platforms showing significant potential.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach integrating virology, vector biology, synthetic biology, and environmental modeling. Real-time genomic surveillance, predictive analytics, and eco-adaptive vector control strategies are essential for proactive response. However, ethical, ecological, and regulatory concerns around gene editing and microbial interventions warrant careful consideration. The evolving interplay between virus, vector, host, and environment necessitates dynamic public health strategies and sustained international collaboration.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"65-74"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145070495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}