Vector borne and zoonotic diseases最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in Nine Species of Wild Rodents in China.","authors":"Guang-Rong Bao, Hai-Tao Wang, Jing-Hao Li, Yi-Xuan Song, Zhen-Qiu Gao, Qing-Yu Hou, Si-Yuan Qin, Quan Zhao, Ya Qin, He Ma","doi":"10.1177/15303667251365083","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251365083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i><b>Background:</b> Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a foodborne zoonotic parasite that can infect humans and a variety of warm-blooded animals. Wild rodents play an important role as intermediate hosts of <i>T. gondii</i>, and the survey data of <i>T. gondii</i> in wild rodents in China are limited. <i><b>Methods:</b></i> Therefore, from August 2023 to May 2024, a total of 510 brain tissue samples were collected from nine species of wild rodents, and <i>T. gondii</i> was detected using a nested PCR targeting the <i>B1</i> gene. All positive samples were genotyped at 11 PCR-RFLP markers (<i>i.e.,</i> SAG1, 5'-and 3'-SAG2, alternative SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico) to determine their genotype. <i><b>Results:</b></i> In the present study, out of a total of 510 samples analyzed by nested PCR, three (0.59%) tested positive for <i>T. gondii</i>. It is noteworthy that all three positive samples were derived from female <i>Rattus flavipectus</i> rodents captured in Yunnan Province, where the detection rate was 3.41% (3/88; 95% confidence interval: 0-6.96). Complete genotyping was successfully performed on these three samples, revealing two to be of the ToxoDB #9, which is a common and widely distributed strain in China. The third sample presented a novel genotype. <i><b>Conclusion:</b></i> This finding suggests that wild rodents could be harboring a variety of <i>T. gondii</i> genotypes, including new genotypes, which may have significant implications for understanding the epidemiology of the parasite and its potential to cause disease in humans and animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"586-590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144790188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Vector Transmitted Zoonotic Pathogens in Nonhuman Primates in the Manuel Antonio National Park and Surrounding Areas of Costa Rica.","authors":"Ernesto Rojas-Sánchez, María Mata-Masís, Jennifer Calderón-Bailey, Maria J Zuniga-Moya, Antony Solorzano-Morales, Karen Vega-Benavides, Mauricio Jiménez-Soto, Gaby Dolz","doi":"10.1177/15303667251382229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15303667251382229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> The Manuel Antonio National Park (MANP) and its surrounding areas in Costa Rica are home to endangered non-human primates (NHPs), including Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus and Cebus imitator, that coexist in close contact with humans and domestic animals. Such interactions may facilitate the transmission of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the presence of selected vector-transmitted pathogens of zoonotic relevance in NHPs from this region. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Between 2021 and 2022, 40 free-ranging NHPs (19 C. imitator, 19 S. oerstedii citrinellus, 2 Alouatta palliata) were sampled in MANP and surrounding areas. Blood samples were tested for Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Mycoplasma spp., and arboviruses including dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and West Nile virus (WNV). Molecular analyses were conducted using PCR and RT-qPCR protocols, with sequencing for species confirmation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eight of 40 NHPs (20.0%) tested positive for at least one pathogen. Trypanosoma minasense was confirmed by sequencing in three C. imitator (16.7%). Plasmodium spp. was detected in one C. imitator and one A. palliata (5.0%), though species-level identification was unsuccessful. One C. imitator tested positive for CHIKV (Ct 36.8), representing the first PCR-confirmed case of CHIKV in NHPs in Central America. Two C. imitator were positive for Mycoplasma spp. (11.1%). No co-infections were observed. All animals were negative for DENV, ZIKV, VEEV, and WNV. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study provides the first molecular evidence of CHIKV infection in NHPs in Costa Rica and highlights the circulation of Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., and Mycoplasma spp. in wild primates from MANP. These findings emphasize the need for a One Health approach to surveillance, particularly in regions where human-wildlife interactions are frequent. Longitudinal and serological studies are recommended to assess the potential reservoir role of NHPs and their implications for public health and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bark Scorpion Envenomation Capture-Recapture Estimate in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2017-2021.","authors":"Kathryn G Burr, Ariella P Dale, Maureen Roland, Kim Schmid, Rebecca Sunenshine, Daniel E Brooks","doi":"10.1177/15303667251365618","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251365618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Bark scorpion (<i>Centruroides sculpturatus</i>) envenomations (SE) can cause life-threatening reactions and occur commonly in Arizona. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We described the epidemiology of reported SE in Maricopa County during 2017-2021 using hospital discharge data (HDD) and regional poison center (PC) data. We also estimated actual SE incidence using 2-source capture-recapture methodology. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In total, 45,179 SE were reported across both systems. During 2017-2021, Maricopa County hospitals recorded 17,884 unique visits in hospital discharge data. PCs consulted on 30,331 SEs. Capture-recapture calculations estimated 178,625 total SE during the 5-year period. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We estimated approximately four times the total SE occurred than were captured in databases. Regional PC data captured ∼60% more SE reports than HDD and provided a secondary data source to enhance our understanding of the incidence of these injuries using capture-recapture methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"624-626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144761473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Isolation and Characterization of Liao Ning Virus from <i>Aedes Vexans</i> Mosquitoes in Hokkaido, Japan, in 2022.","authors":"Izumi Kai, Ryo Matsumura, Yukiko Higa, Kyoko Sawabe, Shinji Kasai, Daisuke Kobayashi, Kyo Itoyama, Haruhiko Isawa","doi":"10.1177/15303667251364143","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251364143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> The Liao ning virus (LNV), belonging to the genus Seadornavirus within the family Sedoreoviridae, is a mosquito-borne virus. It was originally isolated from Aedes dorsalis mosquitoes in China. The original LNV strain, LNVS-NE97-31, was reported to infect several mammalian cell lines and cause hemorrhagic symptoms in mice. Subsequently, another LNV strain, LNV NSW B115745, was isolated from Australian mosquitoes; it was reported to exhibit insect-specific infection. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Virus isolation was performed on mosquitoes collected in northern Hokkaido, Japan, in 2022. The isolated virus was subjected to genomic and growth kinetics analyses. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A LNV strain was isolated from Aedes vexans mosquitoes. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the new strain as 22WN03, and it formed a robust clade with the original Chinese strain, LNVS-NE97-31. Growth kinetics analysis did not reveal any mammalian or avian cell line susceptible to infection by the strain 22WN03. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Overall, the results suggested that the strain 22WN03 has insect-specific infection characteristics, similar to as the Australian strain. Taken together, our findings could expand our knowledge of not only the diversity and geographical distribution of seadornaviruses in Asia but also the ecology of LNV.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"616-623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Clinical Signs Suggestive of COVID-19 in the Municipality of Paraná.","authors":"Adriane Cordeiro Trevisani, Lorena de Fátima Moreto, João Pedro Cordeiro Trevisani, Matheus Augusto Garcia, Halison Murilo da Silva Oliveira, Lucas Lima da Silva, Gabriela Catuzo Canonico Silva, Karina Sakumoto, Isabela Carvalho Dos Santos, Francieli Gesleine Capote Bonato, Ranulfo Piau Junior, Zilda Cristiani Gazin, Lidiane Nunes Barbosa, Daniela Dib Gonçalves","doi":"10.1177/15303667251366381","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251366381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> To perform SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) epidemiology in patients with clinical signs suggestive of COVID-19. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> From April 2020 to December 2021, data were collected and analyzed by the RT-PCR nasopharyngeal secretions from patients in the metropolitan region of Umuarama. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The development profile of COVID-19 prevailed in the elderly. Furthermore, this work confirmed that females are more predisposed to contact with the virus and consequently higher prevalence (23.4%). Regarding clinical presentation, the highest number of positive cases (38.8%) was found in patients with more than three symptoms (cough, myalgia, and sore throat). The number of pre-existing morbidities increased the chance of infection by the virus, with a prevalence of three morbidities (30%). The different variables analyzed showed a significant effect (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The easy spread of the virus was proven by the investigation of close contact with infected or suspected COVID-19 people, which showed greater positivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"591-598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological Evidence of Flavivirus Infection Among Mothers of Newborns in El Paso, Texas.","authors":"Jeanette Orbegozo, Pedro M Palermo, Douglas M Watts","doi":"10.1177/15303667251367518","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251367518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Flaviviruses represent a significant worldwide threat to human health and have the potential to emerge and cause outbreaks in non-endemic geographical regions. Ongoing surveillance for these viruses in the United States-Mexican border communities such as El Paso, Texas, is lacking. As a continuing effort to better understand the prevalence and to determine which arboviruses are endemic, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of specific flavivirus antibody among 910 human umbilical cord blood samples obtained from mothers who delivered newborns in El Paso, Texas. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> The samples were screened for West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) IgG antibodies with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralization test for DENV, WNV, Zika virus (ZIKV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Among the 910 samples, 2% were positive for specific IgG antibody to DENV, 4.4% to WNV, 0.1% to SLEV, and 0.0% for ZIKV antibody. The results confirmed the local transmission of WNV and supported a low prevalence rate for DENV, and this was the first reported serological evidence of SLEV infection in the El Paso community. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The interpretation of the public health significance of these observations supported previous findings of ongoing transmission of WNV and suggested the possibility of DENV transmission and re-emergence of SLEV in the community. Therefore, prospective studies are needed to obtain a more conclusive understanding of the prevalence of flaviviruses in the El Paso community.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"607-615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Testing Characteristics of the Various Manifestations of Lyme Disease in the Emergency Department.","authors":"Christopher J Woll, Greg Hayner, Matthew D Thornton, Susan Wojcik, Saul Hymes, Ashar Ata, Michael Waxman","doi":"10.1177/15303667251365999","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251365999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Previous studies have shown that clinician's abilities to diagnose Lyme disease, particularly in the emergency department (ED), from symptoms alone are limited. The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic testing characteristics of demographic and clinical characteristics in ED patients being evaluated for Lyme disease in a hyper-endemic region. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> This is a multicenter retrospective chart review between 2016 and 2017. Eligible cases were identified by searching the electronic health record ED database. Patients were excluded if they were miscoded or had missing clinical information. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, LR+, and LR- with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 39 predictor variables using a gold standard of Lyme disease diagnosis, defined as a positive standard two-tier test or clinician-directed ICD-10 code A69.2. All analysis was performed using MedCalc online statistical software. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 1527 eligible patients, 577 patients were included in the data analysis. Of these 577, 72 (12.5%) were diagnosed with Lyme disease. Of the predictor variables analyzed, the following were statistically significant: rash (LR+ = 1.73 [95% CI: 1.07-2.78]), joint pain (LR+ = 1.55 [95% CI: 1.17-2.07]), rural residence (LR+ = 1.29 [95% CI: 1.04-1.61]), winter season (LR+ = 0.18 [95% CI: 0.05-0.72]), summer season (LR+ = 1.34 [95% CI: 1.06-1.70]), age less than 16 years old (LR+ = 1.87 [95% CI: 1.21-2.89]), male sex (LR+ = 1.48 [95% CI: 1.24-1.77]), female sex (LR+ = 0.54 [95% CI: 0.36-0.81]), recent tick bite (LR+ = 1.94 [95% CI: 1.02-3.69]), and recent travel (LR+ = 2.24 [1.34-3.74]). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> No single demographic or clinical characteristic is a strong independent predictor for Lyme disease in ED patients being evaluated for Lyme disease in hyper-endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"580-585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144883855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lyme Borreliosis Incidence Across Europe, 2015-2023: A Surveillance-Based Review and Analysis.","authors":"Alexander Davidson, Julie Davis, Gordon Brestrich, Jennifer C Moisi, Luis Jodar, James H Stark","doi":"10.1177/15303667251363125","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251363125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common tick-borne disease in Europe. Incidence is increasing partly due to climate change and changing human behaviors. This review compiled updated national European LB surveillance data to assess recent incidence trends from 2015 to 2023. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Publicly available LB surveillance data sources were identified for 29 European countries. Cases were collected from reports and dashboards. Estimates of population-based incidence were calculated. Countries were categorized based on their case classification criteria and geographic region. Subnational regions were classified as high-incidence areas if they reported ≥10 cases per 100,000 population per year (PPY) over a three-year period. The percentage of people residing in these high-incidence regions was calculated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> An average of 132,000 LB cases were reported to surveillance systems annually. Countries that included both erythema migrans and laboratory-confirmed LB cases in their reporting had the highest incidence rates-particularly Estonia, Finland, and Slovenia, exceeding 100 cases per 100,000 PPY. Overall, variation of incidence at the subnational level was observed, showing incidence at the national level can mask subnational differences in rates. Temporary decreases in incidence were observed during 2019-2021, but incidence increased from 2021 to 2023. A minimum of 223 million people, equating to 30% of the entire European population and 51% of those living in a European country with available subnational data, live in an area with high LB incidence. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> High LB incidence across Europe was observed from 2015 to 2023, particularly in parts of Northern, Eastern, and Western Europe. For nearly 70% of countries with recently published LB surveillance, incidence increased an average of 36% in the last two years of reporting. These findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring of LB across Europe and new public health prevention tools, such as enhanced tick prevention campaigns, improved education among health care providers, and effective vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"569-579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Effects of Isopropyltoluene (p-Cymene) Alone and in Combination with Quinine Against Malaria Infection Through Modulation of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.","authors":"Abdullah F Shater","doi":"10.1177/15303667251363381","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667251363381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of p-cymene (CM) alone and in combination with quinine (Qu) against <i>Plasmodium berghei</i>-infected mice. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 108 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into nine groups included six infected groups, which received normal saline, Qu (10 mg/kg), CM 5 mg/kg, CM 10 mg/kg, CM (5 mg/kg) + Qu (10 mg/kg), and CM (10 mg/kg) + Qu (10 mg/kg) as well as three noninfected groups, which received normal saline, CM 5 mg/kg, and CM 10 mg/kg. Mice were intraperitoneally infected by 1 × 10⁶ <i>P. berghei</i> malaria-infected erythrocytes. Infected mice were orally treated daily over a period of 4 days. Then parasite growth suppression (PGS), survival rate, the level of oxidant and antioxidant markers, and analysis of immune response-related genes were also evaluated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The highest survival rate of 100% was observed in infected mice treated with a combination of CM and Qu, which also demonstrated a PGR value of 100% (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The combination of CM and Qu resulted in the most significant reductions in tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, while upregulating the expression of the superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and interleukin-(IL)10 (>fourfold change) genes resulted in a reduction in the expression level of the tumor necrosis factor (<1.3-fold-change) and IL-1β (<1.4-fold change) genes. The combination of CM and Qu also caused significant modulation of serum levels of liver and kidney markers in malaria-infected mice. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The results of this survey indicate that the combination therapy of CM with Qu demonstrates significant effectiveness in treating malaria-infected mice by regulating oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, and modulating inflammatory responses. However, to further validate the therapeutic potential of this compound, it is essential to conduct clinical trials that evaluate both its toxicity and therapeutic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"599-606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting Ecological Patterns of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and Madariaga Viruses in Small Mammal and Mosquito Populations from Two Enzootic Regions of Panama.","authors":"Josefrancisco Galué, William M de Souza, Rolando Torres-Cosme, Carlos Lezcano-Coba, Robert B Tesh, Hilda Guzman, Scott C Weaver, Zeuz Capitan-Barrios, Anayansi Valderrama, Rafael Samudio, Amy Y Vittor, Nikos Vasilakis, Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera, Christl A Donnelly, Nuno R Faria, Jean-Paul Carrera","doi":"10.1177/15303667251383703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15303667251383703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Understanding enzootic cycles is key to arbovirus control. Rodents are primary reservoirs of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), whereas the vertebrate host of Madariaga virus (MADV) remains unknown. <i>Culex</i> (<i>Melanoconion</i>) mosquitoes are considered primary vectors. We studied small mammals and mosquito ecology in the Darién province and Panamá Oeste province, two enzootic regions of Panama. Additional alphavirus seroprevalence was assessed in small mammals. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Small mammals were trapped using Sherman and Tomahawk traps, and blood samples were tested for MADV and VEEV neutralizing antibodies using plaque reduction neutralization test and attempt viral isolation and generic alphavirus RT-PCR from small mammal tissues. Mosquitoes were collected concurrently using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light, Trinidad, and resting traps. Diversity and similarity were analyzed using standard ecological indices. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We sampled 599 small mammals (16 species). MADV seroprevalence was highest in Los Pavitos (9.0%) and restricted to Darién; VEEV was more widespread, peaking in El Cacao (27.3%) and El Real (20.4%). <i>Oryzomys couesi</i> and <i>Transandinomys bolivaris</i> showed elevated MADV seroprevalence; <i>T. bolivaris</i> and <i>Proechimys semispinosus</i> had higher VEEV seroprevalence. Among 4118 mosquitoes, <i>Coquillettidia venezuelensis</i> was most abundant. El Real had the highest species richness and diversity. Geographic proximity influenced community similarity. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Spatial differences in host and vector communities may reflect distinct transmission patterns of MADV and VEE. These findings could contribute to better understanding of alphavirus ecology and potentially inform public health strategies in endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}