Vision Research最新文献

{"title":"Accommodative forces in aging human eye","authors":"Leyla Nur Turhal Çalışkan,&nbsp;Samet Çıklaçandır,&nbsp;Ömer Pars Kocaoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes in the mechanical properties of the human crystalline lens over the years result in a loss of accommodation amplitude and eventually in presbyopia. While some material property changes of the aging human crystalline lens have been mapped, challenges remain in their in vivo characterization. Conflicting findings in the literature highlight the complexity of accurately defining lens biomechanics. Young’s modulus, anterior and posterior lens curvatures, lens thickness, and refractive index are examples of these well-studied properties. However, knowledge of forces applied to the crystalline lens for generating corresponding accommodative amplitudes has been limited to a few age groups. A full mapping of these accommodative forces over decades for the aging human eye remains incomplete. We used mechanical properties available in the literature to develop a mechanical model of the crystalline lens for age groups between 10 and 70 years. Then, finite element modeling and optical power calculations obtained from lens deformation during simulated accommodation were used to create a map of accommodative forces over the human lifespan. We found an S-curve-shaped decline in total equatorial forces required on the capsule to achieve reported accommodative amplitudes. This decline does not indicate increased lens compliance but reflects the possibility of age-related weakening of the applied force. The total force ranged from 0.5 N at age 10 to near zero at age 70, with a steep drop between ages 30 and 50.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108657"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional settings based on previous experience affect bias in visual comparisons","authors":"Ailsa Humphries ,&nbsp;Kyle R. Cave ,&nbsp;Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous experiments in visual comparison have shown that the spatial congruency bias (SCB), a bias to categorise two targets as “same” if they occupy the same location in successive displays, and the overall bias (OB), the average bias across all trials, vary with visual similarity; and that the OB also varies with the type of task being performed. In four experiments, we explore whether these results are best explained by a visual similarity account, an attentional zoom account, or a combination of the two. Using a shape comparison task, we manipulated the visual similarity and predictability of the target displays by varying the local position of the target letter, either between different blocks (i.e., predictable; Experiments 1a and 2a) or within a block (i.e., unpredictable; Experiments 1b and 2b); additionally, we varied the distractor letters such that they were the same between the to-be-compared displays in most of the trials (Experiments 1a and 1b) or they were different in every trial (Experiments 2a and 2b). Under conditions of low interference, the predictability of visual information has no effect on the OB, or on the SCB, but this may be because attentional demands are low in these conditions. As predicted by the attentional zoom account, the SCB is influenced by predictability when peripheral interference is high. These results suggest that both similarity and attention play a role in visual comparisons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108662"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feature synergy enhances detection but not recognition of shape from texture cues","authors":"Cordula Hunt-Radej,&nbsp;Anna-Lena Schubert,&nbsp;Günter Meinhardt","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Texture regions that differ from their surroundings in more than one local feature are more easily detected. Recent findings show that a low-level summary statistic, net contrast energy, predicts this double-cue advantage, suggesting early-stage integration during image analysis. We investigated whether this advantage also applies to more complex, texture-defined shape discrimination beyond figure-ground segregation. Using both a figure detection task and a more demanding shape identification task, we calibrated <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> sensitivity to fixed baseline levels with single-cue targets defined by orientation or spatial frequency contrast. We then measured performance for double-cue targets at these baselines. Contrary to earlier results reported for simpler shape discriminations, we found a reduced double-cue advantage in the shape identification task. Specifically, double-cue sensitivity was notably lower than the algebraic sum of the single-cue sensitivities, a level achieved consistently in the detection task. Control tests with high feature contrast showed perfect detection performance for both single and combined cues. However, shape identification saturated at levels between <span><math><mrow><mn>83</mn><mtext>%–</mtext><mn>90</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span> accuracy, while gray-shaded figures yielded perfect performance, suggesting that unique shape representations could not be built from single or combined texture cues. These findings suggest that texture cue summation enhances texture segregation and segmentation but does not improve higher-level recognition of 2D texture shapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facilitation beyond suppression: Enhanced direction discrimination after bidirectional motion adaptation","authors":"Sabrina Karjack ,&nbsp;Alexander Yu ,&nbsp;Zili Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how unidirectional and bidirectional motion adaptation affects direction discrimination sensitivity using a rotational motion paradigm. Participants adapted to rotating log-spiral stimuli under three conditions: clockwise, counterclockwise, or bidirectional (opposing directions simultaneously). They then performed a direction discrimination task, judging whether a briefly presented test stimulus rotated clockwise or counterclockwise. Unidirectional adaptation decreased sensitivity and induced a directional bias, consistent with the suppressive effects of adaptation and the waterfall motion illusion. In contrast, bidirectional adaptation enhanced direction discrimination sensitivity without introducing directional bias. These findings challenge traditional models of motion adaptation that emphasize direction-specific suppression. Instead, they support a dynamic, resource-based account in which the visual system actively recalibrates sensitivity to optimize performance based on the distribution of motion stimuli in the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108663"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Native components analysis of the spectral electroretinogram","authors":"Christopher W. Tyler ,&nbsp;Michael Liang ,&nbsp;Zhangziyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Lora T. Likova","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electroretinogram (ERG) is a mass electrical response from all electrically activated components of the retina, recorded with the goal of identifying the individual contributions of relevant components for the purposes of electrodiagnosis of eye diseases and other systemic medical conditions. The primary hypothesis being tested was that the ERGs across the spectrum in the mesopic range of intensities could be fully accounted with a duplex (two-component) model of linear combinations of rod- and cone-pathway responses. Full-field square-wave ERGs were measured with the RETeval device at 2 Hz for 7 spectral bands: red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, and white, in increasing steps of 0.5 log units from 3 to 300 phot cd/m², totaling 35 conditions for each eye of three neurotypical participants. A novel three-stage process termed Native Components Analysis (NCA), designed to overcome the distributive and orthogonality disadvantages of conventional linear component analysis, was implemented to identify the components contributing to the On-response of the overall ERG. The first step was select the ERG waveforms representative of each region of the response matrix. They were thus designated in terms of a) high and low intensities and b) the narrowband red, green and blue spectral regions. These 6 waveforms were taken as the native component candidates for an optimized fit to the full dataset. The second step was to determine the fit of these ERG components so-defined to the overall set of recorded ERG On-responses from each eye – a 140-parameter fit to the 10,500-parameter dataset. This approach was then compared with the standard approach of orthogonal Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to provide comparable compression. Over 6 datasets from the two eyes of three participants, the fit of the first 4 factors of the novel NCA approach accounted for 95.0 % of the overall variance in the data, compared with 97.5 % for the standard PCA approach. Adding components beyond the best 4 provided no significant improvement in the fits. For the individual datasets, the fit of the PCA accounted for 95.4 – 99.1 % of the variance, while the fit of the representative ERGs of the NCA approach accounted for 89.6–98.1 % of the variance across the individual datasets, validating the strategy of using representative ERG responses as the analytic components. The NCA fits strongly disconfirm the duplex rod/cone model that the ERG is a combination of just two temporal components, showing that as many as four separate components are required to account for the variance in the 35 waveforms in the participant group, with consistent structure across the spectral datasets. These results validate the utility of the novel Native Components Analysis approach to functional response analysis of retinal signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108661"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetic stimulation for amblyopia: A systematic review of emerging techniques and their efficacy","authors":"Nicholas Householder ,&nbsp;Anahit Simonyan ,&nbsp;Weston Park ,&nbsp;Nyree Khachikyan ,&nbsp;Gianluca Lazzi ,&nbsp;Darrin J. Lee ,&nbsp;Kimberly K. Gokoffski","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amblyopia, long considered untreatable in adults, may be responsive to Electromagnetic Stimulation (EMS) techniques to enhance neural plasticity. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of EMS in treating adult amblyopia. A systematic literature review was conducted across online databases for prospective studies, clinical trials, or case series evaluating the effects of EMS on animal or human models of amblyopia. The primary outcomes of interest were visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, and visual evoked potentials. Of 34 initially identified studies, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Ten studies focused on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), seven on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and three on transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). tDCS studies demonstrated improvements in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and depth perception in human and animal models. rTMS studies showed positive outcomes in visual acuity and stereoacuity in adult amblyopes. tRNS studies reported improvements in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in adults. Though current studies are limited by small sample sizes and brief follow-up durations, the observed enhancements in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis across multiple studies signify that EMS has the potential to transform amblyopia treatment. These findings open new and exciting avenues for treating amblyopia beyond traditional critical periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 108639"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The contributions of pictorial, motion, and binocular cues to the perception of depth and distance","authors":"Paul B. Hibbard ,&nbsp;Jordi M. Asher ,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Hornsey","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiple visual cues are available for the estimation of distance. According to the modified weak fusion model, the information from these cues is combined through weighted averaging, with the weights determined by the relative reliability of each cue. Empirical tests of this model tend to isolate a small number of cues, in order for their reliabilities to be manipulated. Weights measured in this way are specific to the testing environment, and do not allow us to quantify the contributions of individual cues in natural viewing. To address this, we used estimates from the literature of sensitivity for a wide range of distance cues to predict the contribution of pictorial, binocular, and motion cues to relative distance. The cues assessed included convergence, accommodation, height in the field, texture density, relative size, height in the field, binocular disparity, and motion (assuming a walking observer). We used the modified weak fusion model to estimate the contribution of binocular, motion, and pictorial cues for distances between 2 and 100 m. These calculations provide estimates of the expected contributions of individual depth cues in everyday viewing conditions. In most cases, our results show a clear benefit for the weighted averaging of cues in the natural environment, in comparison with the use of the most reliable cue alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 108653"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atropine restores retinal glutamate / γ-aminobutyric acid levels in vitro in an experimental chick model of myopia","authors":"Jordan T Lloyd ,&nbsp;Andrew V. Collins ,&nbsp;John R Phillips ,&nbsp;Monica L. Acosta","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atropine is widely used to slow childhood myopia progression, but its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. This study investigated atropine’s effects on retinal neurochemistry in a chick model of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). Myopia was induced in chicks via monocular FDM. Retinas from FDM and contralateral normal eyes were enucleated, bisected and six retinal samples per group were incubated for 60 min in vitro in either 1.8 mM atropine or normal physiological buffer. Samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde for neurotransmitter detection using silver-intensified immunogold labelling. In a separate experiment, the incubation procedure of FDM and normal eyes was repeated and tissues were fixed in formaldehyde to examine dopaminergic neurons using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunofluorescence.</div><div>No significant changes in TH immunolabelling were observed between groups. However, myopia reduced glutamate levels by 43% compared to controls, with altered glutamate distribution in the inner retina. Bipolar cells in myopic eyes also showed a 57% decrease in glutamine levels. Within 60 min, atropine treatment restored both glutamate and glutamine levels toward normal levels. The most noteworthy changes to gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) was a 62% reduction observed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) between normal and myopic retinas. Following atropine treatment, there was a further decrease in (GABA) levels in OPL and horizontal cells.</div><div>These findings suggest that one immediate effect of atropine treatment is to restore the balance of neurotransmitters that are disrupted in myopia, elevating glutamate while reducing GABA. This neurotransmitter modulation may contribute to atropine’s therapeutic effects in myopia control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 108656"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The subtypes of visual hypersensitivity are transdiagnostic across neurodivergence, neurology and mental health","authors":"Alice Price,&nbsp;Petroc Sumner,&nbsp;Georgina Powell","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many areas of neurodivergence are associated with heightened sensitivity, discomfort, and aversion to certain visual stimuli (e.g., bright lights, patterns, movement, flicker, complex scenes). This hypersensitivity also associates with mental health and some areas of neurology. However, it remains unclear whether this is a transdiagnostic phenomenon, implying a common underlying mechanism of shared vulnerability, or whether the forms of visual discomfort differ instructively across the wide range of associated conditions and areas of neurodivergence. We compared the four recently clarified subtypes of visual hypersensitivity (Brightness, Pattern, Strobing, Intense Visual Environments) self-reported by 2582 participants across 11 areas of neurodivergence, neurology, and mental health: Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, Fibromyalgia, Migraine, PPPD, synaesthesia, Distress, Eating Pathology, and Fear (HiTOP System). Enhanced sensitivity in all four factors was reported for every area. Sensitivity to Intense Visual Environments was especially pronounced across Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyspraxia, forming a shared pattern. The same pattern was shared with fibromyalgia and PPPD, and to some extent with Eating Pathology and Fear, while migraine and synaesthesia showed a different pattern. Regression analyses controlling for comorbidities showed significant unique prediction by 9 out of 11 neurodivergence/condition labels, the strongest predictors being autism, fibromyalgia, migraine, and PPPD. In conclusion, the four factors of visual hypersensitivity are all transdiagnostic, and the relative emphasis on each factor also forms transdiagnostic patterns that transcend traditional discipline boundaries. This implies there are common underlying vulnerabilities in the development of perceptual systems that can be associated with a wide range of other symptomologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 108640"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human trichromacy and refractive development","authors":"Timothy J. Gawne ,&nbsp;Zhihui She ,&nbsp;Safal Khanal","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the post-natal developing eye, there is an active process of refractive development in which the neural retina uses optical cues to evaluate focus, and adjusts the rate of axial elongation to first achieve, and then actively maintain as the optics continue to mature, sharp focus: the process of <em>emmetropization</em>. Increasingly it looks as if chromatic cues are essential (if not exclusive) for this process.</div><div>Nearly all non-primate mammals are dichromats, with short- and relatively long-wavelength sensitive cones. However, most humans are trichromats, with short-, medium-, and long-wavelength sensitive cones—although many humans are dichromats like non-primate mammals (“red-green color blind”). This leads to two related questions: is trichromacy important for human emmetropization, and do experimental results from dichromatic mammals apply to humans?</div><div>The issue is far from settled, but the available evidence indicates that emmetropization in humans is likely functionally dichromatic similar to that of other mammals, with the medium- and long-wavelength sensitive cones effectively pooled into a single functional “long” cone. In support of this, human dichromats generally emmetropize as well as human trichromats, and they also become myopic to a <em>roughly</em> similar proportion. Trichromacy does not appear to be of fundamental importance for refractive development in humans. While there is some evidence that dichromats might be <em>slightly</em> less susceptible to becoming myopic than human trichromats, the data are inconclusive. Further studies on this topic may lead to an improved understanding of why emmetropization increasingly fails leading to myopia development in humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 108632"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}