Water science and engineering最新文献

{"title":"Preparation and enhanced photocatalytic performance of N-TiO2/g-C3N4 heterostructure for Rhodamine B degradation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly efficient photocatalysts have been developed for the degradation of contaminated water under visible light. In this study, N-doped TiO₂ (N-TiO₂) and metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) composites with various Ti/C molar ratios were prepared with the simple mixing-calcining method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of N-TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ in the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated, and the electrochemical method was used to determine the origin of the enhanced photoactivity of N-TiO₂/g-C₃N₄. The results showed that N-TiO₂ nanoparticles were dispersed on the surface of g-C₃N₄ and formed a stable heterojunction structure with g-C₃N₄. The heterojunction between the two semiconductors could effectively prevent the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes and improve the photocatalytic efficiency of the photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. The photocatalyst exhibited high stability, and the RhB degradation rate was still higher than 82.3% after five cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 371-377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139189148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of wetting pattern dimensions under moistube irrigation with a multivariate nonlinear model","authors":"Yan-wei Fan,&nbsp;Chong Ren,&nbsp;Zhi-wei Yang,&nbsp;Chang-yan Zhang,&nbsp;Wei-fan Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Moistube irrigation is a new micro-irrigation technology. Accurately estimating its wetting pattern dimensions presents a challenge. Therefore, it is necessary to develop models for efficient assessment of the wetting transport pattern in order to design a cost-effective moistube irrigation system. To achieve this goal, this study developed a multivariate nonlinear regression model and compared it with a dimensional model. HYDRUS-2D was used to perform numerical simulations of 56 irrigation scenarios with different factors. The experiments showed that the shape of the wetting soil body approximated a cylinder and was mainly affected by soil texture, pressure head, and matric potential. A multivariate nonlinear model using a power function relationship between wetting size and irrigation time was developed, with a determination coefficient greater than 0.99. The model was validated for cases with six soil texture types, with mean average absolute errors of 0.43–0.90 cm, root mean square errors of 0.51–0.95 cm, and mean deviation percentage values of 3.23%–6.27%. The multivariate nonlinear regression model outperformed the dimensional model. It can therefore provide a scientific foundation for the development of moistube irrigation systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 217-225"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674237023001254/pdfft?md5=c011fde7945cf2bcb410cdef7e4bcac0&pid=1-s2.0-S1674237023001254-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139187906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties of dredged material and potential scope of its beneficial use: A case study of the Pussur River in Bangladesh","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Pussur River, an important river in Bangladesh, requires approximately 6 × 10⁶ m³ of sediment to be dredged per year. At present, this dredged material is mainly dumped on the nearby agricultural and fish-cultivation lands, causing a reduction in productive land and producing negative impacts on people's livelihoods. This study aimed to investigate the engineering and environmental properties of the dredged sand of the Pussur River and evaluate the viability of its potential uses in different sectors. Bed sediments from the Pussur River and dredged material from disposal sites were collected, and laboratory investigations were performed. The test results showed that the dredged material of the Pussur River mainly consisted of fine sand with a fineness modulus ranging from 0.58 to 0.72 and could be classified as poorly graded sand according to the Unified Soil Classification System. This sand was also found suitable for land development, with a fair to poor suitability rating. Given the low concentration of heavy metals (at uncontaminated/slightly contaminated levels), the dredged sand might be safely used for land reclamation, landfill cover, and horticultural purposes, or else for other geotechnical applications without further treatment. After washing/leaching, the dredged sand could also be used as a partial replacement for local sand in concrete works. Moreover, there is a possibility of exporting the dredged sand to Singapore and the Maldives as filling material. These findings will help policymakers design dredging projects with a proper spoil management plan accounting for the dredged material's beneficial use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 336-343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139190340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of microplastic surface interactions in water and potential capturing methods","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics are emerging micropollutants in water threatening aquatic and land organisms. The microplastic–water system is complicated due to the multiple constituents in the water system and the minuscule size of the plastic waste. Although typical plastic-based materials are inert, the behavior of fragmented plastics is arbitrary and indefinite. When exposed to erratic water environments with the presence of organic and synthetic impurities, pH, temperature, and salt, microplastic surfaces may be potentially active and generate charges in water. These phenomena determine microplastics in water as a colloidal system. The classical Derjaguin Landau Verwey and Overbeek (DLVO) theory can be used to identify the microplastic surface behavior in water. The modification of microplastic surfaces eventually determines the overall interactions between microplastics and other constituents in water. Moreover, the geometry of microplastics and additives present in microcontaminants play a crucial role in their net interactions. Hence, multiple microplastic removal techniques, such as coagulation, filtration, and air flotation, can be developed to address the issue. In many cases, a combination of these methods may be needed to achieve the overall procedure in water treatment plants or generic water systems. Selection of an appropriate microplastic removal technique is crucial and should be based on the water environment and intended water use to ensure its safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 361-370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139022054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing impacts of climate change-driven sea level rise on hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics along Ba Lang beaches in Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ba Lang sand beaches, located north of the Nha Trang Bay in Central Vietnam, are famous tourist attractions. However, they are experiencing shoreline and coastal erosion retreat, which is attributed to natural causes (such as tropical depressions, storms, and monsoons) as well as human impacts (such as hydropower generation, sand dredging, and coastal works). According to the forecast of the Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, global climate change will cause the sea level to rise by 74 cm along the coast from the Dai Lanh Cape to the Ke Ga Cape (including the Ba Lang beaches) by the end of this century in the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Sea level rise (SLR) due to global climate change is expected to aggravate the coastal erosion and shoreline retreat problems. In this study, coupled numerical models with the spectral wave module (MIKE 21 SW), hydrodynamic module (MIKE 21 HD), and sand transport module (MIKE 21 ST) in the MIKE 21 package were used to simulate waves, current fields, and sediment dynamics along the Ba Lang beaches considering the impact of SLR. These models were calibrated with the field data measured in December 2016. The results showed that SLR caused the wave height to increase and reduced the current speed and total sediment load in monsoon conditions. The increase in wave height was even intensified under the joint impact of SLR and extreme events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 323-335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139025884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head-mounted display-based augmented reality for water quality visualisation","authors":"Jacky Cao ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang Su ,&nbsp;Jonas Eilertsen Hædahl ,&nbsp;Thomas Berg Fjellestad ,&nbsp;Donjete Haziri ,&nbsp;André Hoang-An Vu ,&nbsp;Jari Koskiaho ,&nbsp;Satu Maaria Karjalainen ,&nbsp;Anna-kaisa Ronkanen ,&nbsp;Sasu Tarkoma ,&nbsp;Pan Hui","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water covers most of the Earth’s surface and is nowhere near a good ecological or recreational state in many areas of the world. Moreover, only a small fraction of the water is potable. As climate change-induced extreme weather events become ever more prevalent, more and more issues arise, such as worsening water quality problems. Therefore, protecting invaluable and useable drinking water is critical. Environmental agencies must continuously check water sources to determine whether they are in a good or healthy state regarding pollutant levels and ecological status. The currently available tools are better suited for stationary laboratory use, and domain specialists lack suitable tools for on-site visualisation and interactive exploration of environmental data. Meanwhile, data collection for laboratory analysis requires substantial time and significant effort. We, therefore, developed an augmented reality system with a Microsoft HoloLens 2 device to explore the visualisation of water quality and status in situ. The developed prototype visualises geo-referenced sensor measurements incorporated into the perspective of the surroundings. Any users interested in water bodies’ conditions can quickly examine and retrieve an overview of water body status using augmented reality and then take necessary steps to address the current situation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 236-248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674237023001205/pdfft?md5=91077919e309986bc917ca9b436f4f4b&pid=1-s2.0-S1674237023001205-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138618665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfidation of nano zero-valent iron for enhanced hexavalent chromium removal performance","authors":"Xiu-juan Feng ,&nbsp;Xiao-yi Wang ,&nbsp;Dong-ming Li ,&nbsp;Zhi-han Liu ,&nbsp;Yue-long Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and sulfidation-modified nZVI (S-nZVI) were synthesized and used to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in wastewater. Characterization of the products showed that the sulfidation process significantly changed the morphology of nZVI, with enhanced crystallinity. The effects of S/Fe ratio, pH value, and reaction temperature on Cr(VI) removal were studied. A S/Fe ratio of 0.5 was the most appropriate parameter, with a removal efficiency of 98% in the condition of pH = 2. The effects of anions (Cl⁻, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>SO</mtext><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>) and cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) on the Cr(VI) removal efficiency were investigated, and the relevant mechanisms were discussed. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of S-nZVI was significantly greater than that of nZVI, mainly owing to the existence of FeS layers that could protect Fe⁰ cores and prompt electron transfer. The aging and cycling experiments showed that S-nZVI could maintain its reactivity when facing the corrosion of water, and showed cycling stability. Thus, S-nZVI is an effective and feasible agent for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contained wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 249-256"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674237023001199/pdfft?md5=5062dc5bd00c2da3d0ad60381fbcd0b1&pid=1-s2.0-S1674237023001199-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138611157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal response of nitrogen exchange fluxes to crab disturbance at sediment–water interface in coastal tidal wetlands","authors":"Guo-fen Hua ,&nbsp;Shang-qing Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang-dong Liu ,&nbsp;Jin-li Li ,&nbsp;Yue Fang ,&nbsp;Wen-ting Xie ,&nbsp;Xiang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Coastal wetlands are hotspots for nitrogen (N) cycling, and crab burrowing is known to transform N in intertidal marsh soils. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study conducted field experiments and used indoor control test devices to investigate the seasonal response of nitrogen to crab disturbance at the sediment–water interface in coastal tidal flat wetlands. The results showed that crab disturbance exhibited significant seasonality with large seasonal differences in cave density and depth. Due to crab disturbance, nitrogen fluxes at the sediment–water interface were much greater in the box with crabs than in the box without crabs. In summer, <span><math><msubsup><mtext>NH</mtext><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo>-</mo><mi>N</mi></math></span> showed a positive flux from the sediment to the overlying water, but <span><math><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup><mtext>-</mtext><mi>N</mi></math></span> and <span><math><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup><mtext>-</mtext><mi>N</mi></math></span> showed positive fluxes from the sediment to the overlying water only in early stages. In winter, <span><math><msubsup><mtext>NH</mtext><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mtext>-</mtext><mi>N</mi></math></span> showed a positive flux from the sediment to the overlying water, but <span><math><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup><mtext>-</mtext><mi>N</mi></math></span> and <span><math><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup><mtext>-</mtext><mi>N</mi></math></span> both exhibited positive and negative fluxes. These results indicated that the presence of crab burrows can cause the aerobic layer to move downward by approximately 8–15 cm in summer and directly promote nitrification at the sediment surface.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674237023001187/pdfft?md5=ecffc1324b2de1ec9722880f4e7be518&pid=1-s2.0-S1674237023001187-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138614138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic characteristics and flow trajectories under two-sided asymmetric inflow conditions for a deep storage tunnel system","authors":"Wei He ,&nbsp;Chao Yu ,&nbsp;Xiao-dong Yu ,&nbsp;Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Jose G. Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;Hui Xu ,&nbsp;Shou-ling Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Deep storage tunnels (DSTs) are used in densely urbanized areas to relieve stormwater collection systems, thereby reducing urban floods and runoff pollution, due to their substantial storage capacity. The computation of the hydraulic characteristics and flow trajectories of DSTs under rapid filling scenarios can help to predict sediment deposition and pollutant accumulation associated with the stored runoff, as well as the likelihood of operational problems, such as excessive surging. However, such assessments are complicated by various inflow scenarios encountered in tunnel systems during their operation. In this study, the Suzhou River DST in China is selected as a study case. Particles were tracked, and hydraulic analysis was conducted with scaled model experiments and numerical models. The flow field, particle movement, air‒water phase, and pressure patterns in the DST were simulated under various one- and two-sided inflow scenarios. The results showed that with regards to the design conditions involving two-sided inflows, flow reversals occurred with stepwise increases in the water surface and pressure. In contrast, this phenomenon was not observed under the one-sided inflow scenario. Under the asymmetric two-sided inflow scenarios, water inflows led to particle accumulation near the shaft, reducing the received inflows. However, under the symmetric inflow conditions, particles were concentrated near the middle of the tunnel. Compared to those under the symmetric inflow scenario, asymmetric inflow caused surface wave and entrapped air reductions. This study could provide support for regulation of the inflow of the Suzhou River DST and for prediction of sediment and pollutant accumulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 309-318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674237023001175/pdfft?md5=e5fb1166e1e3a54eb1918b8aab874440&pid=1-s2.0-S1674237023001175-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139291443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogas and photovoltaic solar energy as renewable energy in wastewater treatment plants: A focus on energy recovery and greenhouse gas emission mitigation","authors":"Sevda Jalali Milani,&nbsp;Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Globalization has led to a rapid rise in energy consumption, making climate change one of the world's most pressing issues. As wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contribute to climate change by emitting greenhouse gases (GHGs), this study estimated the total GHG emissions of WWTPs by classifying them as either direct or indirect carbon emissions. The effectiveness of the use of solar photovoltaic systems and biogas produced by WWTPs in increasing energy recovery and reducing GHG emissions was investigated. This study demonstrated that the use of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with a biogas flow of 9 120.77 m³/d and an activated sludge processing system (ASPS) reactor with a biogas flow of 14 004 m³/d, in addition to the energy production from the UASB reactor (6 421.8 MW⸱h per year) and the ASPS reactor (9 860.0 MW⸱h per year), yielded a reduction of 3 316.85 and 5 092.69 t of CO₂ equivalent per year, respectively. Furthermore, the co-design of wastewater processes could be utilized to optimize biogas energy recovery. Moreover, the use of solar photovoltaic systems reduced GHG emissions from WWTPs. This is important to the transition to renewable energy because it resulted in a 10%–40% reduction in carbon emissions from WWTPs. Integrating renewable energy sources, biogas, and solar energy could provide up to 88% of the annual energy requirements of WWTPs. Recommendations are provided for further research considering the limited availability of integrated resources for studying the simultaneous utilization of photovoltaic and biogas systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 283-291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167423702300114X/pdfft?md5=d6a75ed56c58ecbb4102973c36f262a7&pid=1-s2.0-S167423702300114X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139297627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}