Visual Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Colin Blakemore (1944–2022)","authors":"L. Spillmann","doi":"10.1017/S0952523822000074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523822000074","url":null,"abstract":"Colin Blakemore, who died in Oxford on June 27 last year at the age of 78, was a world-renowned British neuroscientist and a highly influential andmuch-admiredmember of the vision community. As a medical student at Cambridge, Blakemore was influenced by Richard Gregory, and he subsequently maintained a keen interest in all aspects of visual science. He is best remembered for his studies on the development of the visual brain in kittens and the demonstration of neural plasticity. His findings were crucial for a better understanding of how brain cells organize themselves in response to the visual environment after birth. After graduating with a First at Cambridge, Blakemore went to the University of California at Berkeley in 1965 for his Ph.D. There he worked with Horace Barlow and Jack Pettigrew on binocular depth discrimination in the cat. He found that the response of binocular units in area V1 depended crucially on the alignment of the binocular stimulus in the two eyes. When the stimulus in one eye was off target, the response was vetoed. Blakemore returned to Cambridge in 1968 to take up a lectureship in physiology and, 3 years later, to become a Fellow at Downing College. It was during that time that he left the study of perception behind in favor of combining behavioral methods and neurophysiological techniques for the study of the visual system. In a ground-breaking experiment with Grahame Cooper, in 1970, he demonstrated that a kitten, which was reared in complete darkness since birth and then exposed to a vertically striped cylinder for 5 hours every day, was severely visually impaired when tested half a year later. In addition to showing no placement response and being seemingly oblivious toward an approaching object, the kitten behaved as if it was blind to a moving horizontal line. Conversely, a kitten that had been exposed to a horizontally striped cylinder, was blind to a moving vertical line. These results showed that the striate cortex could bemodified by selective experience early in life and that normal visual experience is crucial for normal maturation. When the authors recorded from cortical cells, the typical orientation tuning was gravely disturbed and only those cells tuned to near-vertical (or horizontal) responded, consistent with the behavioral deficit. This experiment triggered the great Nature–Nurture debate in the seventies and eighties. Numerous studies were performed in Cambridge and by other vision scientists, to further elucidate the early development of vision and visual perception. In the early 1970s, for example, Blakemore and Richard Van Sluyters embarked on a series of deprivation studies in kittens, in which they surgically closed the lids of one eye and showed that the normal binocular dominance of cortical cells shifted entirely to the other eye. Conversely, when the previously open eye was closed and the initially closed eye reopened, the ocular dominance was reversed, so that now every cell was dominated","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44326981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of glaucoma on the spatial frequency processing of scenes in central vision.","authors":"Audrey Trouilloud,&nbsp;Elvia Ferry,&nbsp;Muriel Boucart,&nbsp;Louise Kauffmann,&nbsp;Aude Warniez,&nbsp;Jean-François Rouland,&nbsp;Carole Peyrin","doi":"10.1017/S0952523822000086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523822000086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by a progressive vision loss usually starting in peripheral vision. However, a deficit for scene categorization is observed even in the preserved central vision of patients with glaucoma. We assessed the processing and integration of spatial frequencies in the central vision of patients with glaucoma during scene categorization, considering the severity of the disease, in comparison to age-matched controls. In the first session, participants had to categorize scenes filtered in low-spatial frequencies (LSFs) and high-spatial frequencies (HSFs) as a natural or an artificial scene. Results showed that the processing of spatial frequencies was impaired only for patients with severe glaucoma, in particular for HFS scenes. In the light of proactive models of visual perception, we investigated how LSF could guide the processing of HSF in a second session. We presented hybrid scenes (combining LSF and HSF from two scenes belonging to the same or different semantic category). Participants had to categorize the scene filtered in HSF while ignoring the scene filtered in LSF. Surprisingly, results showed that the semantic influence of LSF on HSF was greater for patients with early glaucoma than controls, and then disappeared for the severe cases. This study shows that a progressive destruction of retinal ganglion cells affects the spatial frequency processing in central vision. This deficit may, however, be compensated by increased reliance on predictive mechanisms at early stages of the disease which would however decline in more severe cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"40 ","pages":"E001"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9970733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10796492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overall patterns of eye-specific retino-geniculo-cortical projections to layers III, IV, and VI in primary visual cortex of the greater galago (<i>Otolemur crassicudatus</i>), and correlation with cytochrome oxidase blobs.","authors":"Jaime F Olavarria, Huixin Qi, Toru Takahata, Jon H Kaas","doi":"10.1017/S0952523822000062","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0952523822000062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies in the greater galago have not provided a comprehensive description of the organization of eye-specific retino-geniculate-cortical projections to the recipient layers in V1. Here we demonstrate the overall patterns of ocular dominance domains in layers III, IV, and VI revealed following a monocular injection of the transneuronal tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). We also correlate these patterns with the array of cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in tangential sections through the unfolded and flattened cortex. In layer IV, we observed for the first time that eye-specific domains form an interconnected pattern of bands 200-250 μm wide arranged such that they do not show orientation bias and do not meet the V1 border at right angles, as is the case in macaques. We also observed distinct WGA-HRP labeled patches in layers III and VI. The patches in layer III, likely corresponding to patches of K lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) input, align with layer IV ocular dominance columns (ODCs) of the same eye dominance and overlap partially with virtually all CO blobs in both hemispheres, implying that CO blobs receive K LGN input from both eyes. We further found that CO blobs straddle the border between layer IV ODCs, such that the distribution of CO staining is approximately equal over ipsilateral and contralateral ODCs. These results, together with studies showing that a high percentage of cells in CO blobs are monocular, suggest that CO blobs consist of ipsilateral and contralateral subregions that are in register with underlying layer IV ODCs of the same eye dominance. In macaques and humans, CO blobs are centered on ODCs in layer IV. Our finding that CO blobs in galago straddle the border of neighboring layer IV ODCs suggests that this novel feature may represent an alternative way by which visual information is processed by eye-specific modular architecture in mammalian V1.</p>","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"39 ","pages":"E007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9634673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9242523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphorylation of cysteine string protein-α up-regulates the frequency of cholinergic waves via starburst amacrine cells","authors":"Ching-Feng Chen, R. R. Wo, Chien-Ting Huang, Tzu-Lin Cheng, Juu-Chin Lu, Chih-Tien Wang","doi":"10.1017/S0952523822000013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523822000013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the first postnatal week in rodents, cholinergic retinal waves initiate in starburst amacrine cells (SACs), propagating to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and visual centers, essential for visual circuit refinement. By modulating exocytosis in SACs, dynamic changes in the protein kinase A (PKA) activity can regulate the spatiotemporal patterns of cholinergic waves. Previously, cysteine string protein-α (CSPα) is found to interact with the core exocytotic machinery by PKA-mediated phosphorylation at serine 10 (S10). However, whether PKA-mediated CSPα phosphorylation may regulate cholinergic waves via SACs remains unknown. Here, we examined how CSPα phosphorylation in SACs regulates cholinergic waves. First, we identified that CSPα1 is the major isoform in developing rat SACs and the inner plexiform layer during the first postnatal week. Using SAC-specific expression, we found that the CSPα1-PKA-phosphodeficient mutant (CSP-S10A) decreased wave frequency, but did not alter the wave spatial correlation compared to control, wild-type CSPα1 (CSP-WT), or two PKA-phosphomimetic mutants (CSP-S10D and CSP-S10E). These suggest that CSPα-S10 phosphodeficiency in SACs dampens the frequency of cholinergic waves. Moreover, the level of phospho-PKA substrates was significantly reduced in SACs overexpressing CSP-S10A compared to control or CSP-WT, suggesting that the dampened wave frequency is correlated with the decreased PKA activity. Further, compared to control or CSP-WT, CSP-S10A in SACs reduced the periodicity of wave-associated postsynaptic currents (PSCs) in neighboring RGCs, suggesting that these RGCs received the weakened synaptic inputs from SACs overexpressing CSP-S10A. Finally, CSP-S10A in SACs decreased the PSC amplitude and the slope to peak PSC compared to control or CSP-WT, suggesting that CSPα-S10 phosphodeficiency may dampen the speed of the SAC-RGC transmission. Thus, via PKA-mediated phosphorylation, CSPα in SACs may facilitate the SAC-RGC transmission, contributing to the robust frequency of cholinergic waves.","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44241022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mosaic of AII amacrine cell bodies in rat retina is indistinguishable from a random distribution.","authors":"Jian Hao Liu,&nbsp;David Olukoya Peter,&nbsp;Maren Sofie Faldalen Guttormsen,&nbsp;Md Kaykobad Hossain,&nbsp;Yola Gerking,&nbsp;Margaret Lin Veruki,&nbsp;Espen Hartveit","doi":"10.1017/S0952523822000025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523822000025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vertebrate retina contains a large number of different types of neurons that can be distinguished by their morphological properties. Assuming that no location should be without a contribution from the circuitry and function linked to a specific type of neuron, it is expected that the dendritic trees of neurons belonging to a type will cover the retina in a regular manner. Thus, for most types of neurons, the contribution to visual processing is thought to be independent of the exact location of individual neurons across the retina. Here, we have investigated the distribution of AII amacrine cells in rat retina. The AII is a multifunctional amacrine cell found in mammals and involved in synaptic microcircuits that contribute to visual processing under both scotopic and photopic conditions. Previous investigations have suggested that AIIs are regularly distributed, with a nearest-neighbor distance regularity index of ~4. It has been argued, however, that this presumed regularity results from treating somas as points, without taking into account their actual spatial extent which constrains the location of other cells of the same type. When we simulated random distributions of cell bodies with size and density similar to real AIIs, we confirmed that the simulated distributions could not be distinguished from the distributions observed experimentally for AIIs in different regions and eccentricities of the retina. The developmental mechanisms that generate the observed distributions of AIIs remain to be investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"39 ","pages":"E004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9107964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10597698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and function of the gap junctional network of photoreceptive ganglion cells.","authors":"Xiwu Zhao,&nbsp;Kwoon Y Wong","doi":"10.1017/S0952523821000134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523821000134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) signal not only anterogradely to drive behavioral responses, but also retrogradely to some amacrine interneurons to modulate retinal physiology. We previously found that all displaced amacrine cells with spiking, tonic excitatory photoresponses receive gap-junction input from ipRGCs, but the connectivity patterns and functional roles of ipRGC-amacrine coupling remained largely unknown. Here, we injected PoPro1 fluorescent tracer into all six types of mouse ipRGCs to identify coupled amacrine cells, and analyzed the latter's morphological and electrophysiological properties. We also examined how genetically disrupting ipRGC-amacrine coupling affected ipRGC photoresponses. Results showed that ipRGCs couple with not just ON- and ON/OFF-stratified amacrine cells in the ganglion-cell layer as previously reported, but also OFF-stratified amacrine cells in both ganglion-cell and inner nuclear layers. M1- and M3-type ipRGCs couple mainly with ON/OFF-stratified amacrine cells, whereas the other ipRGC types couple almost exclusively with ON-stratified ones. ipRGCs transmit melanopsin-based light responses to at least 93% of the coupled amacrine cells. Some of the ON-stratifying ipRGC-coupled amacrine cells exhibit transient hyperpolarizing light responses. We detected bidirectional electrical transmission between an ipRGC and a coupled amacrine cell, although transmission was asymmetric for this particular cell pair, favoring the ipRGC-to-amacrine direction. We also observed electrical transmission between two amacrine cells coupled to the same ipRGC. In both scenarios of coupling, the coupled cells often spiked synchronously. While ipRGC-amacrine coupling somewhat reduces the peak firing rates of ipRGCs' intrinsic melanopsin-based photoresponses, it renders these responses more sustained and longer-lasting. In summary, ipRGCs' gap junctional network involves more amacrine cell types and plays more roles than previously appreciated.</p>","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"38 ","pages":"E014"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9753619/pdf/nihms-1855317.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10696150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockade of retinal or cortical activity does not prevent the development of callosal patches normally associated with ocular dominance columns in primary visual cortex","authors":"Hsueh Chung Lu, R. Laing, J. Olavarria","doi":"10.1017/S0952523821000110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523821000110","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Callosal patches in primary visual cortex of Long Evans rats, normally associated with ocular dominance columns, emerge by postnatal day 10 (P10), but they do not form in rats monocularly enucleated a few days before P10. We investigated whether we could replicate the results of monocular enucleation by using tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block neural activity in one eye, or in primary visual cortex. Animals received daily intravitreal (P6–P9) or intracortical (P7–P9) injections of TTX, and our physiological evaluation of the efficacy of these injections indicated that the blockade induced by a single injection lasted at least 24 h. Four weeks later, the patterns of callosal connections in one hemisphere were revealed after multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase in the other hemisphere. We found that in rats receiving either intravitreal or cortical injections of TTX, the patterns of callosal patches analyzed in tangential sections from the flattened cortex were not significantly different from the pattern in normal rats. Our findings, therefore, suggest that the effects of monocular enucleation on the distribution of callosal connections are not due to the resulting imbalance of afferent ganglion cell activity, and that factors other than neural activity are likely involved.","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42842715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"K⁺-dependent Müller cell-generated components of the electroretinogram.","authors":"Andrey V Dmitriev,&nbsp;Alexander A Dmitriev,&nbsp;Robert A Linsenmeier","doi":"10.1017/S0952523821000092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523821000092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The electroretinogram (ERG) has been employed for years to collect information about retinal function and pathology. The usefulness of this noninvasive test depends on our understanding of the cell sources that generate the ERG. Important contributors to the ERG are glial Müller cells (MCs), which are capable of generating substantial transretinal potentials in response to light-induced changes in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o). For instance, the MCs generate the slow PIII (sPIII) component of the ERG as a reaction to a photoreceptor-induced [K+]o decrease in the subretinal space. Similarly, an increase of [K+]o related to activity of postreceptor retinal neurons also produces transretinal glial currents, which can potentially influence the amplitude and shape of the b-wave, one of the most frequently analyzed ERG components. Although it is well documented that the majority of the b-wave originates from On-bipolar cells, some contribution from MCs was suggested many years ago and has never been experimentally rejected. In this work, detailed information about light-evoked [K+]o changes in the isolated mouse retina was collected and then analyzed with a relatively simple linear electrical model of MCs. The results demonstrate that the cornea-positive potential generated by MCs is too small to contribute noticeably to the b-wave. The analysis also explains why MCs produce the large cornea-negative sPIII subcomponent of the ERG, but no substantial cornea-positive potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"38 ","pages":"E010"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0952523821000092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10345685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebellar projections to the macaque midbrain tegmentum: Possible near response connections.","authors":"Martin O Bohlen,&nbsp;Paul D Gamlin,&nbsp;Susan Warren,&nbsp;Paul J May","doi":"10.1017/S0952523821000067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523821000067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since most gaze shifts are to targets that lie at a different distance from the viewer than the current target, gaze changes commonly require a change in the angle between the eyes. As part of this response, lens curvature must also be adjusted with respect to target distance by the ciliary muscle. It has been suggested that projections by the cerebellar fastigial and posterior interposed nuclei to the supraoculomotor area (SOA), which lies immediately dorsal to the oculomotor nucleus and contains near response neurons, support this behavior. However, the SOA also contains motoneurons that supply multiply innervated muscle fibers (MIFs) and the dendrites of levator palpebrae superioris motoneurons. To better determine the targets of the fastigial nucleus in the SOA, we placed an anterograde tracer into this cerebellar nucleus in Macaca fascicularis monkeys and a retrograde tracer into their contralateral medial rectus, superior rectus, and levator palpebrae muscles. We only observed close associations between anterogradely labeled boutons and the dendrites of medial rectus MIF and levator palpebrae motoneurons. However, relatively few of these associations were present, suggesting these are not the main cerebellar targets. In contrast, labeled boutons in SOA, and in the adjacent central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF), densely innervated a subpopulation of neurons. Based on their location, these cells may represent premotor near response neurons that supply medial rectus and preganglionic Edinger-Westphal motoneurons. We also identified lens accommodation-related cerebellar afferent neurons via retrograde trans-synaptic transport of the N2c rabies virus from the ciliary muscle. They were found bilaterally in the fastigial and posterior interposed nuclei, in a distribution which mirrored that of neurons retrogradely labeled from the SOA and cMRF. Our results suggest these cerebellar neurons coordinate elements of the near response during symmetric vergence and disjunctive saccades by targeting cMRF and SOA premotor neurons.</p>","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"38 ","pages":"E007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0952523821000067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10695954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The retinal pigments of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and their role in visual foraging ecology-CORRIGENDUM.","authors":"Jeffry I Fasick,&nbsp;Haya Algrain,&nbsp;Katherine M Serba,&nbsp;Phyllis R Robinson","doi":"10.1017/S0952523820000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523820000103","url":null,"abstract":"The pigment reported in the Hara et al. (2018) study, however, is a member of the peropsin family of retinal pigments and was described by the authors as a member of the retinal pigment epitheliumderived rhodopsins, or RRhs, which typically possess lmax values in the blue region of the spectrum between 470–485 nm (Hao & Fong, 1996; Koyanagi et al., 2002). The whale shark RRh sequence from Hara et al. (2018) sorts with other shark RRh opsins (shown in Fig. 3) and is most likely a member of this family of retinal opsins and not an Rh1 opsin.","PeriodicalId":23556,"journal":{"name":"Visual Neuroscience","volume":"37 ","pages":"E011"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0952523820000103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38560746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}