Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “An enhanced vaccination regime reduces the shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium from layer chickens” [Vaccine 72 (2026) 128115]","authors":"Samiullah Khan , Andrea R. McWhorter , Daniel M. Andrews , Gregory J. Underwood , Robert J. Moore , Thi Thu Hao Van , Kapil K. Chousalkar","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128260","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146128131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term protection of an inactivated enterovirus type 71 vaccine against hand, foot, and mouth diseases in children: a modelling study","authors":"Xinmo Ma ,&nbsp;Lairun Jin ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Pengfei Jin ,&nbsp;Yue Liu ,&nbsp;Feng Wen ,&nbsp;Gang Zeng ,&nbsp;Jingxin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Despite the availability of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) vaccines, evidence on long-term protection remains limited. We aimed to establish a mathematical model for predicting the 20-year long-term protection of the EV71 vaccine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We utilized data from a phase 3 trial in which infants and young children were randomized to receive either two doses of 400 U EV71 vaccine or placebo. Neutralizing antibody data (NTAb) were obtained from the immunogenicity subpopulation who were followed for 5 years. We compared candidate decay models using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and selected the Segmented Power-law Model to fit antibody decay kinetics. Simulated datasets were generated via 10,000 iterations of Bootstrap sampling. We introduced dynamic exposure simulation with differential exposure rates before and after 2017, and applied a Scaled Logit Model to establish the association between NTAb titers and protective efficacy. Additionally, we performed stratified analysis by dividing the population into High, Medium, and Low responders based on initial antibody titers. Uncertainty was quantified using 95% confidence intervals (CI).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The predicted geometric mean titers (GMT) were 168.30 (95% CI: [139.76, 202.67]) at Month 1, 111.28 (95% CI: [93.15, 132.95]) at Month 6, 93.80 (95% CI: [79.12, 111.20]) at Month 12, and 68.04 (95% CI: [60.38, 76.68]) at Month 240. The model predicts that the EV71 vaccine provides a protective efficacy of 80.19% (95% CI: [78.69%, 81.70%]) at Month 1, declining to 72.57% (95% CI: [71.35%, 73.80%]) at Year 20. Stratified analysis revealed that High Responders maintained 75.58% protection at Year 20, compared to 65.09% for Medium and 64.99% for Low Responders.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Under the current EV71 epidemic conditions in China, the two-dose regimen of the inactivated EV71 vaccine provides durable protection exceeding 72% for at least 20 years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128286"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of dual administration vaccine of recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 hemagglutinin against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza and viscerotropic Velogenic Newcastle disease virus in broilers","authors":"Deok-Hwan Kim ,&nbsp;Jin-chel Kim ,&nbsp;Seung-hun Lee ,&nbsp;Jiwon Kim ,&nbsp;Jei-hyun Jeong ,&nbsp;Ji-yun Kim ,&nbsp;Sohyun Seok ,&nbsp;Joong-bok Lee ,&nbsp;Seung-Young Park ,&nbsp;In-Soo Choi ,&nbsp;Sang-Won Lee ,&nbsp;Chang-Seon Song","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread and endemic nature of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b outbreaks has driven increased vaccine demand. In this study, we used a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 hemagglutinin (rK148/22-H5) to evaluate the efficacy of a single-dose vaccine administered via dual routes. We vaccinated 1-day-old broilers and randomly assigned them to HPAIV and viscerotropic velogenic NDV (vvNDV) challenges every 10 days. In the control group, maternal NDV antibodies waned by 20 days of age, whereas the antibody levels were sustained in the vaccinated group. Antibodies against HPAIV were first detected at 20 days post vaccination (dpv). Starting at 20 dpv, protection rates exceeded 70% and 90% against vvNDV and HPAIV challenges, respectively. Notably, at 30 dpv, no virus shedding was detected in the oropharyngeal and cloacal tissues following highly pathogenic avian influenza challenge. The rK148/22-H5 vaccine administered via the dual route is a promising candidate for single-dose vaccination to effectively protect young chicks against HPAIV and vvNDV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humoral immunity induced by XEC monovalent vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants including XEC, LP.8.1, NB.1.8.1, XFG, and BA.3.2","authors":"Keiya Uriu ,&nbsp;Yu Kaku ,&nbsp;Yusuke Kosugi ,&nbsp;Luo Chen ,&nbsp;Naoya Itoh ,&nbsp;Yoshifumi Uwamino ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Fujiwara ,&nbsp;Hironori Satoh ,&nbsp;The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium ,&nbsp;Kei Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant has continuously diverged, and multiple of its sublineages are circulating worldwide. To reduce the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with infection of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages, some types of variant-matched vaccines have been developed and approved, such as Omicron JN.1-based vaccines and Omicron LP.8.1-based vaccines, in multiple countries, including Japan. Since, at the beginning of 2025, the Omicron XEC variant was predominant over other variants in Japan, two Japanese pharmaceutical companies have developed Omicron XEC-based vaccines. In this study, we evaluated the neutralizing antibody response induced by Omicron XEC-based vaccine and our data showed that both Omicron XEC-based vaccines can enhance the neutralizing titer of sera against a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146159822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel SARS-CoV-2 mRNA virus-like particle vaccine is highly potent and well tolerated in adults in a phase 1 randomized clinical trial","authors":"Temitope Oyedele ,&nbsp;Rachel Park ,&nbsp;Kelly Morales ,&nbsp;Manish Jain ,&nbsp;Lawrence Sher ,&nbsp;Apinya Vutikullird ,&nbsp;Abby Isaacs ,&nbsp;Brett Jepson ,&nbsp;Kathryn Shoemaker ,&nbsp;Ann Marie Stanley ,&nbsp;Joseph Lee ,&nbsp;Cindy Handelsman ,&nbsp;Stacey Cromer Berman ,&nbsp;Lee-Jah Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The need for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with improved potency, lower reactogenicity, broader coverage, and prolonged protection persists. We examined the safety and immunogenicity of two ferritin scaffold-based self-assembling SARS-CoV-2 mRNA virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this, randomized, Phase I, open-label, active-controlled study (<span><span>www.clinicaltrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> <span><span>NCT06147063</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>) participants received a single 5 μg or 10 μg intramuscular injection of AZD9838 (BA.4/5 variant) or AZD6563 (XBB.1.5 variant), or 30 μg BNT162b2, a licensed mRNA vaccine (XBB.1.5 variant).</div><div>The primary safety endpoint was the incidence of solicited adverse reactions (ARs) through Day 8, unsolicited adverse events (AEs) through Day 29, and serious AEs (SAEs), medically attended AEs (MAAEs), and AEs of special interest (AESIs) through Day 361. The primary immunogenicity endpoint was to characterize the neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to the ancestral and Omicron (BA.4/5, XBB.1.5) variants at Day 29; characterization of nAb response to Omicron JN.1 was an exploratory analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 166 participants aged 18–64 years and 76 participants ≥65 years of age were vaccinated. AZD9838 and AZD6563 were well-tolerated at both dosages. Overall, fewer solicited ARs were reported with AZD9838 and AZD6563 versus BNT162b2. Unsolicited AEs were similar between groups; no related SAEs, AESIs, or MAAEs were reported to Day 180.</div><div>Day 29 nAb GMTs were higher following 10 μg AZD6563 versus 5 μg and higher than AZD9838 across variants and age groups, remaining above baseline and similar to BNT162b2 at Day 180; 10 μg AZD6563 resulted in nAb GMTs similar to BNT162b2 in both age groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>By combining mRNA vaccine technology with VLP-based antigen display, we developed two candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, AZD9838 and AZD6563, that were well tolerated versus a licensed mRNA vaccine, BNT162b2. Furthermore, the variant-matched AZD6563 generated a similar immunogenicity to BNT162b2 but at one third of the dosage (10 μg versus 30 μg).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination under sedation in children with needle phobia or behavioural difficulties: A retrospective study.","authors":"Deidre Brogan ,&nbsp;Prathiyankara Shailendra Prabhu ,&nbsp;Lucy Deng ,&nbsp;Ketaki Sharma ,&nbsp;Andrew Dunn ,&nbsp;Ella Sharp ,&nbsp;Clementine David ,&nbsp;Lois Leacey ,&nbsp;Katrina Sterling ,&nbsp;Amber Hooker ,&nbsp;Natalie Ong ,&nbsp;Nicholas Wood ,&nbsp;Kristine Macartney ,&nbsp;Rama Kandasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children and adolescents with conditions such as needle phobia and neurodevelopmental disorders may have difficultly being vaccinated in the community. Assisted vaccination clinics provide tailored support for children with additional needs surrounding routine scheduled vaccine administration. This study evaluates the efficacy of an assisted vaccination clinic, in Australia over a decade.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This was a retrospective cohort study conducted from 2015 to 2024. The participants included children who were referred to the Assisted Vaccination Clinic at the Children's Hospital Westmead following unsuccessful attempts at vaccination in the community. Study data were extracted from electronic medical records and patients' vaccination records reviewed in the Australian Immunisation Register.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2024, 169 patients were seen across 227 clinic visits. The median age was 13.3 years (IQR 11.7–14.9 years). Needle phobia (171/227, 75.3%) and autism spectrum disorder (76/227, 33.5%) were the most frequently reported conditions associated with being seen in the clinic. HPV (70.9%, 161/227), dTpa (62.6%, 142/227), and MenACWY (21.6%, 49/227) were the most frequent vaccines required for administration. Inhaled nitrous oxide 96/227 (42.3%) and oral midazolam 22/227 (9.7%) were the most frequently used pharmacological interventions. Oral lorazepam was used as a pre-hospital medication on 26 occasions. Non-pharmacological interventions were employed to optimise patient comfort in 52% of visits. Successful vaccination occurred in 77.1% (175/227) of visits. Long term follow-up was conducted for 87/170 patients who had subsequently turned 17 years of age, 72/87 (82.8%) had received further vaccines in the community and 58/87 (66.7%) were up-to-date with their scheduled vaccines.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Children with needle phobia and/or behavioural difficulties who cannot be vaccinated in the primary care setting may be successfully vaccinated using a tailored sedation service. Vaccine coverage of this group of previously under-vaccinated children managed at this clinic reached that of their peers nationwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128352"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Safety and immunogenicity of SpiN-Tec, a T-cell based RBD-Nucleocapsid chimeric vaccine for COVID-19” [Vaccine 64 (2025) 127756]","authors":"Gregório Guilherme Almeida ,&nbsp;Jorge Andrade Pinto ,&nbsp;Patrícia Machado Pinto ,&nbsp;Ludmila Bezerra da Silva ,&nbsp;Luis Adan Flores Andrade ,&nbsp;Bruno Vinícius Santos Valiate ,&nbsp;Nathália Zini ,&nbsp;Flávia Fonseca Bagno ,&nbsp;Graziella Gomes Rivelli ,&nbsp;Karine Lima Lourenço ,&nbsp;Jéssica Pauline Coelho Souza ,&nbsp;Isabela Pereira Gomes ,&nbsp;Natália Salazar de Castro ,&nbsp;Ana Luiza Chaves Maia ,&nbsp;Alex Fiorini de Carvalho ,&nbsp;Júlio Castro Alves ,&nbsp;Júlia Teixeira de Castro ,&nbsp;Guangzhao Li ,&nbsp;Natália Satchiko Hojo-Souza ,&nbsp;Gabriel da Rocha Fernandes ,&nbsp;Helton da Costa Santiago","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128316","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage and associated sociodemographic factors among individuals eligible for publicly funded vaccine in Ontario, Canada from 2007 to 2023: A Canadian immunization research network study","authors":"Ramandip Grewal ,&nbsp;Jenna Alessandrini ,&nbsp;Sarah E. Wilson ,&nbsp;Alejandro Hernandez ,&nbsp;Nicole E. Basta ,&nbsp;Ann N. Burchell ,&nbsp;Shelley L. Deeks ,&nbsp;Gillian H. Lim ,&nbsp;Christine Navarro ,&nbsp;Gina Ogilvie ,&nbsp;Lauren A. Paul ,&nbsp;Sarah A. Buchan","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Background</em>: Publicly funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs are available for school-aged children to help prevent HPV-associated cancers and other outcomes, with goals of reaching 90% coverage (≥2 doses) in Canada. Since the introduction of gender-neutral programs in Ontario (2016/2017), publicly available coverage estimates by sex and other sociodemographics, particularly throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, have been limited.</div><div><em>Methods</em>: We conducted a population-based cohort study consisting of males and females eligible for publicly funded HPV vaccine programs in Ontario (2007-2023). Using linked vaccination and administrative databases, we estimated vaccine coverage by sex, year, birth cohort, and various sociodemographics. We explored the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on coverage by comparing those who first became eligible during pandemic years to those who first became eligible before the pandemic. Multinomial logistic regression was used to report on associations between sociodemographics and vaccination status (unvaccinated, partial vaccination, up-to-date [≥2 doses] vaccination).</div><div><em>Results</em>: Up-to-date coverage varied by birth cohort and sex, ranging from 40-70% among females and 40-66% among males; uptake of at least 1 dose was higher (females:51-77%; males:60-74%). The lowest coverage estimates were among individuals who first became program eligible during the pandemic with some improvement in coverage through catch-up opportunities in later years (i.e., from 3-6% [2019-2021] to 40-51% [2022-2023]). Vaccine coverage, particularly up-to-date vaccination, was associated with socioeconomic status, with individuals in the lowest income neighbourhoods experiencing lower uptake, for example. This trend was most apparent among cohorts who became eligible during pandemic years.</div><div><em>Conclusions</em>: Following inception of gender-neutral publicly funded programs in Ontario, HPV vaccine coverage for females and males has been substantially short of national goals. Findings suggest a need to improve uptake and access to publicly funded catch-up opportunities. Efforts to reduce inequities in vaccine uptake are crucial to reach targets and close the gap in HPV-associated disparities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146159841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the non-specific effects of BCG vaccination on the immune system and serological response to influenza vaccination in the elderly: A randomised controlled trial","authors":"Anne Marie Rosendahl Madsen ,&nbsp;Frederik Schaltz-Buchholzer ,&nbsp;Ramona Trebbien ,&nbsp;Rutger Roring ,&nbsp;Nina Bang ,&nbsp;Christian Nielsen ,&nbsp;Mette Bliddal ,&nbsp;Lene Annette Norberg ,&nbsp;Mihai G. Netea ,&nbsp;Torben Barington ,&nbsp;Peter Aaby ,&nbsp;Sören Möller ,&nbsp;Christine Stabell Benn","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has beneficial effects on the immune system, which may lead to non-specific protection against non-tuberculous infections and increase the response to subsequent vaccinations. Seasonal influenza vaccination is used to protect senior citizens against influenza, but the serological response to the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) decreases in the elderly due to immunosenescence. The aim of this study was to test the capacity of BCG to boost the specific immune response to IIV and explore the effect of BCG on the innate immune system and health of senior citizens.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A randomised controlled trial with a nested immunological study including 273 Danish citizens &gt;65 years. Participants were randomised into four equally sized groups combining BCG with IIV in different sequences compared with IIV alone. The primary outcome was change in influenza antibody hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre four weeks after vaccination. Secondary outcomes were infection rate during six months follow-up, and association between influenza antibody titre and infection rate. In subgroup analyses, we explored the effect of BCG on lymphocyte populations seven days after IIV and on cytokine production after stimulation of mononuclear cells <em>in vitro</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Four weeks after influenza vaccination, the mean fold change in HI titre over all serotypes was 2.3–2.5 with no significant differences between the treatment groups. Seroconversion rate was comparable between treatment groups, and in strata of age and sex. There was no difference in the rate of infection between the groups and there was no association with influenza antibody level. We found no difference in distribution of lymphocytes. Combining BCG with IIV had modest impact on <em>in vitro</em> cytokine production compared with IIV alone.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>BCG vaccination did not increase serological response to seasonal influenza vaccination or reduce the incidence of infection in this population of Danish senior citizens.</div></div><div><h3>Trial registration</h3><div>EU Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT number 2019–002781-12).</div></div><div><h3>Summary</h3><div>In this randomised clinical trial of Danish senior citizens, BCG vaccination did not influence serological response to influenza vaccination or reduce the risk of infection compared with placebo. There was no clear indication of induction of trained immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunisation program managers' experiences of implementing the change from a two dose to a single dose course of HPV vaccination in Australia's school-based program","authors":"Maryke Steffens ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Bolsewicz ,&nbsp;Kathleen Prokopovich ,&nbsp;Frank Beard ,&nbsp;Julia M.L. Brotherton","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In Australia, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is routinely offered at age 12–13 years through school-based programs managed by eight states and territories. Coverage has declined since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with widening equity gaps. In February 2023, Australia moved from a two-dose to a single-dose HPV course. While the move was expected to increase coverage, single-dose coverage declined in the school cohort offered vaccination in 2023. We aimed to document the experience of implementing single-dose HPV vaccination and understand the current challenges in school-based immunisation programs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In September 2024, we interviewed 11 state and territory senior immunisation staff online about their experiences implementing single-dose HPV vaccination and about current challenges in their programs. We identified categories and themes using thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Factors that facilitated the shift to a single dose included clear and consistent communication once the change was announced, acceptance of the change by parents and providers and the increased flexibility in timing for school visits that a single-dose course provides. The main challenge related to the short timeline and a delayed ability to communicate the upcoming change due to government confidentiality requirements. This resulted in frustration, a need to retrospectively adapt consent forms and vaccine oversupply. Current challenges in the school-based immunisation programs include declining school attendance, staffing, competing priorities in schools, evolving consent processes in the digital era and increasing challenges in engaging parents and students in immunisation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While implementing the change was straightforward, the shift to a single-dose occurred in a setting of increasing challenges to routinely providing immunisation in schools. Simplifying the HPV vaccination schedule may have inadvertently reduced in-school opportunities for vaccination by only requiring one annual visit. School-based vaccination programs should consider additional strategies to support catch-up vaccination and publicise options for vaccination outside of the school program.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 128300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}