Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and breakthrough infection of nine homologous or heterologous COVID-19 vaccination booster regimens in healthy adults: A prospective study in Taiwan","authors":"Wen-Pin Tseng ,&nbsp;Jhong-Lin Wu ,&nbsp;Chien-Hao Lin ,&nbsp;Chun-Min Kang ,&nbsp;Ming-Yi Chung ,&nbsp;Ya-Fan Lee ,&nbsp;Shey-Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Min-Chi Lu ,&nbsp;Wen-Chien Ko ,&nbsp;Ping-Ing Lee ,&nbsp;Po-Ren Hsueh","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated diverse vaccination strategies to enhance immune protection. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and breakthrough infection of nine distinct vaccination regimens involving homologous or heterologous second booster doses in a SARS-CoV-2-naïve population in Taiwan.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>From December 2021 to May 2022, 784 healthy adults who had completed either homologous or heterologous prime and first booster vaccinations received a second booster dose, resulting in nine vaccination combinations. Reactogenicity was monitored for seven days post-vaccination. Immunogenicity was assessed using Roche and Abbott anti-spike antibody assays and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) at baseline, one month, and six months post-booster. Breakthrough infections during a six-month follow-up period were recorded to evaluate vaccine performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All regimens significantly boosted humoral immune responses at one month post-second booster. The homologous mRNA-1273 (MMM) group exhibited the highest antibody levels, despite participants having older age and more comorbidities. Antibody levels declined at six months across all groups, but the MMM group consistently maintained the highest levels. The protein subunit vaccine MVC-COV1901 induced lower antibody levels but demonstrated a favorable reactogenicity profile, with fewer systemic adverse events. Breakthrough infection rates varied among groups, with comparable infection risks observed in participants receiving mRNA-1273 or MVC-COV1901 boosters following a homologous ChAdOx1 primary vaccination. No severe infections, hospitalizations, or deaths were reported.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Homologous and heterologous COVID-19 booster regimens are safe and effective, with mRNA-1273 providing the strongest humoral immunity. These findings support tailored booster strategies to maintain population immunity and manage the pandemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127383"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating development of vaccines for prevention and control of Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Wayne C. Koff ,&nbsp;David M. Holtzman","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127410","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127410"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes towards conventional and non-conventional medical approaches and their relation to COVID-19 vaccination: Insights from Germany","authors":"Alexander Patzina ,&nbsp;Miriam Trübner ,&nbsp;Judith Lehmann ,&nbsp;Benno Brinkhaus ,&nbsp;Christian S. Kessler ,&nbsp;Rasmus Hoffmann","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main objective of this study is to investigate whether different medical attitudes relate to COVID-19 vaccination uptake and approval of vaccine mandates. The theory of planned behavior and the health belief model suggest that individual attitudes towards medical approaches are important for vaccination uptake. We use data from a German online cross-sectional study comprising 4065 respondents conducted between September and October in 2022 on the use and acceptance of five pre-defined medical approaches: conventional medicine, Traditional European Medicine (<em>Naturheilkunde</em>), complementary medicine, integrative medicine, and alternative medicine. The two main outcome measures are: (1) COVID-19 vaccination uptake, differentiating between (a) rejected, (b) socially pressured and (c) endorsed vaccination; (2) attitudes towards mandatory COVID-19 vaccination, i.e., whether or not individuals endorse vaccination mandates. We employ logistic and multinomial logistic regressions to calculate average marginal effects (AME) and to account for the influence of different medical attitudes and for confounding variables. While vaccination uptake in general is high (91.0 % in the analytical sample), our multivariate results reveal that individuals with a positive disposition towards Traditional European Medicine (AME = 0.05; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) and alternative medicine (AME = 0.02; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.10) were, comparatively, more likely to reject COVID-19 vaccination. A positive disposition towards conventional medicine is associated with higher vaccination uptake (AME = 0.17; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Positive attitudes towards alternative medicine correlate with increased levels of feeling socially pressured into accepting the vaccination (AME = 0.05; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). Approval levels for universal mandatory vaccination are low (43.9 %). Positive attitudes towards alternative (AME = -0.03; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.1) and Traditional European Medicine (AME = -0.04; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) negatively correlate with approval of vaccination mandates, while positive attitudes towards conventional medicine (AME = 0.05; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) increase approval. Our findings suggest that different medical attitudes are simultaneously associated with vaccination uptake and mandate approval. This provides important knowledge for policy makers when designing vaccination schemes and for health professionals when consulting their heterogeneous group of patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127403"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an efficacious oral peptide vaccine against infection with the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini","authors":"Wuttipong Phumrattanaprapin ,&nbsp;Ahmed O. Shalash ,&nbsp;Mariusz Skwarczynski ,&nbsp;Michael J. Smout ,&nbsp;Thewarach Laha ,&nbsp;Istvan Toth ,&nbsp;Alex Loukas","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Chronic <em>Opisthorchis viverrini</em> infection is a major contributor to cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia, necessitating effective vaccine development. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of peptide-based oral vaccines targeting <em>O. viverrini</em> in a hamster model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Five protein fragments from the vaccine candidate antigen <em>Ov</em>-TSP-2 were synthesized, with LEL4 and SEL peptides identified as the most immunogenic. These peptides were conjugated to polymethylacrylate (PMA) for nanoparticle self-assembly and mucosal immunization. Hamsters received four oral immunizations and were challenged with <em>O. viverrini</em> metacercariae to assess immune response and protection.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>LEL4-immunized hamsters demonstrated elevated antigen-specific serum IgG, mucosal IgG, and IgA titers. This immune response correlated with significantly reduced egg counts and worm burdens. Recovered worms from vaccinated hamsters exhibited stunted growth, indicating impaired parasite development.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study establishes the potential of LEL4 as a peptide-based oral vaccine against <em>O. viverrini</em>. By inducing mucosal and systemic immunity, the vaccine offers a promising strategy for combating opisthorchiasis and its associated cancer risk, marking a significant advancement in liver fluke control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127400"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic markers of enhanced functional antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination","authors":"Ruth A. Purcell ,&nbsp;L. Carissa Aurelia ,&nbsp;Lilith F. Allen ,&nbsp;Katherine A. Bond ,&nbsp;Deborah A. Williamson ,&nbsp;Janine M. Trevillyan ,&nbsp;Jason A. Trubiano ,&nbsp;Bruce D. Wines ,&nbsp;P. Mark Hogarth ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Juno ,&nbsp;Adam K. Wheatley ,&nbsp;Thi H.O. Nguyen ,&nbsp;Kanta Subbarao ,&nbsp;Katherine Kedzierska ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Kent ,&nbsp;Siddhartha Mahanty ,&nbsp;Kevin John Selva ,&nbsp;Amy W. Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Substantial population-level variation in vaccine-specific antibody responses has been observed following global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination efforts. Beyond the influence of clinical and demographic features, immunogenetic variation is suggested to underlie divergent serological responses following COVID-19 vaccination of distinct populations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) allotypic markers (G1m) for 121 COVID-19 vaccinated healthy adults were genotyped via Sanger sequencing. Vaccine-specific IgG and Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) engagement were characterised via bead-based multiplex array.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Following two COVID-19 vaccine doses, G1m1,17^+/+ compared to G1m-1,3^+/+ vaccinees had increased IgG and FcγR engagement specific for the antigenically conserved SARS-CoV-2 Spike 2 (S2) domain. IgG targeting antigenically novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) trended higher in G1m1,17^+/+ vaccinees, facilitating increased RBD-specific FcγR2a-R131 and FcγR2b binding.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Primary COVID-19 vaccination induced increased S2-specific IgG in G1m1,17^+/+ vaccinees, facilitating enhanced anti-viral FcγR engagement and suggesting immunogenetics may be a valuble consideration for next-generation vaccine design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127379"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative molecular, innate, and adaptive impacts of chemically diverse STING agonists","authors":"Nobuyo Mizuno,&nbsp;Dylan Boehm,&nbsp;Kevin Jimenez-Perez,&nbsp;Jinu Abraham,&nbsp;Laura Springgay,&nbsp;Ian Rose,&nbsp;Victor R. DeFilippis","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmacologic activation of the innate immune response is being actively being pursued for numerous clinical purposes including enhancement of vaccine potency and potentiation of anti-cancer immunotherapy. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) represent especially useful targets for these efforts as their engagement by agonists can trigger signaling pathways that associate with phenotypes desirable for specific immune outcomes. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an ER-resident PRR reactive to cyclic dinucleotides such as those synthesized endogenously in response to cytosolic dsDNA. STING activation leads to transient generation of type I interferon (IFN-I) and proinflammatory responses that augment immunologically relevant effects including antiviral responses, antigen presentation, immune cell trafficking, and immunogenic cell death. In recent years engineered cyclic dinucleotides and small molecules have been discovered that induce STING and confer clinically useful outcomes in animal models such as adjuvanticity of anti-microbial vaccines and tumor clearance. Unfortunately, clinical trials examining the efficacy of STING agonists have thus far failed to satisfactorily recapitulate the positive outcomes seen preclinically and this has prevented their clinical advancement. A likely relevant yet perplexingly under investigated aspect of pharmacologic STING activation is the diversity of molecular and immune responses that associate with chemical properties of the agonist. Based on this, a comparative survey of these was undertaken using unrelated STING-activating molecules to characterize the molecular, innate, cellular, and immune outcomes they elicit. This was done to inform and direct future studies aimed at designing and selecting agonists appropriate for desired clinical goals. This revealed demonstrable differences between the agonists in potency, transcriptomes, cytokine secretion profiles, immune cell trafficking, and antigen-directed humoral and cell mediated immune responses. As such, this work illustrates that phenotypes deriving from activation of a protein target can be linked to chemical properties of the engaging agonist and thus heightened scrutiny is necessary when selecting molecules to generate specific <em>in vivo</em> effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of multivalent SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle vaccine candidates","authors":"Urban Bezeljak ,&nbsp;Alexander Jerman ,&nbsp;Tina Kobal ,&nbsp;Elfi Birsa ,&nbsp;Martina Lokar Kosmač ,&nbsp;Rok Žiberna ,&nbsp;Krista Lokar ,&nbsp;Nika Janež ,&nbsp;Sanda Ravlić ,&nbsp;Beata Halassy ,&nbsp;Marko Kolenc ,&nbsp;Tina Triglav ,&nbsp;Urška Draksler ,&nbsp;Simon Horvat ,&nbsp;Matjaž Peterka","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The novel betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019, causing the global health threat of COVID-19. Over the past years, it has infected over 700 million people worldwide, resulting in 7 million deaths. Clearly, a potent and safe vaccine that guarantees long-lasting protection against novel virus strains is desperately needed to curb and eliminate the pandemic. Here, we present the development and scalable purification of an advanced coronavirus-like particle (CoVLP) vaccine candidates derived from SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. Highly pure and concentrated particles were produced from insect cell culture through sequential chromatography purification, employing hydrophobic and ion exchange monolithic columns. This strategy enables reliable scalability for production, supporting both preclinical and future clinical trials. The purified nanoparticles closely mimic coronavirus morphology and molecular composition, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. CoVLPs induced robust multivalent neutralizing immunity in mice against native SARS-CoV-2 in combination with squalene-based emulsion adjuvant. The isolated multivalent CoVLPs, covering a broad spectrum of viral antigens, represent a promising next-generation COVID-19 vaccine candidate, particularly considering the increasing threat of vaccine-evading mutations and waning immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127394"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low and inequitable influenza and COVID-19 vaccination coverage among pregnant women in Norway: Nationwide population-based cohort study","authors":"Bo T. Hansen ,&nbsp;Jesper Dahl ,&nbsp;Margrethe Greve-Isdahl ,&nbsp;Brita A. Winje ,&nbsp;Kjersti Margrethe Rydland ,&nbsp;Suzanne Campbell ,&nbsp;Aase S.D. Pay ,&nbsp;Trond M. Michelsen ,&nbsp;Hinta Meijerink","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Many countries recommend vaccination against influenza and COVID-19 during pregnancy, but surveillance of coverage is often lacking. We aim to quantify nationwide coverage of influenza and COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy in Norway and identify its sociodemographic correlates.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We combined nationwide individual-level registry data on childbirth, vaccinations and sociodemographic factors for all pregnancies in Norway between 1 September 2021 and 31 December 2022. We estimated maternal influenza and COVID-19 vaccination coverage and its correlates among women whose only indication for vaccination was pregnancy, i.e., during the second and third trimester.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 52,833 women eligible for influenza vaccination during pregnancy in the 2021/2022 influenza season, 27.7 % (<em>n</em> = 14,646) received the influenza vaccine. Similarly, among 50,108 women eligible for COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy in the study period, 31.8 % (<em>n</em> = 15,951) received the COVID-19 vaccine. Coverage estimates were lower among mothers with immigrant background, low education, low income, low maternal age, multiple children, those living rurally and those outside the workforce. The lowest coverage was observed among immigrant women (14.5 % for influenza, 16.0 % for COVID-19 vaccination), with corresponding relative risks (RR) compared to native Norwegian women of 0.44 (95 % CI: 0.42, 0.46) and 0.41 (95 % CI: 0.39, 0.43). The highest coverage was observed among women with the highest education (38.2 % for influenza, 43.6 % for COVID-19), with corresponding RRs compared to women with the lowest education of 2.47 (95 % CI: 2.33, 2.62) and 2.36 (95 % CI: 2.24, 2.49).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The coverage of maternal vaccination against influenza and COVID-19 is insufficient. Additionally, there is high and consistent inequity in uptake. Timely and comprehensive surveillance of maternal vaccination programs should be prioritized to ensure that program performance can be adequately assessed and improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination of recombinant neuraminidase with cHA-based inactivated split vaccines improves the breadth of cross-reactivity and protection against influenza viruses in mice","authors":"Eduard Puente-Massaguer ,&nbsp;Kirill Vasilev ,&nbsp;Florian Krammer","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current seasonal influenza virus vaccines are inefficient at inducing protective immune responses against drifted seasonal or emerging pandemic influenza viruses. A strategy to elicit more broadly cross-protective immune responses is to target conserved epitopes of the influenza virus, and the neuraminidase (NA) glycoprotein and the stalk domain of the hemagglutinin (HA) have become prime vaccine candidates. Sequential immunization with chimeric HA (cHA) antigens in which the immunodominant HA head domain has been replaced by HA head domains of exotic subtypes is able to re-focus the immune response to the HA stalk. Similarly, vaccination with recombinant NA (rNA) protein induces robust anti-NA responses. In this study, we show that sequential immunization with group 2 chimeric HA (cHA) inactivated split vaccines in combination with rN2 NA protein (rNA-N2-MPP) elicits superior immune responses and protection against a heterologous influenza virus in mice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127388"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The presenting HLA determines fidelity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein epitope prediction","authors":"Charles R. Schutt ,&nbsp;Deren Birol ,&nbsp;Xiuyuan Lu ,&nbsp;Sho Yamasaki","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple studies used prediction methods to identify candidate peptides to be included in prospective vaccines. While subsequent studies identified epitopes from convalescent and vaccinated subjects, few studies have compared the predicted to identified epitopes. Here we used three methods to predict SARS-CoV-2 spike protein helper T cell epitopes and compared the results to experimentally determined peptide binding as well as published epitopes. The correspondence between the predicted and experimental binding results and published epitopes depended more on the HLA being investigated than the prediction method used. Lastly, these observations were used to predict peptides which bind to the most HLAs. These peptides were previously identified and predicted to maintain HLA binding in the current variants of interest. This study highlights which prediction methods and conditions lead to the most reliable prediction results which would be of great interest for improving the design of future vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127381"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}