Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin G against measles and rubella over a 12-year period (2009–2021) in Kilifi, Kenya and the impact of the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine campaign of 2016","authors":"C.N. Mburu ,&nbsp;J. Ojal ,&nbsp;R. Selim ,&nbsp;R. Ombati ,&nbsp;D. Akech ,&nbsp;B. Karia ,&nbsp;J. Tuju ,&nbsp;A. Sigilai ,&nbsp;G. Smits ,&nbsp;P.G.M. van Gageldonk ,&nbsp;F.R.M. van der Klis ,&nbsp;S. Flasche ,&nbsp;E.W. Kagucia ,&nbsp;J.A.G. Scott ,&nbsp;I.M.O. Adetifa","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Measles and rubella have been targeted for elimination by the World Health Organization<strong>.</strong> Age-specific population immunity to measles and rubella is important to assess progress towards elimination but data are scarce. We conducted seroprevalence surveys to identify disease-specific population immunity profiles in children and adults in Kilifi.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sera from cross-sectional surveys in the Kilifi Health Demographic Surveillance System (2009–2021) were analysed using a fluorescent bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Bayesian multilevel regression with post stratification was used to obtain seroprevalence estimates adjusted for the underlying population and assay performance. Associations between seropositivity and age, sex, location and ethnic group were assessed using a mixed effects logistic regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Measles-adjusted seroprevalence showed a significant increase from 88 % in 2009 to 93 % in 2021 (τ = 0.875, <em>P</em> = 0.01). Seropositivity was significantly higher in all age groups compared to those under 9 months. Seroprevalence among children ineligible for the first measles vaccine dose (MCV1) remained low (10–57 %), whereas MCV1-eligible children (9–17 months) had higher seroprevalence (68–91 %). Adult measles seroprevalence exceeded 96 %. Rubella seroprevalence followed a similar pattern, with adults above 88 %. Following the MR campaign, measles seroprevalence increased from 92 % to 96 % in eligible children, while rubella seroprevalence rose from 45 % to 82 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Population immunity for measles significantly increased over the 12-year period suggesting improvement in immunisation program performance. To reduce reliance on frequent SIAs, efforts should focus on optimizing both the timing and coverage of routine doses, particularly ensuring higher coverage of MCV2. The introduction of rubella vaccination has positively impacted immunity in children. Sustaining this immunity is essential to prevent potential gaps in older age groups, which could increase the risk of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in infants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127425"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Recombinant BCGΔBCG1419c protects outbred mice against M. tuberculosis challenge” [Vaccine 61 (2025) 127347]","authors":"Sherry L. Kurtz ,&nbsp;Victoria Gould ,&nbsp;Mario A. Flores-Valdez ,&nbsp;Karen L. Elkins","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127418","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127418"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual Aβ/tau epitope vaccines: a poorly explored strategy for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy","authors":"Karen León-Arcia,&nbsp;Gabriela Pérez-Leal,&nbsp;Heidi Quintero-Álvarez,&nbsp;Diana Iris Zamora-Loyarte,&nbsp;Mailén López-Armenteros,&nbsp;Alexandra de la Caridad Sánchez-Quesada,&nbsp;Yaimeé Vázquez-Mojena","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a growing public health challenge that urgently requires effective disease-modifying therapies. Active immunotherapy appears to be a promising strategy in AD drug development, offering advantages over passive immunization in terms of prophylactic potential and cost-effectiveness. We systematically reviewed anti-Aβ and anti-tau active immunization strategies over the past 25 years, identifying 577 unique antigenic formulations. Only 3.5 % have progressed to clinical trials, with none yet approved. Notably, only three strategies targeted both Aβ and tau epitopes (Aβ1–11 and tau2–18), despite the potential of multi-target approaches for AD's multifactorial pathology. Given the synergistic role of Aβ and tau in disease progression, dual-target vaccines remain a critical and underinvestigated area with significant therapeutic promise. This review underscores the need to expand research into multi-target immunotherapies that better address AD's complexity, potentially improving prevention and treatment outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127414"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Communication interventions to reduce parental vaccine hesitancy: A systematic review","authors":"Sinchul Jwa ,&nbsp;Yousuke Imanishi ,&nbsp;Marie T. Ascher ,&nbsp;Matthew Z. Dudley","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Vaccine hesitancy among parents and caregivers is a growing issue that can lead to reduced vaccine coverage and corresponding outbreaks of disease. Different interventions to reduce vaccine hesitancy have been developed, including the use of remote online communication that has become more common during the COVID-19 pandemic, but their impacts and effectiveness are unclear. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify effective types of communication that reduce vaccine hesitancy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Multiple online databases were searched on April 1st, 2022 as well as March 18th, 2024. Included articles studied the impact of communication interventions aiming to reduce vaccine hesitancy among parents and caregivers of young children. Interventions targeting adolescent or adult vaccines were excluded. Potential biases or limitations that may affect the results of each study were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 3873 identified articles, 33 studies were included in this review, and 25 showed effectiveness. Among the 25 effective communication interventions, 11 were in-person and interactive, 11 were neither in-person nor interactive, 3 were interactive but not in-person, and 2 were in-person but not interactive.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Communication interventions can reduce vaccine hesitancy and increase childhood vaccine coverage. Although different types of interventions can reduce vaccine hesitancy and increase childhood vaccine coverage, especially by in-person and interactive communication interventions, further research is needed to elucidate the components that make such interventions impactful in different settings. These findings are particularly relevant for clinicians and public health officials striving to reduce vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccine uptake among children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127401"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373 and NVX-CoV2540) doses and virus strain match impact sex- and age-specific immunity and protection in mice","authors":"Sabal Chaulagain ,&nbsp;Jaiprasath Sachithanandham ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Liu ,&nbsp;Patrick S. Creisher ,&nbsp;Han-Sol Park ,&nbsp;John S. Lee ,&nbsp;Mimi Guebre-Xabier ,&nbsp;Nita Patel ,&nbsp;Gale Smith ,&nbsp;Andrew Pekosz ,&nbsp;Sabra L. Klein","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sex and age impact immune responses to diverse vaccines. Using a preclinical mouse model, we investigated immune responses to a COVID-19 spike (S) protein-based vaccine and booster doses in adult (25 weeks) and aged (64 weeks) male and female C57BL/6 mice. Mice were intramuscularly vaccinated with either two doses of NVX-CoV2373 (Ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1) or two doses of NVX-CoV2373 followed by a booster of NVX-CoV2540 (Omicron BA.5) in 3-week intervals. Steroid concentrations, antibody titers, and immune cell frequencies in draining lymph nodes were quantified. Three weeks post-boost, subsets of mice were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 (Mu variant B.1.621) to measure cross-protection against an antigenically distinct strain. After two ancestral vaccine doses, adult females had greater binding antibody titers than either adult males or aged females, that were positively correlated with circulating estradiol concentrations. Adult females also had greater cross-neutralizing antibodies and had lower viral titers in respiratory tissues following live virus challenge than adult males. Aged mice, particularly males, had lower antibody titers and frequencies of B and follicular helper T cells than adult mice that were not cross-protective against B.1.621 challenge. Immunization with the BA.5 booster improved antibody responses and B and T cell frequencies in both adults and aged mice, eliminating sex and age differences in immunity and protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These data highlight that there are limits to cross-protective immunity, particularly among males and aged individuals, that can be improved through booster doses that more closely match the challenge SARS-CoV-2 virus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127409"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IFITM knockout DF1 cells produce higher influenza and newcastle disease viral yields: a proof of concept for avian origin cell-based vaccine production","authors":"Ahmed Samy ,&nbsp;Andreas Alber ,&nbsp;Mark Fife,&nbsp;John A. Hammond","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential risk of supply during pandemics when demand for ECE can be high. Furthermore, the scale up of ECE vaccine production can be challenging at short notice, especially when the safe disposal of biohazardous waste is required. Avian-origin immortalised cell lines have the potential to be an ideal surrogate and remove the need to use ECE due to species match. However, the viral yield is often much lower than that of ECE which is at least partly due to the activation of interferon responses. One such response is driven by the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) that are potent broad range viral restriction factors inhibiting viral cell entry. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we deleted the entire IFITM locus from the immortalised chicken fibroblast cell line DF1 and examined the impact on viral growth. Multiple DF1-IFITM-KO clones confirmed that removing IFITM restriction not only augmented infectivity and viral surface protein expression but significantly increased the viral yield up to 1.5 log₁₀ PFU/ml and 0.8 log₁₀ PFU/ml for influenza A virus (IAV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain, respectively. Expression of IFITM3 but not IFITM1 in DF1-IFITM-KO cells restored AIV restriction, while expression of both IFITM1 and IFITM3 restricted NDV infectivity. Together, these data confirm that IFITM proteins significantly reduce viral infectivity and growth in chicken cells and that removing this barrier has the potential to improve cell- based vaccine production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127360"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare resource use and costs associated with episodes of laboratory confirmed invasive pneumococcal disease in adults in Finland 2016–2022","authors":"Maarit J. Korhonen ,&nbsp;Mari Pölkki ,&nbsp;Veli-Jukka Anttila ,&nbsp;Peter Klemets ,&nbsp;Essi J. Peltonen ,&nbsp;Timo Purmonen ,&nbsp;Minna Vehkala ,&nbsp;Jenni Kononoff","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> is a common mortality and morbidity causing pathogen worldwide which can lead to both invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal disease. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a severe form of pneumococcal infection manifesting, for example, as bacteremia, sepsis, or meningitis. This study evaluated the clinical and economic burden caused by laboratory confirmed IPD in the population aged ≥18 years in Finland 2016–2022.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>IPD episodes were identified from the National Infectious Disease Register. Healthcare resource use (HCRU) was obtained from the Finnish care registers and linked to each 90-day episode. Case-fatality was determined within 30 days since the first <em>S. pneumoniae</em> culture. HCRU, including hospitalizations and outpatient visits, was valued according to the national healthcare unit costs. The direct costs associated with HCRU, adjusted to the 2023 level, were calculated per episode and per year, and stratified by patient's age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 4018 IPD episodes were identified, with the median age of patients being 67 years. Meningitis was identified for 2.9 % of the episodes. Case-fatality was 9.7 % in all adults and increased steeply with age, from 3.2 % in 18–49-year-olds to 26.7 % in ≥85-year-olds. The average costs per episode were €9118 (95 % confidence interval [CI] €8802-€9419), with the highest costs (€9953; 95 % CI €9242-€10,562) observed in the 65–74-year-olds. In all adults, the mean total annual costs associated with IPD episodes were €5.23 million (95 % CI €3.66–€6.57 million). Inpatient care comprised 94 % of the total costs. In adults aged 65 and older, serotype coverage for pneumococcal conjugate vaccines PCV13, PCV20 and PCV21(V116) was 47.5 %, 66.5 %, 77.0 %, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study demonstrates the significant burden of IPD in the Finnish adult population. Wider vaccination against <em>S. pneumoniae</em> has the potential to substantially reduce the health and economic burden associated with pneumococcal diseases especially among older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127398"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Older adults' and physicians' preferences for respiratory syncytial virus vaccination in Germany and Italy: A discrete choice experiment","authors":"Alen Marijam ,&nbsp;Pavo Marijic ,&nbsp;Anna Puggina ,&nbsp;Olivier Cailloux ,&nbsp;Frederik Verelst ,&nbsp;Marta Vicentini ,&nbsp;Elisa Turriani ,&nbsp;Foteini Gkalapi ,&nbsp;Indra Jaidhauser ,&nbsp;Christina Rieger ,&nbsp;Paolo Bonanni ,&nbsp;Chiara de Waure ,&nbsp;Gernot Rohde ,&nbsp;Tommi Tervonen","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To improve the uptake of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination, we used discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to understand the vaccine attributes most important to older adults receiving RSV vaccines and physicians recommending RSV vaccines in Germany and Italy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The vaccine attributes assessed included the level of protection from lower respiratory tract disease provided in the first and second year, flexibility in time of administration, the possibility for co-administration with one other vaccine, and if the vaccine was recommended in clinical guidelines and/or a national immunization program (NIP). DCE results were used to derive relative attribute importance, minimum acceptable benefits, and predicted choice probabilities.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 999 older adults and 300 physicians were included. The most important vaccine attributes to both groups were the level of protection provided in the first and second year, and the inclusion of the vaccine in a NIP. Older adults and physicians would only consider a vaccine not included in a NIP if the first-year protection was ≥20–27 % higher than that of a vaccine included in the NIP. Co-administration and time of administration had little to no impact.</div><div>Older adults aged 60–69 years with chronic conditions associated with increased risks of RSV were most likely to accept RSV vaccination (85 %), vs those aged 50–59 years with these conditions (78 %), aged 60–69 years without these conditions (61 %), or aged ≥70 years (65 %) with/without these conditions. Similarly, German and Italian physicians were most likely to recommend a vaccine to adults aged 60–69 years with chronic conditions as well as to those aged ≥70 years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results suggest that, to improve RSV vaccine uptake in Germany and Italy, RSV vaccines should remain included in NIPs, and older and physicians should be informed of vaccine protection levels and benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant quadrivalent influenza vaccine (RIV) induces robust cell-mediated and HA-specific B cell humoral immune responses among healthcare personnel","authors":"Margarita Mishina ,&nbsp;Weiping Cao ,&nbsp;Zachary Ende ,&nbsp;Suresh S. Sharma ,&nbsp;Sean D. Ray ,&nbsp;Rashmi Kumari ,&nbsp;Amrita Kumar ,&nbsp;Uma Shanmugasundaram ,&nbsp;Caitlin D. Bohannon ,&nbsp;Priya Ranjan ,&nbsp;Jessie Chang ,&nbsp;Paul Carney ,&nbsp;James Stevens ,&nbsp;Min Z. Levine ,&nbsp;Sara Kim ,&nbsp;Meredith Wesley ,&nbsp;Sarah Ball ,&nbsp;Marcelo Jorge Pando ,&nbsp;Sheila Dobin ,&nbsp;Paul R. Knight ,&nbsp;Suryaprakash Sambhara","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Egg-free influenza vaccines, specifically cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine (ccIIV) and recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV), represent a significant advancement over traditional egg-based inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV), particularly for populations with extensive vaccination histories. This comprehensive immunological study investigated the comparative efficacy of ccIIV, IIV, and RIV in healthcare personnel (HCP) with repeated vaccination histories, examining both cellular and humoral immune responses through multiple analytical approaches.</div><div>Our investigation employed a multi-faceted analytical framework, combining serological assessments via hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays with detailed cellular immune response analysis. We utilized advanced flow cytometry techniques with recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) probes to evaluate both circulating T follicular helper cells (cTfh) and HA-specific B cells, providing a comprehensive view of vaccine-induced immune responses.</div><div>The results revealed RIV's superior immunogenicity profile, demonstrating significantly elevated levels of both cTfh and HA-specific B cells compared to ccIIV and IIV. RIV's enhanced performance was particularly evident in its response to influenza A components, with notably higher immunogenicity against both A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) strains. This superiority was reflected in elevated HI titers and markedly increased HA-specific B cell induction. While RIV also demonstrated enhanced HA-specific B cell responses against influenza B components compared to ccIIV, interestingly, HI titers remained comparable across all vaccine groups for these strains.</div><div>These findings underscore the critical importance of comprehensive immune response evaluation in vaccine assessment. The disparity between cellular and serological responses, particularly for influenza HA-specific B cells, highlights that traditional serological measures alone may not fully capture the breadth and depth of vaccine-induced immunity. This study provides compelling evidence for the inclusion of cellular immunity assessments in vaccine evaluation protocols, offering crucial insights into vaccine immunogenicity that may be missed by conventional serological analysis alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127361"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination against cholera in crisis: Coverage and cost efficiency in Sudan (2023–2024)","authors":"Ahmad Izzoddeen ,&nbsp;Mohammed Elhussien ,&nbsp;Omayma Abdalla ,&nbsp;Mawahib S.J. Rashid ,&nbsp;Maisoon Elbukhari Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Dalya Eltayeb","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cholera remains a persistent public health challenge, particularly in resource-limited and conflict-affected settings where inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure exacerbate disease transmission. Sudan has experienced recurrent cholera outbreaks, with two major waves occurring between April 2023 and November 2024, affecting 63,112 individuals and resulting in 1377 fatalities. Given the ongoing armed conflict and humanitarian crisis, traditional cholera prevention measures are often insufficient, necessitating the rapid deployment of Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) as a key outbreak response strategy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study evaluates the administrative coverage, operational performance, and economic efficiency of Sudan's OCV campaigns during this period. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on Sudan's nationwide OCV campaigns from November 2023 to November 2024. The study assessed vaccination strategies, cold chain resilience, social mobilization efforts, and operational costs per dose.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 8,584,190 doses were administered to a target population of 8,654,546, achieving an administrative coverage rate of 99%. Coverage varied across implementation sites. The campaign was conducted under extreme conflict conditions, requiring innovative strategies such as house-to-house vaccination, mobile teams, and integration with novel Oral Polio Vaccine (nOPV) campaigns. Vaccine wastage was minimal (&lt;0.0001 %), and the average operational cost per dose was $0.65. Despite logistical challenges, Sudan reduced the lead time from outbreak confirmation to vaccine request submission to just three days, though vaccine arrival delays of 2–4 weeks remained a bottleneck.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Sudan's experience demonstrates the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of OCV campaigns in conflict-affected and resource-limited settings. The high coverage rate, efficient vaccine utilization, and successful adaptation of vaccination strategies highlight the resilience of Sudan's health system in responding to outbreaks amid ongoing conflict and provide critical insights for future cholera control efforts in fragile settings, using partnerships, agile vaccine deployment mechanisms, and innovative implementation approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 127402"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}