Toxicon最新文献

{"title":"Anti-Toxoplasma gondii studies of the venom peptide XYP4 from the Lycosa coelestis","authors":"Dongqian Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Kaijuan Wu ,&nbsp;Jing Xie ,&nbsp;Yixiao Wang ,&nbsp;Zheng Wang ,&nbsp;Liping Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> (<em>T. gondii</em>) is an intracellular parasite with multiple routes of infection that poses a serious health risk to pregnant women, fetuses, and immunocompromised populations. Currently, clinical drugs in the treatment of toxoplasmosis continue to face challenges such as drug resistance. In the face of this challenge, researchers have gradually focused on the potential medicinal value of animal venoms in the fight against <em>T. gondii</em>, especially venom peptides showing advantages such as high potency, membrane targeting, and immunomodulation. The present study aimed to explore whether XYP4, a peptide derived from the venom of the <em>Lycosa coelestis</em> (<em>L. coelestis</em>), possesses better anti-<em>T. gondii</em> activity and its mode of action. The experimental results showed that XYP4 is an amphiphilic cationic linear polypeptide with an α-helix, which can exert anti-<em>toxoplasma</em> activity at low concentrations, affecting the lytic cycle. This polypeptide showed moderate survival benefits in mice infected with <em>T. gondii</em>. The main modes of action of XYP4 include inhibition of tachyzoites' intracellular proliferation, modulation of inflammatory factor expression in the host cells, and disruption of tachyzoite membrane integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Phytotoxic effects of cyanotoxins and their Fenton degradation by-products on morphological development of Lactuca sativa L.” [Toxicon 265 (2025) 108494]","authors":"Maria Virgínia da Conceição Albuquerque ,&nbsp;Tales Abreu Tavares de Sousa ,&nbsp;Joelma Dias ,&nbsp;Railson de Oliveira Ramos ,&nbsp;Valderi Duarte Leite ,&nbsp;Wilton Silva Lopes","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108531","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on poisonous mushrooms: The revolutionary potential of mycotoxins in medicine and beyond","authors":"Khemraj Sahu ,&nbsp;Sajal Saju Deo ,&nbsp;Shailesh Kumar Jadhav ,&nbsp;Nagendra Kumar Chandrawanshi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mushrooms are popular due to their significant health benefits. Globally, over 1,40,000 mushroom varieties, of which 5000 are toxic. Around 100 of these poisonous types account for most reported cases of mushroom poisoning. The accidental consumption of harmful mushrooms poses a significant threat to public health, particularly among indigenous communities that rely on wild mushroom gathering for sustenance. The situation is even more dire in India, where cases of mushroom poisoning often go unreported and ignored. This review focuses on various mycotoxins responsible for harmful consequences by closely examining the mushroom poisoning situation in the Indian subcontinent and globally. It highlights 110 poisonous mushroom species, their toxic compounds, confusion during mushroom gathering, the harmful impacts of mushroom poisoning, and the symptoms they cause in human health, as well as how mushroom mycotoxins could be utilized for the treatment of various diseases in the future. The review will aid in understanding mushrooms while reducing human fatalities and the category of poisonous species, which will open new avenues for pharmaceuticals in cancer treatment and drug development against multiple drug-resistant microbes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of experimental variables in twitch tension recording on triphasic action of phospholipase A2 neurotoxins at the neuromuscular junction and acetylcholine release","authors":"Behrooz Fathi Hafshejani ,&nbsp;Alan L. Harvey ,&nbsp;Edward G. Rowan ,&nbsp;Azam Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrophysiological investigations have previously demonstrated that snake venom phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) neurotoxins such as β-bungarotoxin (BuTx), taipoxin, notexin, crotoxin, and ammodytoxin (Amtx), exert a triphasic effect on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The first phase is characterized by a transient decrease in twitch height, which is followed by a facilitatory phase during which twitch height exceeds control levels. The final phase is a reduction of twitch height, ultimately leading to paralysis. The manifestation of this triphasic effect occurs under specific experimental conditions.</div><div>This study aims to investigate these “specific conditions” and how various experimental variables can influence the twitch tension recordings and their effect on the modulation of the triphasic action of the aforementioned PLA₂ neurotoxins at the NMJ, and their impact on ACh release. These variables include factors such as the concentration of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, temperature, stimulation frequency, toxin concentration, washout procedures, interactions between toxins, animal weight, and the presence of 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) and tetraethylammonium (TEA).</div><div>In conclusion, this research highlights that the triphasic action of PLA₂ neurotoxins at the NMJ is not a fixed phenomenon but can be substantially modulated by changes in experimental conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of carefully considering experimental parameters when studying the effects of PLA₂ neurotoxins. Variations in conditions may influence responses and impact the interpretation of underlying neurotoxic mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel mycotoxin-degrading enzyme complex can biodegrade AFB1, DON, and ZEN co-contamination in both in vitro and in vivo experiments","authors":"Yan-Qi Ning ,&nbsp;Zhe Peng ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Alainaa Refaie ,&nbsp;Jing-Hui Ge ,&nbsp;Li-Jia Guo ,&nbsp;Wen-Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Lv-Hui Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel mycotoxin-degrading enzyme complex (MDE), developed via a microcapsule coating process and containing three degrading enzymes, exhibits the ability to biodegrade aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of MDE against AFB₁, DON, and ZEN through <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> experiments. <strong><em>In vitro</em> simulated digestion</strong> experiments revealed that <strong>the</strong> MDE degraded the concentrations of AFB₁, DON, and ZEN by 76.27 %, 74.04 %, and 60.77 %, respectively. <em>In vivo</em> experiments were conducted using 39 one-day-old male Cobb broilers allocated into three groups: a basal diet group (BD; CON), a BD group supplemented with 50 μg/kg AFB₁, 3.0 mg/kg DON, and 1.5 mg/kg ZEN (Toxins), and a BD plus Toxins diet with 0.02 % MDE (Toxins + MDE), with the experiment lasting for 14 days. Compared to the Toxins group, the Toxins + MDE group showed a tendency to increase (<em>P</em> = 0.09) the body weight on day 7. Moreover, the Toxins treatment increased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations, and decreased creatinine (CREA) concentrations. Interestingly, dietary supplementation with 0.02 % MDE alleviated these adverse effects. Additionally, the Toxins and Toxins + MDE groups exhibited slight lymphocytic infiltration and mucosal epithelial detachment in the glandular stomach and the villi layer. Notably, dietary supplementation with 0.02 % MDE decreased gastric AFB₁, DON, and ZEN concentrations by 40.1 %, 37.7 %, and 29.1 %, respectively. In conclusion, MDE effectively degrades the concentrations of AFB₁, DON, and ZEN through <em>in vitro</em> simulated pig digestion and <em>in vivo</em> chick experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144849181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purification, characterization and the hemolytic mechanism of the hemolysin NnTX-45 from the jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai","authors":"Baolei Lv ,&nbsp;Ronggui Li ,&nbsp;Guantian Li ,&nbsp;Huahua Yu ,&nbsp;Song Liu ,&nbsp;Rongfeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Nemopilema nomurai</em>, a large venomous jellyfish, caused numerous stinging incidents and even many fatal cases. The venom of <em>N. nomurai</em> contains various toxins, with hemolysin being one of the major components that play a crucial role in stinging. However, until now, the hemolysin has not been successfully isolated from <em>N. nomurai</em>, and its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we established an improved method for preparing jellyfish toxins to facilitate subsequent purification. The SDS-PAGE profiles indicated that the crude toxin extracted using this improved method contained significantly fewer components than the traditional method. Moreover, the proteomic and toxicity analysis revealed that the refined extract still contained most of the key toxins including hemolysin, phospholipase, and other toxins. The hemolysin was then isolated from the refined jellyfish crude toxins using a two-step purification of gel filtration chromatography followed by anion-exchange chromatography. The molecular mass of this hemolysin was 45 kDa (NnTX-45) with an HC₅₀ of approximately 30 μg/mL. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that NnTX-45 formed numerous pores, each with an inner diameter of 5.65 nm and an outer diameter of 13 nm approximately, on the erythrocyte membranes. Overall, our study successfully isolated and elucidated the preliminary hemolytic mechanism of the NnTX-45 from <em>N</em>. <em>nomurai</em>, which provides a highly purified toxin antigens for the development of jellyfish antivenom to treat this jellyfish sting in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing the adsorption efficiency of chitosan nanoparticles and its hybrid nanocomposites against aflatoxin B1 in simulated poultry gut conditions","authors":"Aneela Amin ,&nbsp;Aisha Khatoon ,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif Saleemi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Saqib","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi, primarily on cereal crops. Among them, aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) is the most dangerous, with carcinogenic, toxigenic and mutagenic effects that pose serious risk to birds and humans. Previously, various control strategies have been used to control aflatoxicosis but there is need to use common alternative strategies to reduce the impact of aflatoxicosis. Therefore, the present study has been planned to check the binding efficiency of different binders such as chitosan, glucomannan and bentonite in nanomaterials and nanocomposites form in <em>in-vitro</em> medium to aid in adsorption of aflatoxins. Initially, the chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NP) and chitosan based nanocomposites, including glucomannan-loaded (GM-CSNP) and bentonite-loaded (BN-CSNP) were prepared and characterized for their morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta sizing, poly dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An <em>in-vitro</em> gastrointestinal model for poultry was designed to assess the efficacy of three adsorbents (CS-NP, GM-CSNP and BN-CSNP) against AFB1. The model simulated two distinct pH conditions: the gizzard and proventriculus (pH 3.3) and the small intestine (pH 6.6). These adsorbents were tested at three different doses (10, 15 and 20 mg) for 100 ppb AFB1. Similarly, for 200 ppb AFB1 two concentrations of adsorbents 25 and 30 mg were used. Results of <em>in-vitro</em> experiments showed that all three nanomaterials (CS-NP, GM-CSNP and BN-CSNP) have binding with the AFB1. The highest binding of each binder in nanoforms was noted at pH 6.6. Maximum binding up to 98 % of each nanomaterial was observed at dose rate of 30 mg. Among all the candidate binders BN-CSNP revealed highest binding with AFB1 followed by GM-CSNP and BN-CSNP. This study introduce an innovative nano approach, demonstrating how chitosan and its hybrid nanocomposites can enhance aflatoxins detoxification efficiency through improved binding affinity and stability in gastrointestinal medium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes oxidative stress: A novel mechanism of citrinin-induced thymus and spleen injury","authors":"Huiwen Zeng ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Li ,&nbsp;Chenglin Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Liu,&nbsp;Qike Zhang,&nbsp;Lixin Wen,&nbsp;Jing Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin that is widespread and can contaminate a wide range of food products, posing a threat to human and animal health. The spleen and thymus are important immune organs of the body, and the damaging effects of CTN on immune organs and their mechanism are still unclear. In this study, we induced spleen and thymus injury in mice by exposure to different doses of CTN (0, 1.25, 5, or 20 mg/kg) and preliminarily investigated the damage mechanisms. It was observed that CTN exposure caused immune damage to the thymus and spleen, which are immune organs in mice. In addition, CTN exposure decreased the content of glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT); it also increased the levels of oxidized products such as reactive oxygen species (ROS)and malondialdehyde (MDA). These results suggested that CTN induced oxidative stress in the thymus and spleen. The present study also found that CTN exposure significantly increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signature proteins, including C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78). Notably, pretreatment with the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA, 240 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) attenuated CTN-induced oxidative stress in the spleen and thymus of mice and partially alleviated histopathological damage, demonstrating that inhibition of ER stress may be a novel strategy to prevent or treat CTN-induced immune organ damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipophilic marine toxins effects on Neuro-2a, NG108-15 and MCF-7 cell lines","authors":"Rui Zhao ,&nbsp;Lei Han ,&nbsp;Peipei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yusheng Shi ,&nbsp;Yubo Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), 1-homoyessotoxin (hYTX), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), azaspiracid-2 (AZA2), azaspiracid-3 (AZA3), pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G), spirolide (SPX1) and gymnodimine (GYM) are lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs), which are harmful to humans and also possess potential therapeutic applications. To compare the toxicity and medical value of LMTs, Neuro-2a, NG108-15 and MCF-7 cell lines were employed to test cytotoxicity under the same conditions and toxin concentrations. These results showed OA, DTX1, DTX2, YTX, hYTX, PTX2, AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3 were cytotoxic in all tested cell types. However, PnTX-G, SPX1 and GYM had no effect on the three cell lines at 0.01–1000 nM. The sensitivity sequences based on EC₅₀ values of the three cell lines to OA, DTX1, DTX2, YTX, hYTX, PTX2, AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3 were confirmed at 24 h and 48 h of exposure. Neuro-2a cell line was sensitive to AZA3, AZA2, AZA1; NG108-15 to YTX, hYTX and PTX2; and MCF-7 to DTX1. These data provided a scientific basis for calculating the toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) of the OA, DTX1, DTX2, YTX, hYTX, PTX2, AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3 based on cytotoxicity, and possess an application value for further development of anti-tumor drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro assessment of enzymatic activities, haemolytic potential, and cytotoxic effects of Mangshan pit viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) venom","authors":"Lennart Schulte ,&nbsp;Maik Damm ,&nbsp;Johanna Eichberg ,&nbsp;Kornelia Hardes ,&nbsp;Sabine Hurka ,&nbsp;Andreas Vilcinskas ,&nbsp;Tim Lüddecke ,&nbsp;Ignazio Avella","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mangshan pit viper (<em>Protobothrops mangshanensis</em>) is a medically relevant venomous snake endemic to China. Owing to its popularity in the pet trade, an increasing number of envenomations by this species have been reported, typically presenting with localised cytotoxicity and severe coagulopathy. However, the functional properties of <em>P. mangshanensis</em> venom have yet to be comprehensively characterised. In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of its biochemical activities using a broad panel of in vitro assays. We evaluated protease, phospholipase A₂, Factor Xa-like, thrombin-like, and plasmin-like activities, alongside assessments of haemolytic and cytotoxic effects. The venom exhibited pronounced Factor Xa-like, thrombin-like, and plasmin-like activities (maximum 66.7 %, 112.1 %, and 51.9 %, respectively), but moderate protease activity (maximum 46.7 %) and low phospholipase A₂ activity (maximum 9.9 %). In contrast, haemolytic activity was virtually absent. Cytotoxicity was assessed in two epithelial cell lines, MDCK II and Calu-3, with a response observed only in Calu-3 cells, which remained low (&lt;19 %). Overall, our findings are consistent with the severe haemotoxicity reported following envenomation by the Mangshan pit viper, and highlight the venom's disruptive effects on the blood coagulation cascade. This characterisation enhances our understanding of the functioning of <em>P. mangshanensis</em> venom, and may support the development of more effective treatment for envenomation by this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}