Toxicon最新文献

{"title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic economic crisis on snakebite patterns in rural Sri Lanka","authors":"Subodha Waiddyanatha ,&nbsp;Anjana Silva ,&nbsp;Asela Wijayasekara ,&nbsp;Supun Wedasingha ,&nbsp;Sisira Siribaddana ,&nbsp;Geoffrey K. Isbister","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>We aimed to compare the pattern of snakebites and the pre-hospital practices of snakebite victims during, before, and after the COVID-19 period in a region of Sri Lanka with a high snakebite incidence.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were extracted from the Anuradhapura snakebite cohort from March 2018 to October 2023. The cohort recruits all snakebite patients (&gt;16 years) admitted to the Teaching Hospital, Anuradhapura. For this study, data from pre-COVID (March 2018–October 2019), COVID (March 2020–October 2021), and post-COVID (March 2022–October 2023) periods were analysed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were 1141, 1312, and 1375 patients in the Pre-COVID, COVID and Post-COVID groups. Authenticated <em>Hypnale hypnale</em> bites increased during COVID (454/784, 58 %) and post-COVID (501/849,59 %) compared to pre-COVID (234/658, 36 %), while <em>Daboia russelii</em> bites decreased during COVID (210/784, 27 %) and post-COVID (205/849, 24 %) compared to pre-COVID (259/658, 39 %). The proportion of home garden bites increased during post-COVID (560/1375, 41 %) compared to pre-COVID (378/1141, 33 %) and COVID (416/1312, 32 %). The percentage of patients who intentionally delayed hospital admission was greater in post-COVID (26 %) compared to groups pre-COVID (18 %) and COVID (16 %). The percentage who sought native treatment before hospital admission was greater post-COVID (15 %) compared to pre-COVID (6 %) and during COVID (7 %), as was the application of tourniquets as first aid post-COVID (37 %) compared to pre-COVID (22 %) and COVID (22 %). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate of patients leaving the hospital against medical advice rose to 4 %, up from 3 % in the pre-COVID period. This trend continued to increase after the pandemic.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, <em>H. hypnale</em> cases increased and <em>D. russelii</em> bites decreased, coinciding with shift of snakebites from farmlands to home gardens. More patients delayed hospital treatment, used harmful first aid, or left against medical advice during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144718740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botulinum toxin treatment of lingual dystonia, oromandibular dystonia and bruxism-A review and update","authors":"Samira Marie Comtesse ,&nbsp;Fattaneh Tavassoli ,&nbsp;Bahman Jabbari","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using Medline and Scopus search engines (up to January 1st, 2025), we identified 12 clinical reports on botulinum neurotoxinA therapy for lingual dystonia, 17 reports for oromandibular dystonia and 6 clinical trials on bruxism. In a majority of these studies, the investigated toxin was onabotulinumtoxinA. In most of these studies, local botulinum neurotoxin injections into the affected muscle(s) reduced involuntary movements and improved pain - the latter was specifically the case in oromandibular dystonia and bruxism. Dysphagia was the main concerning side effect after botulinum neurotoxin therapy; it was reported in 5 trials in lingual dystonia and 5 trials in oromandibular dystonia. Several studies had incomplete information i.e., lacked important information such as the type of toxin used, presence or absence of side effects and the effect of injected toxin on the quality of life. Controlled and blinded studies are needed to discern the true efficacy of botulinum toxin therapy in lingual dystonia, oromandibular dystonia and bruxism as well as discerning frequency and severity of post-injection short and long-term side effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144718675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of three lethal toxins from the Mexican scorpion Centruroides mascota","authors":"T. Olamendi-Portugal ,&nbsp;G. Delgado-Prudencio ,&nbsp;R. Restano-Cassulini ,&nbsp;F.Z. Zamudio ,&nbsp;E.P. Meneses-Romero ,&nbsp;B. Becerril ,&nbsp;L.D. Possani","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The venom from the Mexican scorpion <em>Centruroides mascota</em> was separated by chromatographic procedures and three new toxins for mammals (mice used as model) were found and characterized. They were named Cmasc1 to 3, and the full amino acid of Cmasc1 with a molecular mass of 7577.8 Da was determined. Similarly, the amino acid sequence of, Cmasc2 was determined. It has the molecular weight of 7693.8 Da Cmasc3 had molecular mass of 7542.5 Da, but the full amino acid sequence was not determined, however the first 62 amino acid residues are identical to Cmasc2. They are all packed by four disulfide bridges. Electrophysiological experiments using patch–clamp heterologous expressing Nav1.6 human channels showed that they are bona fide toxins of the beta type scorpion toxins (β–ScTx). A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that they are similar to other toxins from the genus <em>Centruroides</em>, as somehow expected. We are currently evaluating some single–chain antibodies potentially capable of protecting humans against intoxication by these toxins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144718738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scorpion venom heat-resistant synthetic peptide regulates Nrf-2 to alleviate neuronal pyroptosis in an AD model induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress under PM2.5 exposure","authors":"Kaiqian Duan ,&nbsp;Chuhao Qin ,&nbsp;Yong Zhang,&nbsp;Dongsheng Li,&nbsp;Jiahui Zhang,&nbsp;Fasheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the impact of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on the nervous system, particularly on neurodegenerative diseases, has garnered widespread attention. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to PM_2.5 is closely associated with the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms through which PM_2.5 exacerbates AD remain unclear. Scorpion venom heat-resistant synthetic peptide (SVHRSP) is a pharmacologically active product synthesised from the amino acid sequence of scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide. In this study, we investigated the mechanism through which PM_2.5 exposure aggravates neuronal pyroptosis and validated the protective effects of SVHRSP against AD. PC12 and HT22 neuronal cells were used to construct in vitro models of AD. Mice were stereotactically injected with Aβ_25-35 protein to induce AD. Subsequently, PM_2.5 exposure-induced changes in ER stress, pyroptosis, and oxidative stress in AD models, were detected through in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results indicated that PM_2.5 exposure aggravated cognitive impairment, ER stress, and pyroptosis in mice with AD. Conversely, treatment with SVHRSP counteracted the damage induced by PM_2.5 exposure. At a mechanistic level, PM_2.5 might enhance oxidative stress and trigger pyroptosis by suppressing the expression of Nrf-2. These findings offer novel insights into the mechanisms through which PM_2.5 exposure hastens the progression of AD and propose a promising strategy for the pharmacological treatment of AD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and quantification of microcystins in the mucilage of colonial cyanobacteria","authors":"Myriam Bormans ,&nbsp;Océane Reignier ,&nbsp;Véronique Savar ,&nbsp;Emilie Lance ,&nbsp;Enora Briand","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the detection and quantification of microcystins (MCs) within the mucilage of a <em>Microcystis</em>-dominated bloom, employing methods to separate and quantify attached extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from cyanobacterial cells. The lowest MCs concentration was measured on the filter by classical filtration (112.44 ± 4.94 μg L⁻¹) and methanol extraction, representing free MCs (intracellular and associated with EPS of the mucilage) and MCs adsorbed onto large environmental particles. Centrifugation followed by lyophilization of the pellets significantly elevated particulate MC concentrations (153.98 ± 15.65 μg L⁻¹), likely due to the inclusion of more environmental particles on which MCs can be adsorbed. However, fixation and extended solubilization (10–60 min) by heating further increased particulate MC concentrations, yielding values 1.6 to 1.9 times higher than those obtained via classical filtration, depending on the solubilization duration. It demonstrated a significant contribution (up to 72 %) of MCs associated with attached EPS probably <em>via</em> non-covalent binding. These results indicated that alternative methods such as centrifugation, fixation, lyophilization and heating allow for the quantification of MC forms not captured by simple filtration. Additionally, a shift in MC variants between intracellular and attached EPS was observed. We discussed the implications of these findings, particularly the role of heating in detecting mucilage-associated MCs, its impact on MC quotas and bioavailability, and the degradation of MCs associated with EPS by heterotrophic bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antitumor activity of violacein in osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma and triple-negative breast cancer spheroids","authors":"Beatriz Aires-Lopes ,&nbsp;Elaina Coleborn ,&nbsp;Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimarães ,&nbsp;Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Violacein is a natural compound derived from bacteria of the genus <em>Chromobacterium</em>, produced as a secondary metabolite. This molecule has demonstrated therapeutic potential in various human diseases due to its antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. Previous <em>in vitro</em> studies have shown violacein's toxicity against both liquid and solid tumours; however, these findings were primarily obtained using 2D cell culture models, which are limited in their ability to replicate the complex architecture and microenvironment of solid tumours.</div><div>In this study, we assessed the cytotoxic properties of violacein using 3D spheroid models of osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and triple-negative breast cancer. Spheroids of osteosarcoma (U2OS and SaOS), neuroblastoma (SMS-KAN and SMS-KANR), and triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines were generated by centrifugation in low-attachment plates. After four days of growth, spheroids were treated with violacein at concentrations of 0.1 μM, 0.25 μM, 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 2.5 μM, and 5 μM, followed by propidium iodide (PI) staining for 48 h. Morphological changes and PI fluorescence intensity were monitored through live-cell imaging.</div><div>Violacein induced a cytotoxic effect in all cancer cell lines tested, with significant cell death typically observed from 0.5 μM when compared to untreated spheroids. Notably, in chemotherapy/radiation-resistant neuroblastoma spheroids, cytotoxicity was only evident beginning at 1 μM.</div><div>Overall, these findings demonstrate that violacein retains its antitumor properties in 3D cell culture systems, exhibiting potent cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and triple-negative breast cancer spheroids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aldometanib mitigates LPS-induced lung fibroblasts injury through the activation of AMPK-mediated signaling pathways","authors":"Fangfang Shao ,&nbsp;Jianlong Xie ,&nbsp;Lili Liang ,&nbsp;Shuling Chen ,&nbsp;Rilin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute lung injury is a critical condition that severely disrupts pulmonary gas exchange, potentially causing respiratory and multiple organ failure.This condition is usually caused by various factors such as infection, which poses a serious threat to the health and life of patients and requires timely diagnosis and treatment. As a new AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) activator, \"Aldometanib\" specifically activates lysosomal AMPK by blocking the binding of aldolase to fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FBP), thereby mimicking the effects of starvation and caloric restriction. AMPK is crucial for regulating cellular metabolism and maintaining energy balance in the body. This study assessed aldometanib's impact on lung fibroblasts injury induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore, we established a cell injury model of LPS-treated lung fibroblasts. The experimental results showed that aldometanib could effectively improve the proliferation inhibition of lung fibroblasts caused by LPS by evaluating cell proliferation marker molecules. Subsequent research demonstrated that aldometanib effectively mitigates inflammation and oxidative stress damage induced by LPS. We also found that aldometanib can inhibit NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. Mechanistic study found that Aldometanib mitigates LPS-induced lung fibroblasts injury through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. This finding introduces a novel pharmacological target for treating pulmonary inflammatory diseases and expands the potential use of AMPK activators in lung health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108489"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effects of quercetin on LPS-induced liver injury in quails","authors":"Xinran Li ,&nbsp;Shuang Yang ,&nbsp;Lingxin Zhu ,&nbsp;Huanni Song ,&nbsp;Liming Lin ,&nbsp;Changyu Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quercetin, a natural flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, shows promise as a feed additive that reduces antibiotic use and enhances animal production and organ health. This study investigated the protective effects of dietary quercetin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in quail and screened for its optimal dietary concentration. Quails were fed a basal diet supplemented with different concentrations of quercetin (0.02 %, 0.04 %, and 0.08 %). Liver injury was then induced via an intraperitoneal LPS injection in the late experimental stage. Results showed that quercetin supplementation alleviated LPS-induced pathological changes in the hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. It significantly down-regulated the expression of key pro-inflammatory genes and up-regulated that of anti-inflammatory genes. Specifically, dietary supplementation with 0.04 % and 0.08 % quercetin increased liver albumin content and enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase. This study demonstrates that quercetin protects the quail liver from LPS-induced injury by activating the antioxidant system and modulating inflammatory responses. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of quercetin as a functional feed additive in quail production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snakebite health outcomes and influencing factors in high-incidence Asian countries: A systematic review","authors":"Myat Myat Thein ,&nbsp;Julian White ,&nbsp;Chen Au Peh ,&nbsp;Zohra Lassi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Afzal Mahmood","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snakebites are a global public health problem and one of the neglected tropical diseases. Community factors and health system factors influence snakebite health outcomes. This systematic review provides evidence of the relationship between snakebite health outcomes and the factors affecting these outcomes among selected Asian countries with high snakebite incidence to guide snakebite management strategies to improve outcomes for snakebite patients. A systematic review was conducted. We searched articles published in English from 2014 to 2024 on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, including studies that discussed snakebite patients with envenoming effects who received management at health facilities and mentioned health outcomes and factors influencing those outcomes. Joanna Briggs Institute standard critical appraisal tools were used for quality assessment. A proportional meta-analysis with a random effects model was performed using STATA software to calculate the overall proportion of snakebite health outcomes. The funnel plot and Egger's test were conducted to investigate publication bias. Heterogeneity (<em>I</em>^<em>2</em>) and sensitivity analyses were carried out. Initially, 3354 studies were identified. After screening, 18 relevant studies were included in the analysis, which reported a total of 5344 snakebite patients. The overall recovery and death proportions were 94 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.92, 0.95) and 5 % (95 % CI: 0.03, 0.08), respectively. The heterogeneity (<em>I</em>^<em>2</em>) was high, with values of 83.89 % for pooled recovery and 95.70 % for pooled death, owing to the variability in the nature of the included studies. The pooled recovery and death proportions were similar in selected South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. Twenty-six patients required amputations, 30 were discharged or left the hospital against medical advice, and 22 were transferred to other hospitals. Seven studies highlighted community factors (inappropriate first aid methods and delayed arrival at health facilities), three studies mentioned health system factors (antivenom accessibility and availability of competent healthcare providers), and eight studies discussed both factors as influences on snakebite outcomes. This is the first systematic review to highlight the overall influencing factors across the selected multiple countries with high snakebite incidence regions in Asia. It provides cumulative insights into the factors that are reported by individual studies. Further studies may emphasise the context influencing snakebite health outcomes to understand the enduring reasons behind these factors and enhance snakebite management strategies to address these factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venoms show increased snake venom metalloproteinase abundance and activity at their northeastern distributional limits","authors":"Neil R. Balchan ,&nbsp;Calvin P. Vick ,&nbsp;Stephen P. Mackessy","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Crotalus atrox</em> venoms show high levels of metalloproteinase activity and generally display low levels of geographic variation, but proteolytic activity is known to increase moving northeast across the distribution in the United States, inversely to venom toxicity. We tested the venoms of five individuals from the northeastern distributional limit in Arkansas and found the highest activities and abundances of snake-venom metalloproteinases compared to other assayed populations. We discuss the ecological implications of the heightened lytic activity in venoms from Arkansas rattlesnakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}