Toxicon最新文献

{"title":"Molecular and fluorometric based approach for the detection and isolation of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus sp. in chewing or smokeless tobacco","authors":"Adeena Siddiqui,&nbsp;Saira Yahya,&nbsp;Shaista Fatima,&nbsp;Misbah Khadim","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tobacco contains many harmful chemicals, toxins, and carcinogens that can cause serious health hazards. Mycotoxins are present in all forms of tobacco, including smokeless tobacco (SLT) which are harmful for human health and associated with different types of cancer. Using microbial and molecular techniques, we identified aflatoxigenic <em>Aspergillus</em> species in SLT. Fifty samples of chewing tobacco were collected randomly from different locations of Karachi. Fungi were grown on Sabouraud Dextrose agar (SDA) by spread plate method and <em>A. flavus</em> was identified macroscopically, microscopically and by amplifying the ITS region. Confirmed isolates of <em>A. flavus</em> were analyzed for aflatoxin production by Ammonia vapor test and by UV on coconut agar medium (CAM). The regulatory genes (<em>aflR and aflS</em>) associated with aflatoxins in <em>A. flavus</em> were also amplified. Different fungal species were identified from SLT samples in which <em>A. flavus</em> was the most dominant. Aflatoxin production analysis by ammonia vapor test revealed that 64 % isolates were aflatoxigenic while on Coconut agar medium (CAM) 43 % isolates were aflatoxigenic. Aflatoxins were quantified in only <em>A. flavus</em> positive samples which were in the range of 10–47 μg/kg. Aflatoxin concentration detected in SLT was above the recommended level of FDA standard in majority of the samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 108377"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the cardiotoxic potential of fumonisin B1 through inflammatory pathways and epigenetic modifications: A mini review","authors":"Selwyn Kyle Gounder,&nbsp;Anil Amichund Chuturgoon,&nbsp;Terisha Ghazi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review is centered around the cardiotoxic effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1), particularly its impact on sphingolipid metabolism, inflammation, and epigenetics. FB1 is a mycotoxin produced by <em>Fusarium</em> fungi, which mainly contaminates cereal grains and poses an adverse health risk to both humans and animals; however, its disease-causing capabilities remain to be uncovered, specifically its ability to exacerbate and cause cardiovascular disease. It disrupts sphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting ceramide synthase, leading to cellular dysfunction and contributes to conditions such as hypertension and eventual heart failure. FB1 is responsible for an altered inflammatory response, whereby it increases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β, which contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, FB1 induces significant epigenetic changes, including DNA hypermethylation, histone modifications such as increased H3K9me2 and H3K9me3, inhibition of histone acetyltransferase activity, and changes in microRNA expression profiles. These epigenetic alterations can silence or activate inflammatory genes, exacerbating disease progression. This review thus highlights the need for further research to elucidate the connections between FB1, inflammation, epigenetic modifications, and cardiotoxicity, which could lead to better strategies for managing FB1-related adverse health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 108374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorghum poisoning in ruminants and horses: a review","authors":"Ana Lívia Vasconcelos de Sousa ,&nbsp;Franklin Riet-Correa ,&nbsp;Márcio Botelho de Castro ,&nbsp;Mizael Machado","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We reviewed the history, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, pathogenesis, treatment, control, and prophylaxis of Sorghum poisoning in livestock. Economic losses in the livestock industry associated with sorghum have been reported since the 19th century. Hyperacute/acute poisoning associated with cyanide (HCN) or nitrate/nitrite frequently occurs in ruminants that consume high quantities of growth and regrowth sorghum after drought, followed by rainfall, respectively. Chronic cystitis-ataxia syndrome primarily affects horses after weeks of grazing on sorghum pastures, while congenital arthrogryposis and axonopathy have been observed in pregnant ewes and cows grazing sorghum sprouts. The hyperacute/acute manifestations result from the blockade of the respiratory chain by cyanide. However, the pathogenesis of chronic exposure leading to spinal cord lesions, as well as the potential teratogenic effects of cyanide, including abortions and limb deformities in both livestock and humans, remains unknown. Sodium thiosulphate is recommended for the treatment of acute poisoning. Prophylaxis for sorghum poisoning includes avoiding grazing on plants younger than seven weeks, removing sorghum from the diet of poisoned animals, and being cautious with sorghum stover after rain due to regrowth risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 108375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dendrobium chrysotoxum extract erianin induce AML cells death by activating PPARɑ and downregulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathways","authors":"Ying Deng ,&nbsp;Liang Zhong ,&nbsp;Yi Zhao ,&nbsp;Peng Wan ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Liao ,&nbsp;Hongyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Beizhong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Erianin is a biphenyl compound with low toxicity and a single structure that is extracted from Dendrobium officinale. The wide spectrum of pharmacological properties and excellent toxicity of erianin have been comprehensively proven in multiple tumors. However, less is known about the toxicity of erianin in acute myeloid leukemia (acute myeloid leukemia AML). Here, we explored the anti-AML capacity and potential mechanisms of erianin. Cells proliferation and cytotoxicity of AML cells of erianin was detected by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometer was conducted to assess AML cells apoptosis rate. Erianin blocked the AML cells cycle at the G2/M phase by regulating cell cycle-related protein and P21, P27, and P53 mRNA expression. Additionally, we first filtered PPARɑ and PIK3R1 through network pharmacology, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and confirmed their binding with erianin by molecular docking analysis.The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and the drug affinity responsive target stability assay (DARTS) further verified that PPARɑ was an effective target of erianin. Specifically, erianin was found to inhibit the transcriptional level of PIK3R1 by promoting the protein expression of PPARɑ, thereby inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. The inhibitory effect of erianin was partially neutralized by GW6471, a PPARɑ inhibitor. Notably, erianin revealed vigoroso coordinate repression with LY294002 on AML cells. Our findings indicate that erianin showed a potent cytotoxic effect on AML cells and affected AML cells via PPARɑ to regulate PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. We demonstrated the potent anti-AML effects of erianin and reported its potential mechanisms of action, indicating its potential for further development as a novel anti-AML drug.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 108371"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The underestimated local effects of Micrurus corallinus venom revealed by gene expression and histopathological alterations","authors":"Maria Andrea Camarano Eula ,&nbsp;Juan David Bayona-Serrano ,&nbsp;Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Jr ,&nbsp;Carla Cristina Squaiella-Baptistão ,&nbsp;Marcelo Larami Santoro ,&nbsp;Inácio de Loiola Meirelles Junqueira-de-Azevedo","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanisms of action of elapid neurotoxins have been widely studied; however, the pathophysiological effects of these venoms, particularly from coral snakes, have not been extensively investigated. To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in the local and systemic toxicity of <em>Micrurus corallinus</em> venom and their genomic responses, we injected mice with 2.70 μg of venom, corresponding to a sub-lethal dose (50 % of the LD₅₀), and evaluated the effects using transcriptomic and histopathological approaches. mRNA was extracted from the liver, spleen, kidney, heart, brain, diaphragm, and both right and left gastrocnemius muscles of control and treated animals and subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to perform functional analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In the right gastrocnemius, the site of venom injection, we observed significant histopathological changes characterized by a pronounced local inflammatory response. Consistent with these findings, enrichment analyses revealed 2454 DEGs in the right gastrocnemius, mostly involved in inflammatory pathways. Systemically, the liver emerged as the most affected non-local organ, showing over 400 DEGs containing several up-regulated genes involved in the production of acute phase proteins. These results underscore that inflammation possibly induced by the sub-lethal amounts of venom typically injected during human envenomation, and not only the neurotoxicity, could be a potentially deleterious effect of venom and should not be ruled out when diagnosing envenomation caused by coral snakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 108368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-reported health effects after one year from a viper bite: A prospective study from France","authors":"Gaël Le Roux ,&nbsp;Emilie Morin ,&nbsp;Guillaume Grenet ,&nbsp;Corinne Schmitt ,&nbsp;Alexis Descatha ,&nbsp;Sébastien Larréché","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In France, the summer period (from mid-April to mid-September) is particularly prone to viper envenomations by the two most common species, <em>Vipera aspis</em> and <em>Vipera berus,</em> which represents a significant public health issue. Although mortality is extremely low and systemic signs are rare, some patients experience long-term functional sequelae, highlighting the need for further exploration of the prolonged effects of snakebites.</div><div>We conducted an observational study of viper bite cases in France collected during routine follow-ups by four Poison Control Centers. Patients were followed up by toxicologists using a standardized survey to assess recovery time and health indicators.</div><div>Over two years, 170 patients were included, with a sex ratio of 1.54 (103 males vs. 67 females) and a median age of 46.2 years. The median recovery time was 21 days, with 84 % of patients healed by 6 months, and recovery probabilities of 0.47, 0.65, and 0.86 at 14, 30, and 180 days, respectively. Parameters associated with delayed recovery were severe bite, lower limb bite, female gender, inappropriate treatment, and time to hospital admission. Age and time to administration of antivenom had no effect. One month after the bite, 12.8 % of patients avoided the activity during which they were bitten, 5.6 % frequently thought about the bite, and 22.3 % were afraid of snakes; these figures increased to 14.6 %, 4.5 %, and 38.2 %, respectively, after one year.</div><div>Other factors than severity of envenomation should be taken into account in the long-term prognostic assessment of patients. Psychological impacts, though not clinically classified as traumatic events, suggest a need to consider mental health in recovery.</div><div>Prompt administration of antivenom and compliance with recommended management remain key elements of effective care. It is important to re-evaluate the need for patient follow-up in the light of the factors identified as affecting the early favourable evolution of symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 108360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detoxification techniques for bacterial toxins: A pathway to effective toxoid vaccines","authors":"Parvaneh Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani ,&nbsp;Youcef Shahali ,&nbsp;Maryam Dadar","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacterial toxins play a critical role in the virulence of many pathogens, leading to serious diseases such as tetanus, diphtheria, botulism, and entrotoxemia. As key virulence factors, these toxins cause significant tissue damage and disease manifestations in infected hosts. Vaccination against these toxins through toxoid vaccines, composed of inactivated forms of the toxins, represents a vital strategy for preventing toxin-mediated diseases. However, creating effective toxoid vaccines necessitates meticulous detoxification processes that ensure the loss of toxicity while retaining the immunogenic properties inherent in the native toxins. This review offers a comprehensive evaluation of the diverse methodologies employed for detoxifying bacterial toxins, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and implications for vaccine development. By detailing comparisons of efficacy, stability, residual toxicity, and clinical applicability, we demonstrate that while traditional methods utilizing chemical reagents (such as formaldehyde) remain widely used, emerging technologies like genetic inactivation and protein engineering present significant advantages. These innovations promise to advance the development of durable and irreversible toxoid vaccines that protect public health and contribute to future vaccine formulation improvements. Ultimately, this knowledge synthesis aims to guide future research efforts and facilitate the design of safer and more effective toxoid vaccines to combat the public health threats posed by toxin-producing bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 108365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The DHCR7 is the key target of lipotoxic liver injury caused by matrine through abnormal activation of the cholesterol synthesis pathway","authors":"Xiaoyu Tao ,&nbsp;Wenting Zhang ,&nbsp;Linzhen Chen ,&nbsp;Shan Lu ,&nbsp;Zhiqi Li ,&nbsp;Yifei Gao ,&nbsp;Qiqi Fan ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Li ,&nbsp;Jiarui Wu ,&nbsp;Chongjun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Matrine, the main active ingredient in <em>Sophora flavescens</em> and <em>Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome,</em> is a highly effective insecticide. However, its hepatotoxicity to some extent affects its application value. This study aimed to explore the mechanism underlying matrine-induced liver injury.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The zebrafish (Danio rerio) and L02 cell model were utilized to investigate the toxic dose of matrine and its effects on liver tissue damage, liver cell morphology and activity, and expression levels of ALT and AST. Zebrafish and L02 cell samples were then collected for transcriptomic testing to further explore the possible mechanism by which matrine induced liver injury. Finally, integrated bioinformatics methods and experiments were used to elucidate the possible mechanisms behind matrine-induced liver injury.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The result presented solid in vivo evidence of matrine-induced hepatotoxicity, supported by abnormal changes of liver morphological, disturbed liver cell structure, obvious apoptosis, as well as elevated levels of ALT and AST in zebrafish. In addition, <em>in vitro</em> L02 cell experiments also showed that matrine can produce significant liver cell damage effects. The integrated bioinformatics analysis results revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were substantially enriched in multiple pathways related to lipid regulation. Among which, the steroid biosynthesis was the most key signaling pathway, evidenced by the enhanced expression of eight genes, including DHCR7, SQLE, CYP51, CYP24A1, SC5D, LSS, MSMO1 and SOAT1. Furthermore, AY9944, the targeted inhibitor of DHCR7, could offset the toxic effect, as reflected by diminished liver phenotype damage, steatosis, and cholesterol accumulation caused by matrine.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Matrine can upregulate the expression of key genes in steroid biosynthesis pathway, resulting in cholesterol accumulation and then inducing hepatotoxicity. Among them, targeted inhibition of DHCR7 gene expression can alleviate matrine-induced liver injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 108366"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of severe systemic copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) envenomation with shock","authors":"Hayley Naasz ,&nbsp;Santiago Cantillo-Campos ,&nbsp;Kyle Steinbock ,&nbsp;Andrew W. Godfrey ,&nbsp;Charles J. Gerardo","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report a case of severe systemic copperhead (<em>Agkistrodon contortrix</em>) envenomation presenting with shock and minimal initial tissue injury. The patient required intravenous fluid resuscitation and a vasopressor infusion but improved with administration of high doses of Fab antivenom. He had resolution of his hypotension with antivenom, and his tissue injury progressed beyond his entire arm. He eventually stabilized with further antivenom and was discharged. Although <em>A. contortrix</em> envenomations are not typically severe, this case demonstrates that these bites can present with severe systemic clinical manifestations. Clinicians should focus on the management of the individual patient rather than determining therapy based solely on the offending species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 108361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for the detection of aristolochic acid I in patent medicines and cosmetics","authors":"Long Xu ,&nbsp;Yuzhu Xu ,&nbsp;Yiwen Lin ,&nbsp;Jingdi Niu ,&nbsp;Xinxing Gao ,&nbsp;Wanwan Wang ,&nbsp;Shanqin Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a family of nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids. Some AAs-containing herbs are used as raw materials in medicines, health foods, cosmetics, and dietary supplements. However, aristolochic acid I (AAI) as the main active component of AAs, is nephrotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic to humans. Thus, it is essential to develop effective techniques for determining AAI in relevant products. In this study, an anti-AAI monoclonal antibody (mAb) with high sensitivity was generated. Based on the mAb, a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was developed, exhibiting an IC₅₀ of 20 ng/mL and a linear range from 2.5 ng/mL to 250 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) of the CLEIA was 1.96 ng/mL. The recovery rates of AAI in spiked patent medicines and cosmetics ranged from 79.7 % to 121.7 % with coefficient of variations (CVs) ranging from 1.2 % to 13.6 %. A good correlation coefficient of 0.9591 was observed between CLEIA and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results, indicating that the developed CLEIA is accurate and reliable for the determination of AAI in patent medicines and cosmetics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 108362"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}