Four-Year Surveillance of Mycotoxins in Feed and Raw Materials (2021-2024): Occurrence, Co-Contamination, and Risk Implications.

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI:10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108618

Paweł Skrzydlewski, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Magdalena Twarużek

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds, primarily by species of Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus genera. They are widespread contaminants of foods, feeds and various feed materials. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of mycotoxin contamination in raw materials and animal feed products in Poland between 2021 and 2024. A total of 2,411 samples were collected from farmers and producers across the country, including 1,102 feed samples for swine, poultry and cattle; 519 maize samples; 569 small grain samples; 183 total mixed ration (TMR) samples; and 38 corn silages samples. Samples were examined for several mycotoxins commonly found in Europe, including aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, H-2 toxin and fumonisins, Trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins were analyzed using the LC-MS/MS technique, while ochratoxin A and aflatoxins were analyzed using the HPLC-FLD method. Deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin were the most prevalent in feed samples (100% and 99.9% occurrence, respectively). In maize, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were also dominant (99.5% and 99.7% occurrence, respectively). The highest concentrations of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were 11,033 μg/kg and 4,487 μg/kg, respectively, observed in maize. Two maize samples exceeded the maximum recommended concentration level for zearalenone as set by the European Union. These findings confirm that mycotoxins remain widespread contaminants in feed and feed materials, underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and preventive measures.

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饲料和原料中真菌毒素四年监测（2021-2024）：发生、共污染和风险含义。

霉菌毒素是由霉菌产生的次生代谢物，主要由青霉属、镰刀菌属和曲霉属产生。它们是广泛存在于食品、饲料和各种饲料原料中的污染物。本研究旨在评估2021年至2024年波兰原料和动物饲料产品中霉菌毒素污染水平。从全国农民和生产者共收集了2411份样品，其中猪、禽、牛饲料样品1102份；玉米样品519份；小粒样品569个；混合日粮（TMR）总样品183份；38个玉米青贮样品。采用LC-MS/MS技术检测了欧洲常见的几种真菌毒素，包括黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌醇、T-2毒素、H-2毒素和伏马毒素、曲霉烯、玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素，采用HPLC-FLD方法检测了赭曲霉毒素A和黄曲霉毒素。脱氧雪腐菌烯醇和HT-2毒素在饲料样品中最常见（分别为100%和99.9%）。在玉米中，脱氧雪腐菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮也占主导地位（分别为99.5%和99.7%）。玉米中脱氧雪腐菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的最高浓度分别为11033 μg/kg和4487 μg/kg。两个玉米样品超过了欧盟规定的玉米赤霉烯酮的最大推荐浓度。这些发现证实，真菌毒素仍然是饲料和饲料材料中广泛存在的污染物，强调需要持续监测和预防措施。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Toxicon 医学-毒理学

CiteScore

4.80

自引率

10.70%

发文量

358

审稿时长

68 days

期刊介绍： Toxicon has an open access mirror Toxicon: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. An introductory offer Toxicon: X - full waiver of the Open Access fee. Toxicon''s "aims and scope" are to publish: -articles containing the results of original research on problems related to toxins derived from animals, plants and microorganisms -papers on novel findings related to the chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and immunological properties of natural toxins -molecular biological studies of toxins and other genes from poisonous and venomous organisms that advance understanding of the role or function of toxins -clinical observations on poisoning and envenoming where a new therapeutic principle has been proposed or a decidedly superior clinical result has been obtained. -material on the use of toxins as tools in studying biological processes and material on subjects related to venom and antivenom problems. -articles on the translational application of toxins, for example as drugs and insecticides -epidemiological studies on envenoming or poisoning, so long as they highlight a previously unrecognised medical problem or provide insight into the prevention or medical treatment of envenoming or poisoning. Retrospective surveys of hospital records, especially those lacking species identification, will not be considered for publication. Properly designed prospective community-based surveys are strongly encouraged. -articles describing well-known activities of venoms, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and analgesic activities of arachnid venoms, without any attempt to define the mechanism of action or purify the active component, will not be considered for publication in Toxicon. -review articles on problems related to toxinology. To encourage the exchange of ideas, sections of the journal may be devoted to Short Communications, Letters to the Editor and activities of the affiliated societies.