Toxicon最新文献

{"title":"New biomarkers in scorpion stings","authors":"Juliana Sartorelo Almeida ,&nbsp;Cecilia Gomez Ravetti ,&nbsp;Vandack Alencar Nobre ,&nbsp;Paula Frizera Vassallo ,&nbsp;Marcus Vinícius Melo de Andrade","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scorpion stings have a fatality rate of 0.16%, with the majority of deaths occurring in children. The resources currently available for diagnosing cardiac dysfunction caused by scorpion stings, the most common cause of death, are echocardiograms and laboratory tests, such as troponin, creatine phosphokinase-MB (CKMB), and Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The present study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the biomarkers soluble Supression tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) and Heart-type fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP3) in detecting cardiac dysfunction in patients stung by scorpions. This work is a prospective cross-sectional study, carried out between December 2020 and May 2022, with patients, aged 0–19 years, stung by a scorpion. Serum or plasma samples from all patients with signs of severity upon hospital admission were collected and tested with standardized cardiac damage biomarker kits. The results were compared with cardiac dysfunction detected by cardiac ultrasound. This study included 49 patients, the majority female (51%), with a median age of 3.6 years. Left ventricular dysfunction was identified in 13 patients (26.5%), with 7 cases classified as severe. The biomarkers of sST2 and FABP-3 showed an association with left ventricular dysfunction, presenting AUCs of 0.77 and 0.81, respectively. The cut-off values determined for both biomarkers showed a sensitivity of 92.3%. Ultrasensitive troponin presented an AUC of 0.89, with a sensitivity of 84.6%. The study showed an association between sST2 and FABP-3, as well as the presence of acute cardiac dysfunction, identified by cardiac ultrasound. Both biomarkers demonstrated sensitivity in identifying patients with signs of cardiac damage, similar to troponin. The results related to cardiac dysfunction may be linked to the early detection of cardiac lesions and subclinical dysfunctions, enabling faster and more effective interventions. Limitations of this study include the small sample size, data collection in a single center, and the lack of serial measurements of biomarkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of aflatoxin B1 on animal health: Metabolic processes, detection methods, and preventive measures","authors":"Tianyang Wang,&nbsp;Runzi Cui,&nbsp;Hai-Fan Yu,&nbsp;Dian Yang,&nbsp;Shuting Zhang,&nbsp;Yuzhe Nie,&nbsp;Chun-Bo Teng","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aflatoxin (AF) is a toxic metabolite produced by the fungus Aspergillus. The various subtypes of AFs include B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2, with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) being the most toxic. These AFs are widespread in the environment, particularly in soil and food crops. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified AFB1 as a highly potent natural Class 1A carcinogen. Excessive exposure to AFB1 can lead to poisoning in both humans and animals, posing substantial risks to food safety and livestock breeding industries. This review provides an overview of the metabolic processes, detection methods, and the detrimental impacts of AFB1 on animal reproduction, immunity, nerves, intestines, and metabolism. Furthermore, it explores the preventive and control capacities of natural active substances, trace elements, and microorganisms against AFB1. Ultimately, this paper serves as a reference for further research on the pathogenic mechanism of AFB1, the development of preventive drugs, and the selection of effective detoxification measures for AFB1 in animal feed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bee venom peptide Anoplin conjugates as antibacterial agents for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria","authors":"Libo Yuan ,&nbsp;Lei Lei ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan Fang ,&nbsp;Kui Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bee venom peptide Anoplin (GLLKRIKTLL) was synthesized and modified by using antibiotics at its N-terminus, resulting in three peptide derivatives: Ano1, Ano2 and Ano3. The synthetic yields were 92.3%, 75.1% and 95.4%, respectively. Multi-spectroscopy methods were employed to investigate the interaction between these peptides and ct-DNA. The experimental results revealed that Anoplin, Ano1 and Ano2 interacted with ct-DNA in a groove-binding mode, whereas Ano3 exhibited a mosaic-binding mode. Moreover, circular dichroism revealed that these peptides have ability to unfold parallel G-quadruplex structures, indicating that they can interact with secondary nucleic acid structure. Notably, antimicrobial activity results indicated that all three derived peptides exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The synthesized peptide conjugate Ano3 exhibited a MIC value of 1.4 μM to <em>S. flexneri</em>. Scanning electron microscopy results distinctly showed that Ano3 could rupture the cell wall of bacteria. These results provide novel methods to create effective antibacterial agents for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by utilizing natural toxic molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ursolic acid enhances radiosensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by modulating p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway-mediated ferroptosis","authors":"Nuran Bedolla,&nbsp;Linyu Liu,&nbsp;Xueting Liu,&nbsp;Qiuxian Xie,&nbsp;Yanli Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Radiotherapy is essential for the management of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, ESCC cells are highly susceptible to developing resistance to radiotherapy, leading to poor prognosis. Ursolic acid (UA) is a herbal monomer, has multiple medicinal benefits like anti-tumor. The impact of UA on the sensitivity of ESCC cells to radiotherapy is currently unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The impact of UA and ionizing radiation (IR) on the viability of TE-1 and KYSE30 cells was assessed by the MTT assay. EdU staining, flow cytometry, clone formation, Wound healing and Transwell assay detected the biological properties of ESCC cells. FerroOrange, DCFH-DA, and kits to detect the influences of UA and/or IR treatment on cellular ferroptosis. The levels of p53/solute carrier family 7a member 11 (SLC7A11)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) pathway proteins were detected by Western blot. Additionally, a subcutaneous graft tumor model was constructed in nude mice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>10 μM UA reduced the viability and induced death of ESCC cells. UA enhanced the impacts of IR by suppressing cell proliferation, migration and invasion, inducing cell death, and causing cell cycle arrest. Ferroptosis inhibitor impaired the inhibitory impacts of UA and IR on the biological properties of ESCC cells. The combination of UA and IR led to ferroptosis through the modulation of the p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway, and UA enhanced the responsiveness of ESCC cells to IR both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>UA inhibits the malignant biological behavior of ESCC by modulating ferroptosis through the p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway, and enhances the sensitivity of ESCC cells to IR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico antiviral effect assessment of some venom gland peptides from Odontobuthus doriae scorpion against SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Maryam Naderi Soorki","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>SARS-CoV-2 is from the enveloped virus family responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. No efficient drugs are currently available to treat infection explicitly caused by this virus. Therefore, searching for effective treatments for severe illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 is crucial. Scorpion venoms are significant sources of peptides with pharmaceutical potential, including antivirals. Although some studies have determined the antiviral effects of some scorpion peptides on other members of the Coronaviridae family, a few anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects of these peptides have been reported until now. This study assessed the antiviral effects of five predicted antimicrobial peptides with potential for antiviral activities from the Iranian yellow scorpion “<em>Odontobuthus doriae</em>” by computational methods. These peptides were selected from the cDNA library that our research team constructed. A 3D model of peptides was designed with I-TASSER. The models were refined using a 200 ns Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation using Gromacs 2021.2 software. Refined models were Docked with the RBD domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using HADDOCK software. The docking of human ACE2 peptide with the RBD domain was also assessed. The docked complexes (RBD-peptide and RBD-ACE2) were refined again by a 100 ns MD simulation and then analyzed. The results from molecular docking after molecular dynamics simulation showed that ODAMP2 and ODAMP5 after stabilizing analysis and according to MMPBSA results (with −59.24 kcal/mol and −51.82 kcal/mol, respectively) have a strong binding affinity to the RBD domain of COVID-19 spike protein compared to human ACE2 and some other studied components. Therefore, this peptide can be an excellent candidate for use as an agent to inhibit the RBD domain of SARS-COV2 virus in clinical studies for medicinal purposes after in vitro and in vivo laboratory evaluations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring high molecular weight components in Tityus serrulatus venom","authors":"Nicoly Malachize Alano-da-Silva,&nbsp;Isadora Sousa de Oliveira,&nbsp;Iara Aimê Cardoso,&nbsp;Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon,&nbsp;Eliane Candiani Arantes","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our study identified high-molecular-weight compounds from <em>Tityus serrulatus</em> venom (TsV), and most of them have not yet been well explored. TsV was fractionated using FPLC system with different columns, analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and characterized by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Our study showed that TsV contains several high-molecular-weight compounds, including CRISPs, metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase. We show how these molecules can be obtained from TsV, enabling future studies about their molecular structures and biological actions, expanding knowledge about this venom.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endemic scorpion species and subspecies in Morocco: A comprehensive overview","authors":"Meriem Es-Saadi ,&nbsp;Salsabil Hamdi ,&nbsp;Soukaina Khourcha ,&nbsp;Khalid Sadki ,&nbsp;Khaoula Errafii ,&nbsp;Naoual Oukkache","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scorpion fauna is abundant in regions with arid and semi-arid climates, exposing these areas to a risk of envenomation, especially for children. Scorpion envenomations cause thousands of deaths each year, with notable incidences in the MENA region, South America, Latin and Central America, and India. Morocco is one of the countries most affected by this phenomenon; according to statistics from the Moroccan Poison Control and Pharmacovigilance Center (CAPM), approximately 8565 scorpion stings and envenomations were recorded annually between 2016 and 2022, mainly among children. A literature review was conducted to identify and catalog the endemic scorpion species in Morocco and explore the impact of climate change on their distribution. Sources included scientific journal articles, university theses, and field reports. The collected data were compiled and analyzed to create a distribution map of the endemic species. Our results identified fifty-five endemic species and subspecies in Morocco. The family Buthidae is the most widespread, with seventeen endemic species of the genus Buthus, nine of the genus Androctonus, five of the genus Butheoloides, four of the genus Buthacus, two each of the genera Orthochirus, Compsobuthus, and Hottentota, and one species each of the genera Microbuthus, Cicileiurus, and Saharobuthus. The family Scorpionidae includes nine endemic species, and two subspecies belonging to the genus Scorpio. A high level of endemism is observed in southern Morocco, highlighting a significant concentration of these species in this region. Ongoing climate change is likely to expand the population and distribution of scorpions, as well as the number of envenomations. The results underscore the importance of implementing control and prevention strategies to reduce the risks of envenomation, particularly in the context of climate change. Therefore, to develop management and prevention strategies is based on a thorough understanding of species distribution and their habitats to improve the safety of vulnerable populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel bombesin-related peptide modulates glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in non-obese and hypothalamic-obese rats","authors":"Bruna Schumaker Siqueira ,&nbsp;Marianela Andrea Díaz Urrutia ,&nbsp;Vanessa Marieli Ceglarek ,&nbsp;Daniel Carneiro Moreira ,&nbsp;Felipe Torres Brasil Kuzniewski ,&nbsp;José Roberto de Souza de Almeida Leite ,&nbsp;Sabrina Grassiolli","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of a novel bombesin-related peptide (BR-b), derived from the skin of the Chaco tree frog (<em>Boana raniceps</em>), on glucose homeostasis in non-obese and hypothalamic-obese male rats. Hypothalamic obesity was induced in neonatal rats through high-dose administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 g/kg), while control animals (CTL) received an equimolar saline solution. At 70 days of age, both MSG and CTL groups underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 2 g/kg) with or without prior intraperitoneal administration of BR-b at doses of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, delivered 5 min before the glucose challenge. At 75 days of age, pancreatic islets were isolated and exposed to glucose in the presence or absence of BR-b (1.0 or 5.0 μM). MSG-treated rats developed obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. BR-b administration exacerbated glucose intolerance during the OGTT, particularly at the 1.0 mg/kg dose, with more pronounced effects observed in the CTL group. Insulin secretion from pancreatic islets was influenced by both obesity status and glucose concentration. In islets from CTL rats, BR-b (5 μM) reduced insulin release under non-stimulatory glucose conditions but enhanced insulin secretion at stimulatory glucose levels. Conversely, in islets from MSG-obese rats, BR-b exhibited an inhibitory effect on insulin release at basal glucose concentrations, while the insulinotropic response to high glucose was abolished. In summary, BR-b administration shortly before the OGTT impaired glucose tolerance and modulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets in a glucose-dependent manner in non-obese rats. These effects were attenuated or absent in MSG-obese rats, indicating that hypothalamic obesity alters the metabolic responses to bombesin-related peptides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel tryptophyllin peptides from Physalaemus centralis inhibit oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta preparation","authors":"Ariane Nogueira ,&nbsp;José Brango-Vanegas ,&nbsp;Andreanne G. Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;Alex P. Coleone ,&nbsp;Éder A. Barbosa ,&nbsp;Daniel C. Moreira ,&nbsp;Maria da Gloria da Silva ,&nbsp;Wanessa F. Cabral ,&nbsp;Jhones D. Nascimento ,&nbsp;José Vinícius de Sousa França ,&nbsp;Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo ,&nbsp;Filipe Camargo D.A. Lima ,&nbsp;Augusto Batagin-Neto ,&nbsp;Selma A.S. Kückelhaus ,&nbsp;Guilherme D. Brand ,&nbsp;Alexandra Plácido ,&nbsp;José Roberto S.A. Leite","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amphibian skin is a rich source of molecules with biotechnological potential, including the tryptophyllin family of peptides. Here, we report the identification and characterization of two tryptophyllin peptides, FPPEWISR and FPWLLS-NH₂, from the skin of the Central Dwarf Frog, <em>Physalaemus centralis</em>. These peptides were identified through cDNA cloning and sequence comparison. FPWLLS-NH₂ shares its primary structure with a previously identified peptide from the skin of <em>Pelophylax perezi</em>, named PpT-2. Another peptide, FPPEWISR, is novel and was named PcT-1. After solid-phase peptide synthesis, both peptides exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with PcT-1 and PpT-2 demonstrating ABTS radical scavenging capacities of 0.305 and 0.269 mg Trolox equivalents/mg peptide, respectively, and ORAC values of 0.319 and 0.248 mg Trolox equivalents/mg peptide. Additionally, PcT-1 and PpT-2 inhibited AAPH-induced hemolysis in human red blood cells, achieving a protection level comparable to Trolox at 0.2 mg/mL. In rat aorta preparations, both peptides partially restored acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation following pyrogallol-induced oxidative stress, with a greater protective effect of PpT-2. Hemolytic activity assay indicated no cytotoxicity in human red blood cells, and tests on <em>Galleria mellonella</em> larvae confirmed their low toxicity <em>in vivo</em>. These findings highlight the biotechnological potential of PcT-1 and PpT-2 as antioxidant agents, paving the way for new therapeutic applications in combating oxidative stress-related diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142972283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of aflatoxin B1 in corn by water-assisted microwave irradiation and its kinetic","authors":"Yaolei Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingling Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Zhang ,&nbsp;Cheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Li ,&nbsp;Erqi Guan ,&nbsp;Yangyong Lv ,&nbsp;Ke Bian","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is a highly toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic mycotoxin commonly found in corn. In this work, water-assisted microwave irradiation (WMI¹) was used to degrade AFB₁ in corn, during which the influencing factors and kinetics of AFB₁ degradation were also studied. The results showed that the degree of corn crushing, the heating rate of WMI, the temperature of WMI, the solid-liquid ratio, the initial content of AFB₁ and the microwave power were all important factors affecting the degradation of AFB₁. With the increase of WMI temperature, AFB₁ content in corn, microwave power and the decrease of solid-liquid ratio, the degradation rate of AFB₁ in corn by WMI rose continuously. Its maximum degradation rate was more than 90.6%. Meanwhile, the degradation kinetics of AFB₁ in corn revealed that the degradation process of WMI followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. It was demonstrated that water molecules not only acted as solvents for AFB₁ but also actively participated in its degradation process within corn samples during WMI treatment. Consequently, the results indicated that WMI was an effective method for degrading AFB₁ in corn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 108239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143011672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}