Toxicon最新文献_第4页

Beyond sexual maturity: Importance of dietary changes in venom variation in Vipera ammodytes

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108291

Margareta Lakušić , Fernando Martínez-Freiría , Marko Anđelković , Benjamin-Florian Hempel

{"title":"Beyond sexual maturity: Importance of dietary changes in venom variation in Vipera ammodytes","authors":"Margareta Lakušić , Fernando Martínez-Freiría , Marko Anđelković , Benjamin-Florian Hempel","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying individual age and size is crucial in venom research to understand potential phenotypic changes. When studying venom ontogeny, juveniles and adults are often determined by size at sexual maturity. However, in gape-limited predators such as snakes, venom shifts may occur earlier, coinciding with an increase in jaw size that allows the intake of larger prey. This study explored venom variation in <em>Vipera ammodytes</em> along the snout-vent length (SVL), linking these changes to dietary shifts and reproductive status. A total of 57 venom samples from two populations were analysed using chip electrophoresis (CE) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Individuals were categorised into three groups: immature individuals feeding on lizards (<300 mm SVL), immature individuals feeding on lizards but start including mammals in their diet (between 300 and 440 mm), and mature individuals feeding on mammals and lizards (>440 mm). Significant venom composition changes around 300 mm SVL were observed, aligning with a dietary shift marked by increased mammalian prey intake and preceding sexual maturity. This finding highlights the need to use SVL as a metric for accurate venom analysis along ontogeny. Our results indicate that when pooling venom samples is necessary, allocating individuals to age categories should be based on dietary shifts rather than sexual maturity. Additionally, CE and MALDI-TOF MS proved effective in detecting ontogenetic venom changes, offering a fast and affordable approach to venom profiling. This study emphasises the importance of integrating natural history data in venom studies to better understand the ecological and evolutionary drivers of venom adaptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 108291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reviewing the impact of seed-borne mycoflora on mycotoxin accumulation: A threat to lentil genetic resources

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108290

Sanam Asif , Momina Nisar , Shakir Ullah , Muhammad Naeem

{"title":"Reviewing the impact of seed-borne mycoflora on mycotoxin accumulation: A threat to lentil genetic resources","authors":"Sanam Asif , Momina Nisar , Shakir Ullah , Muhammad Naeem","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lentil is an important legume crop with high nutritional value but susceptible to fungal attacks which due to mycotoxins production not only affect its nutritional quality but also pose high risk to its genetic resources. This review paper aims to explore that how mycotoxin accumulation by seed-borne mycoflora influence Lentil's genetic resources. We also discussed sources of toxins produced by mycoflora, their impacts on lentil production, and effective management strategies. Our study showed that genetic resources in Lentils are rich due to presence of wide range of traits, physiological, morphological and biochemical attributes. Based on literature review we highlighted common mycoflora and mycotoxins of Lentil's seeds are <em>Penicillium, Fusarium,</em> and <em>Aspergillus</em>. These pathogens produce different mycotoxins such as ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and <em>Fusarium</em> toxins. Based on literature review we recommend that advance agronomic practices, molecular techniques, breeding practices and post-harvest management can help to reduce the risk of mycotoxins accumulation. Overall, this study conclude that control of fungal attacks s and mycotoxins production will help to increase genetic resources of Lentil's by seed selection of prime quality and high nutritional values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 108290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The use of adeno-associated vírus-based gene therapy to achieve long-term expression of recombinant neutralizing antibody against ricin

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108289

Kaikai Yu , Chengbiao Sun , Mingxin Dong , Suli Song , Yan Wang , Na Zhao , Na Xu , Wensen Liu

{"title":"The use of adeno-associated vírus-based gene therapy to achieve long-term expression of recombinant neutralizing antibody against ricin","authors":"Kaikai Yu , Chengbiao Sun , Mingxin Dong , Suli Song , Yan Wang , Na Zhao , Na Xu , Wensen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ricin is a highly toxic plant protein for which there are no specific antidotes. Current prophylactic and emergency treatments for ricin intoxication are limited by the need for prior vaccination and the short half-life of antibody drugs in the circulation. To address these limitations, we developed a novel immunotherapeutic strategy using adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer to achieve prolonged systemic serum levels of immunoglobulins to ricin. In this study, a single administration of rAAV was used to deliver protein immunotherapeutics, and its efficacy in protecting mice against lethal doses of ricin was investigated. The results revealed that the single administration of rAAV three days prior to ricin exposure effectively protected mice from lethal doses of ricin. Remarkably, this protection was sustained for up to 90 days after AAV injection, demonstrating long-term efficacy. Overall, our findings suggest that the rAAV-mediated approach holds promise for both early and long-term prevention of ricin intoxication. The favorable safety profile of this system and its potential for the development of novel ricin antibody therapeutics make it a noteworthy candidate for further exploration and development in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 108289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A review of bioanalytical methods, bioaccessibility, and toxicokinetics of emerging mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin in the context of health risk assessment

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108288

Anushka Pandey , Maandvi Sharma , Manisha Bhateria , C. Yahavi , Abdul Rahman Khan , Sheelendra Pratap Singh

{"title":"A review of bioanalytical methods, bioaccessibility, and toxicokinetics of emerging mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin in the context of health risk assessment","authors":"Anushka Pandey , Maandvi Sharma , Manisha Bhateria , C. Yahavi , Abdul Rahman Khan , Sheelendra Pratap Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi, often contaminate agricultural products, posing risks to human and animal health. Among these, enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) have gained attention due to their widespread occurrence in food and feed products and their potential toxic effects. This review comprehensively examines bioanalytical methods for detecting ENNs and BEA in biological matrices, focusing on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and advanced sample preparation techniques. It emphasizes the significance of assessing bioaccessibility, determining the proportion of mycotoxins absorbed during digestion and their associated exposure risk. The review also explores the toxicokinetic profiles of ENNs and BEA, providing insights into their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) in humans and animals. The review also explores the biotransformation of these mycotoxins, shedding light on their metabolism into various products. Biomonitoring studies are discussed, focusing on detecting the metabolites of ENNs and BEA in biological fluids such as urine, plasma, and tissues to assess exposure. Overall, this review advocates for more research on toxicokinetics and biotransformation to fully understand the health risks of ENNs and BEA, and calls for enhanced bioanalytical detection and biomonitoring methods to improve food safety and regulatory measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 108288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143410864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pharmacology, toxicology and homeopathy of Luffa operculata (L.) Cogniaux (Cucurbitaceae): Integrative review Cogniaux (Cucurbitaceae) Luffa operculata (L.) 的药理学、毒理学和顺势疗法：综合综述。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108286

Luís Pereira-de-Morais , Paulo Ricardo Batista , Andressa de Alencar Silva , Isaac Moura Araújo , Gabriela Lucena Calixto , Thais de Souza Amorim , Marília Cavalcante Araújo , Verônica Milesi , Roseli Barbosa

{"title":"Pharmacology, toxicology and homeopathy of Luffa operculata (L.) Cogniaux (Cucurbitaceae): Integrative review","authors":"Luís Pereira-de-Morais , Paulo Ricardo Batista , Andressa de Alencar Silva , Isaac Moura Araújo , Gabriela Lucena Calixto , Thais de Souza Amorim , Marília Cavalcante Araújo , Verônica Milesi , Roseli Barbosa","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scientific evidence on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of <em>Luffa operculata</em> has been produced on a smaller scale, even though the species: (i) is edible; (ii) widely recognized in folk medicine for treating sinusitis and inducing abortion; (iii) and the basis of allopathic and homeopathic medicines. In this sense, the objective of this review is to characterize the pharmacological, toxicological and clinical profile of products based on <em>L. operculata</em>. After consulting 14 databases, as well as a free search on Google/Google Scholar and checking references, 85 studies were selected that met our eligibility criteria. After analysis and synthesis, we found that the products have a wide range of pharmacological activities <em>in vitro</em>, <em>ex vivo</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. The toxicological spectrum is also alarming in different segments such as: cytogenotoxicity, tissue toxicity, (sub-) acute, reproductive, neuro- and phytotoxicity. The intensity of the pharmacological and toxicological effects is variable, and seems to be conditioned by various factors (examples: plant organ, polarity of the extracting solvent, quantity, experimental model and route of administration). Clinical data show that the products have satisfactory efficacy, tolerability and safety in the treatment of upper airway diseases (especially rhinitis and sinusitis). Finally, we hope that the presentation of toxicological information in this review can guide the safe and rational use of <em>L. operculata</em> in folk medicine. It may also serve as scientific evidence for exploring the pharmacological potential of the species, avoiding its side effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 108286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The saga of the development of laboratory tests to evaluate the neutralizing efficacy of antivenoms for the treatment of snakebite envenoming

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108274

Hernán Bonilla , José María Gutiérrez

{"title":"The saga of the development of laboratory tests to evaluate the neutralizing efficacy of antivenoms for the treatment of snakebite envenoming","authors":"Hernán Bonilla , José María Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The parenteral administration of animal-derived antivenoms has been, since 1894, the mainstay of the therapy of snakebite envenoming, a neglected tropical disease that exerts a high toll of morbidity and mortality on a global basis. A key test in the development and quality control of antivenoms has been the neutralization of the lethal effect of venoms. Since the early times of antivenoms, the neutralization of venom's lethality has been predominantly based on the incubation of venom and antivenom prior to the injection in laboratory animals. The present narrative review summarizes the main milestones in the development of venom neutralization assays by antivenoms, starting with the pioneer work of Albert Calmette and Vital Brazil. Despite various initiatives along the 20th century to standardize these tests, the antivenom efficacy assays have been highly heterogeneous between laboratories and countries. Efforts carried out to understand the main variables that determine the lethality neutralization tests are discussed, together with the introduction of assays to assess the neutralization of other relevant toxic and enzymatic activities of venoms, which complement the lethality assay. In the last decades, international efforts coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) led to the publication of the WHO guidelines for the production and control of antivenoms, which comprise detailed descriptions of preclinical neutralization assays, including the essential test, i.e., lethality, and supplementary assays that assess other relevant toxic effects. The pain and suffering of animals in the traditional antivenom neutralization tests urge the implementation of the 3Rs principles (replacement, reduction, refinement) in antivenom efficacy assessment, and innovation is urgently needed in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 108274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A practical booklet for ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108287

Stefano Carda , Rajiv Reebye

{"title":"A practical booklet for ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections","authors":"Stefano Carda , Rajiv Reebye","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last 15 years, the use of ultrasound to guide botulinum neurotoxin type A injections has been advocated by many authors, with growing evidence showing the benefits of using ultrasound guidance to improve the efficacy of injections.</div><div>Patients with spasticity may show severely altered postures, atrophy and fibrotic modifications of target muscles, leading to significant challenges in recognising and differentiating between the muscles to be injected or not. At present time, there are no available books with images that clarify how to identify and inject muscles in patients showing these problems.</div><div>Another problem we considered is the accessibility, from an economic standpoint, of medical books for clinicians in low-income countries.</div><div>We have created a practical booklet to help clinicians acquire the confidence and expertise needed to administer US-guided injections in patients with severe spasticity, combining the experience of more than 10 years in training clinicians in ultrasound-guided injections. We utilised our experience to create a method that offers a consistent way to recognise muscles, even in challenging conditions.</div><div>The aim of our booklet is to offer a reliable technique for identify and target muscles in patients with altered muscular structure and pathological postures due to spasticity, relying on easily identifiable anatomical structures such as bones, vessels or nerves, or “iconic” patterns that can easily be learned and remembered.</div><div>We have provided images and anatomical schemes, as well as ergonomic clinical pearls, to help clinicians providing reliable ultrasound-guided injections.</div><div>To reduce barriers to education, this booklet is be distributed for free without any royalties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 108287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DNA data (genome skims and metabarcodes) paired with chemical data demonstrate utility for retrospective analysis of forage linked to fatal poisoning of cattle

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108285

Daniel Cook , Brandon Kocurek , Clint Stonecipher , Kevin D. Welch , Dale R. Gardner , Mark Mammel , Elizabeth Reed , Padmini Ramachandran , David Erickson , Seth Commichaux , Andrea Ottesen

{"title":"DNA data (genome skims and metabarcodes) paired with chemical data demonstrate utility for retrospective analysis of forage linked to fatal poisoning of cattle","authors":"Daniel Cook , Brandon Kocurek , Clint Stonecipher , Kevin D. Welch , Dale R. Gardner , Mark Mammel , Elizabeth Reed , Padmini Ramachandran , David Erickson , Seth Commichaux , Andrea Ottesen","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prepared and stored feeds, fodder, silage, and hay may be contaminated by toxic plants resulting in the loss of livestock. Several poisonous plants have played significant roles in livestock deaths from forage consumption in recent years in the Western United States including <em>Salvia reflexa</em>. Metagenomic data, genome skims and metabarcodes, have been used for identification and characterization of plants in complex botanical matrices including diet composition of animals, mixed forages, and herbal products. Here, chemistry, genome skims, and metabarcoding were used to retrospectively describe the composition of contaminated alfalfa hay from a case of <em>Salvia reflexa</em> (lanceleaf sage) poisoning that killed 165 cattle. Genome skims and metabarcoding provided similar estimates of the relative abundance of the <em>Salvia</em> in the hay samples when compared to chemical methods. Additionally, genome skims and metabarcoding provided similar estimates of species composition in the contaminated hay and rumen contents of poisoned animals. The data demonstrate that genome skims and DNA metabarcoding may provide useful tools for plant poisoning investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 108285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Raptors without resistance: No evidence for endogenous inhibition of rattlesnake venom metalloproteinases in a Great Plains raptor assemblage

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108275

Neil R. Balchan , Tim W. Crowther , Gail Kratz , Stephen P. Mackessy

{"title":"Raptors without resistance: No evidence for endogenous inhibition of rattlesnake venom metalloproteinases in a Great Plains raptor assemblage","authors":"Neil R. Balchan , Tim W. Crowther , Gail Kratz , Stephen P. Mackessy","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snake venoms are complex biochemical secretions under strong selection for prey subjugation, and venoms are tightly linked to the biotic communities that snakes inhabit. Physiological adaptations for venom resistance have been identified in various snake prey species, but fewer snake predators, with research in this area largely biased towards mammalian species. Fewer investigations have assayed for the presence of resistance mechanisms in avian systems. Birds of prey (hereafter “raptors”; orders Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, and Strigiformes) represent major sources of predation for snakes. Raptor dietary habits range from snake specialists to non-snake feeders, and this continuum of snake predation frequency among species creates the ideal system in which to explore the presence and strength of venom resistance. We assayed sera from a suite of Great Plains raptors against snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) of the Prairie rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus v. viridis</em>) to test the general hypotheses that 1) raptor sera will display elevated SVMP inhibition compared to a naïve avian model (domestic chicken; <em>Gallus gallus</em>) and 2) raptor species with high levels of rattlesnake predation will more effectively inhibit SVMP activity than those that are not known to feed on rattlesnakes. We found that raptors do possess elevated SVMP inhibition in comparison to a naïve avian model, but this level of inhibition remains low and is unlikely to be biologically significant in detoxifying venoms. We found no evidence suggesting that inhibitory potential of different raptor sera corresponds to the level of rattlesnake predation associated with each species. The widespread lack of SVMP inhibition in diverse raptors underscores the complexity of venom resistance dynamics in natural systems and further suggests that physiological venom resistance mechanisms may be poorly developed in birds more broadly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 108275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-dose rimabotulinumtoxinB for chronic sialorrhea: A case report on the safety and efficacy of 20,000 Units injection

IF 2.6 4区医学

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108276

Ali Zare Dehnavi , Farzin Pedouim , Rodolfo Savica , Khashayar Dashtipour

引用次数: 0