Toxicon最新文献

{"title":"Toxicity of the marine glycosidic macrolides, polycavernoside E and akunolides, from Okinawan cyanobacterium Okeania sp. in mice","authors":"Mari Yotsu-Yamashita ,&nbsp;Kairi Umeda ,&nbsp;Arihiro Iwasaki ,&nbsp;Kiyotake Suenaga","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The toxicity of polycavernoside E and its structurally related macrolides, akunolides A, B, and C, was evaluated in mice. These compounds were recently isolated from the marine cyanobacterium <em>Okeania</em> sp. collected in Okinawa, Japan. The minimal toxicity of polycavernoside E was estimated as 0.81 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection, whereas those of akunolides A–C were &gt;13 mg/kg. Owing to the considerable toxicity of polycavernoside E, the occurrence of this cyanobacterium should be considered in seaweed production environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142406935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering toxico-proteomics of Asiatic medically significant venomous snake species: A systematic review and interactive data dashboard","authors":"Sher Min Ding,&nbsp;Michelle Khai Khun Yap","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with an approximate 1.8 million cases annually. The tremendous figure is concerning, and the currently available treatment for snakebite envenomation is antivenom. However, the current antivenom has limited cross-neutralisation activity due to the variations in snake venom composition across species and geographical locations. The proteomics of medically important venomous species is essential as they study the venom compositions within and among different species. The advancement of sophisticated proteomic approaches allows intensive investigation of snake venoms. Nevertheless, there is a need to consolidate the venom proteomics profiles and distribution analysis to examine their variability patterns. This review systematically analysed the proteomics and toxicity profiles of medically important venomous species from Asia across different geographical locations. An interactive dashboard - Asiatic Proteomics Interactive Datasets was curated to consolidate the distribution patterns of the venom compositions, serve as a comprehensive directory for large-scale comparative meta-analyses. The population proteomics demonstrate higher diversities in the predominant venom toxins. Besides, inter-regional differences were also observed in <em>Bungarus</em> sp., <em>Naja</em> sp., <em>Calliophis</em> sp., and <em>Ophiophagus hannah</em> venoms. The elapid venoms are predominated with three-finger toxins (3FTX_s) and phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). Intra-regional variation is only significantly observed in <em>Naja naja</em> venoms. Proteomics diversity is more prominent in viper venoms, with widespread dominance observed in snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) and snake venom serine protease (SVSP). Correlations exist between the proteomics profiles and the toxicity (LD₅₀) of the medically important venomous species. Additionally, the predominant toxins, alongside their pathophysiological effects, were highlighted and discussed as well. The insights of interactive toxico-proteomics datasets provide comprehensive frameworks of venom dynamics and contribute to developing antivenoms for snakebite envenomation. This could reduce misdiagnosis of SBE and accelerate the researchers' data mining process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142406934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection efficacy and immunogenicity of Clostridium chauvoei proteins as a subunit blackleg vaccine or an adjuvant for Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxoid","authors":"Roxana Hamzavipour ,&nbsp;Azadeh Zahmatkesh ,&nbsp;Alireza Paradise ,&nbsp;Farzaneh Hosseini","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Potential application of <em>Clostridium chauvoei</em> proteins was studied as a subunit blackleg vaccine or a biological adjuvant for <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> epsilon toxoid vaccine. Extracellular and cell surface proteins were extracted from <em>C. chauvoei</em> culture, and their protective efficacy was evaluated by potency test in guinea pigs. In order to investigate the effect of cell surface proteins on <em>C. perfringens</em> epsilon toxoid immunogenicity, rabbits were inoculated subcutaneously twice with: <em>C. perfringens</em> type D toxoid supernatant +200 μg C<em>. chauvoei</em> cell surface proteins (PR-200), toxoid supernatant + 400 μg cell surface proteins (PR-400), inactivated <em>C. perfringens</em> type D vaccine (Vac), toxoid supernatant (Tox), or PBS. Isolation of cell surface proteins yielded about 2.5 mg/L culture protein with a sharp band at 43 kDa probably corresponding to flagellin. Potency test demonstrated the protection ability of both cellular and extracellular proteins of <em>C. chauvoei</em>. ELISA showed that the highest antibody titers against epsilon toxoid belonged to PR-400 and Vac groups. The effect of days post immunization on antibody response was not significant. No significant difference was observed between PR-400 and Vac, as well as PR-200 and Tox groups. <em>Clostridium chauvoei</em> cell surface proteins may have the potential for application as a blackleg disease vaccine and an adjuvant for clostridial toxoids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood levels of zearalenone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormones in patients with colorectal cancer","authors":"Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk ,&nbsp;Magdalena Gajęcka ,&nbsp;Łukasz Zielonka ,&nbsp;Michał Dąbrowski ,&nbsp;Maciej T. Gajęcki","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various species of mold fungi commonly found in plant materials. Zearalenone (ZEN) adversely affects the endocrine system. This study aimed to determine whether thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), procalcitonin (PCT), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels are altered during natural zearalenone mycotoxicosis in patients diagnosed with sigmoid colon cancer (SCC) or colorectal cancer (CRC). A study was conducted on women and men diagnosed with SCC or CRC accompanied by the presence or absence (Patients Without ZEN – PWZ group) of ZEN in the blood. The PWZ group consisted of 17 patients with symptoms of SCC and CRC in whom ZEN and its metabolites were not detected in peripheral blood. The experimental (empirical) groups included a total of 16 SCC and CRC patients who tested positive for ZEN, but not its metabolites. TSH values in both sexes were within the upper limit of the reference range (0.27–4.2 μIU/mL) adopted by the hospital laboratory and corresponded to the upper second tertile and the lower third tertile. PCT values demonstrated that SCC and CRC were accompanied by a systemic or local bacterial infection. All mean values of fT3 were in the middle of the reference range, and the mean values of fT4 were within the upper reference limit. The fT3/fT4 prognostic marker was somewhat above the cut-off point of 0.22. These results indicate that in postmenopausal women and andropausal men who were diagnosed with SCC and CRC and were exposed to food-borne ZEN, higher values of the prognostic marker (fT3/fT4) were associated with an unfavorable prognosis. The study also revealed that the more distal the neoplastic lesions in the colon, the higher the percentage of both thyroid hormones, regardless of the patient's sex. The presence of ZEN in the diet alters thyroid activity in patients diagnosed with SCC and CRC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aflatoxin M1 level and risk assessment in milk, yogurt, and cheese in Tabriz, Iran","authors":"Peyman Behtarin ,&nbsp;Mohammadhossein Movassaghghazani","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim and background</h3><div>The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) in milk, yogurt, and cheese samples collected from Tabriz, Iran. Additionally, the study conducted a risk assessment related to the consumption of milk and dairy products within Tabriz city.</div></div><div><h3>Study method</h3><div>For this study, 56 samples (raw milk, pasteurized milk, ultra-high temperature milk (UHT), traditional yogurt, pasteurized yogurt, traditional cheese, and pasteurized cheese) were collected randomly in Tabriz from December 2021 to March 2022. The analysis was carried out using liquid chromatography, which was equipped with a fluorescence detector. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) and the hazard index (HI) were calculated for the risk assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Results and discussion</h3><div>AFM₁ was detected in all samples. The highest concentration of AFM₁ was observed in traditional cheese (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The lowest concentration was observed in UHT milk and there were no significant differences between the various milk types and pasteurized yogurt (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Moreover, in all samples, the levels of AFM₁ were below the maximum limit permitted by Iranian national standards. AFM₁ levels in traditional yogurt exceeded the European Union's permissible limit in 25% of the samples. The HI in all samples was less than one for both adult and child consumers, except for milk samples for children, which were more than one and indicated a medium risk. In conclusion, the levels of contamination in milk and dairy products and risk assessment appear not to pose a public health risk to Tabriz consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of lethal and sub-lethal exposure of emamectin benzoate on populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions","authors":"Meena Devi ,&nbsp;Arushi Mahajan ,&nbsp;Harvinder Singh Saini ,&nbsp;Sanehdeep Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emamectin benzoate is an avermectin bio-insecticide commonly used for managing several insect pests including <em>Spodoptera litura</em> (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major polyphagous pest of many cultivated crops. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of emamectin benzoate on the fitness of <em>S. litura</em> populations exhibiting differential susceptibility to insecticide. The selection process and all the bioassays were carried out using 6-day-old 2nd instar larvae of <em>S. litura</em>. A field-collected population of <em>S. litura</em> was divided into two groups: one selected with emamectin benzoate for eight generations (EB-Sel) and the other kept unexposed (Unsel-Lab) to insecticide in the laboratory. An increase in resistance ratio from 1.71-fold in the F₁ generation to 22.54-fold in the F₈ generation of the EB-Sel population was observed compared to the Unsel-Lab (F₈) population. The EB-Sel and Unsel-Lab populations were treated with their respective lethal and sub-lethal concentrations which resulted in an extended development period, decreased larval survival, and adult emergence along with increased morphological abnormalities in adults. Significant reductions were observed in both male and female longevity, fecundity, egg hatching, net reproductive rate (<em>R</em>_<em>0</em>), intrinsic rate of increase (<em>r</em>_<em>m</em>), and finite rate of increase (<em>λ</em>) in EB-Sel and Unsel-Lab populations. Higher concentrations of the insecticide also reduced the relative fitness (<em>R</em>_<em>f</em>) of <em>S. litura</em> larvae, with maximum effect at LC₅₀ of the EB-Sel population where the <em>R</em>_<em>f</em> value was 0.32 compared to the Unsel-Lab population. Both populations have been affected by emamectin benzoate exposure, however, the impact was more pronounced in the EB-Sel population indicating fitness costs. Our results suggested the fitness cost linked to emamectin benzoate resistance in <em>S. litura</em> which might favor managing insecticide resistance by reducing the frequency of resistant alleles by removing selection pressure. Consequently, our research provides significant insights to devise better pest management strategies for <em>S. litura</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of coumarins in plant defense against pathogens","authors":"Madiha Zaynab ,&nbsp;Jallat Khan ,&nbsp;Rashid Al-Yahyai ,&nbsp;Monther Sadder ,&nbsp;Shuangfei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coumarins are a specific type of secondary metabolite that can be found in many plants. These compounds are predominantly produced through the phenylpropanoid pathway. Coumarins have been proven to possess a range of biological activities, including antimicrobial properties and antioxidant functions that aid in plant disease resistance response. The antimicrobial effect of coumarins is achieved through various mechanisms. They disrupt the cell membranes of pathogens, inhibit enzymatic activity, and hinder nucleic acid synthesis. Additionally, coumarins stimulate plant defense responses by triggering the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the expression of immunity-related genes and signaling pathways such as the salicylic acid-dependent pathway. Due to their crucial role in defense mechanisms, coumarins can be effectively used in sustainable agriculture practices that emphasize environmentally friendly integrated pest management strategies. By providing a comprehensive overview of the biosynthetic pathways, mode of action, and application of coumarins in plant defense, this review aims to highlight the potential importance of coumarins in developing safe and sustainable crop protection strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142393625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of bites by non-front-fanged snakes (NFFS) of Europe","authors":"Giovanni Paolino ,&nbsp;Matteo R. Di Nicola ,&nbsp;Jean-Marie Ballouard ,&nbsp;Xavier Bonnet ,&nbsp;Maik Damm ,&nbsp;Gaël Le Roux ,&nbsp;Tim Lüddecke ,&nbsp;Daniele Marini ,&nbsp;Scott A. Weinstein ,&nbsp;Ignazio Avella","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-front-fanged snakes (NFFS) have long been overlooked by snake venom research, likely due to most of them being considered non-medically relevant for humans. The paucity of information about composition and activities of NFFS venoms and oral secretions makes it difficult to assess whether a given species can inflict medically significant bites. Here, we provide a review of the information currently available about the symptoms/signs elicited by bites from European NFFS, aiming to offer a foundation for understanding the threat they pose in terms of snakebite. Despite an overall limited amount of available data for most of the considered taxa, the genus <em>Malpolon</em> is notable for its capacity to cause local and systemic envenoming, including neurotoxic symptoms. Bites by other genera like, <em>Hemorrhois</em>, <em>Hierophis</em>, <em>Natrix</em>, <em>Platyceps</em>, <em>Telescopus</em>, and <em>Zamenis</em> are mainly associated with local symptoms, but the extent of their medical significance remains unclear. Our findings suggest that, although bites from European NFFS generally cause only mild effects, the potential occurrence of systemic effects from some species cannot be ruled out. Considering the above, any bite by European NFFS should receive professional medical evaluation in order to ensure patient safety and appropriate management, as well as detailed documentation facilitating construction of an accurate medical risk profile for the species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142378344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An impedimetric determination of zearalenone on MIP-modified carboceramic electrode","authors":"Dilruba Küçük ,&nbsp;Gülcan Üner ,&nbsp;Semih Latif İpek ,&nbsp;Mustafa Oguzhan Caglayan ,&nbsp;Zafer Üstündağ","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that poses significant risks to human and animal health due to its mutagenic, immunosuppressive, and carcinogenic properties. This study presents a novel analytical method for detecting ZEN using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). ZEN, used as the template molecule, was incorporated into polypyrrole on screen-printed electrodes (SPE), and a ZEN-sensitive MIP sensor was created through template removal. The modified sensor surfaces were characterized by EIS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An impedimetric MIP sensor for ZEN was developed, offering a detection range from 1 pM to 500 pM. The method's limit of detection (LOD) was established at 1 pM (0.3 pg/mL) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (S/N = 3). The method demonstrated high precision and accuracy, with a maximum relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.4% at a 95% confidence level, and relative error (RE) values ranging from −0.8% to −2.7%. The selectivity of the developed MIP sensor was evaluated using ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, and aflatoxin B1, with no significant interference observed. ZEN recovery from spiked samples was between 95% and 105%, indicating that the method was successfully applied to grain samples, including corn, rice, and wheat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142378345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lepidium meyenii (Maca) polysaccharides mitigate liver toxicity of aflatoxin B1 through activation of NRF-2/GPX and AhR/STAT3 signaling pathways","authors":"Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhen Peng ,&nbsp;Dong Cheng ,&nbsp;Wenhuan Yao ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruisen Guo ,&nbsp;Kunyan Li ,&nbsp;Longrui Zou ,&nbsp;Jia-Sheng Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Jia ,&nbsp;Tianliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) can induce serious liver toxicity in human. While completely avoiding AFB₁ exposure is difficult, dietary intake of natural products may be leveraged to mitigate its adverse health effects. The roots of <em>Lepidium meyenii</em> (Maca) is rich in beneficial polysaccharides. Here we first evaluated dietary safety of MPs and then investigated MPs mitigating effects on the liver toxicity of AFB₁. A 28-day sub-acute administration of Maca polysaccharides (MPs) demonstrated to be safe in mice at dose 0.2–1.2 g/kg.bw/day that significantly elevated mice stamina. Also, no toxicity was observed in human PC12 cells treated with MPs 25–100 μg/mL which successfully alleviated cobalt-caused cell apoptosis by ∼20%. In terms of anti-AFB₁ hepatoxicity function, MPs 0.4–1.6 g/kg.bw/day significantly alleviated liver tissue damage, lipid accumulation, ROS damage, NF-κB p65, secretion of cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α in AFB₁-treated mice. Flow cytometry found that MPs treatment recovered the elevation of F4/80 in the primary macrophages of AFB₁-treated mice. At molecular level, MPs treatment activated liver NRF-2/GPX/SOD anti-oxidant system. In human macrophage model, MPs restored the inflammatory AhR/STAT3 pathway and mRNA expressions of Tnf-a, Inos, Arg-1 disrupted by AFB₁. Our findings not only add to the current understanding on the toxicity mechanism of AFB₁, but also provide references to the development of dietary intervention strategy using MPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142378346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}