Toxicon最新文献

{"title":"Anatoxin biosynthesis gene abundance correlates with anatoxin concentration in freshwater benthic samples","authors":"Joshua R. Evans ,&nbsp;Daniel G. Beach ,&nbsp;Jake Stillwell ,&nbsp;Meghann Bruce ,&nbsp;Adrian Reyes-Prieto ,&nbsp;Cecilio Valadez-Cano ,&nbsp;Pearse McCarron ,&nbsp;Janice Lawrence","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The abundance of the <em>anaC</em> gene, which is involved in anatoxin biosynthesis, correlated with anatoxin concentration (rs = 0.80, p &lt; 0.0001) in Atlantic Canadian benthic freshwater samples. Average total anatoxins (100 μg g⁻¹ by high resolution mass spectrometry) and <em>anaC</em> (4.7 x 10⁸ copies g⁻¹ by droplet digital PCR) were highest in August, while highest average toxin quota (8.9 pg <em>anaC</em>⁻¹) was observed in July. Pairing approaches provided insight into the seasonality of anatoxin biosynthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 109011"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146053913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) fruit extract in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","authors":"Cainã Aillén Ouriques Oliveira ,&nbsp;Thailan Arlindo da Silva ,&nbsp;Rafael David Souto de Azevedo ,&nbsp;Josefa Gerlane da Silva ,&nbsp;Jaianne Keitt Alves de Melo ,&nbsp;Pedro Gregório Vieira Aquino ,&nbsp;Taciana Rabelo Ramalho Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cenostigma pyramidale</em> is a plant native to the Caatinga biome of northeastern Brazil, which has been reported to cause congenital malformations, spontaneous abortion, and perinatal mortality in fetuses of goats and sheep. Although several bioactive compounds have been identified in this plant, none have been directly associated with the toxic effects in animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of <em>C. pyramidale</em> extract in zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) and investigate their association with the plant's bioactive compounds. The aerial parts were extracted with ethanol, and the resulting extracts were successively partitioned with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The brine shrimp (<em>Artemia salina</em>) lethality assay was used as a screening method by calculating the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀). The chloroform fraction (CF) of <em>C. pyramidale</em> fruits showed the lowest LC₅₀ (184 ppm) and, therefore, it was used in the identification of compounds by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and in the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity test. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were evaluated in the embryos. Dose-dependent lethality, delayed development in viable embryos, bradycardia, and teratogenic defects, such as tail malformations pericardial edema, and scoliosis were observed. CAT activity increased with increasing extract concentration. Among the compounds identified, steroids (sitosterol, campesterol, and cholesterol) and palmitic acid were identified as potential toxic agents. The results show that the CF from <em>C. pyramidale</em> fruits exhibits embryotoxic and teratogenic potential in zebrafish, possibly associated with the isolated or synergistic action of these compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 109002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146053893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nrf2: the key target for antagonizing the toxicity of deoxynivalenol","authors":"Chenchen Song ,&nbsp;Kesong Zhu ,&nbsp;Yafei Zhuang ,&nbsp;Hongyu Jia ,&nbsp;Aimei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.109000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated food and feed poses significant hepatotoxic, enterotoxic, and immunotoxic risks to humans and animals. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a crucial cellular protective factor, plays a pivotal role in oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis. This review demonstrates that modulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway can mitigate oxidative damage, suppress inflammatory responses and ferroptosis, reduce apoptosis, and alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress and DON-induced injury, thereby protecting organisms from DON toxicity. Nrf2-targeting agents—including plant extracts, proteins and amino acids, selenium, microbial preparations, and other nutrients—primarily exert protective effects by enhancing Nrf2 expression, promoting its nuclear translocation, and upregulating downstream target genes to counteract DON-induced organotoxicity. Notably, we identified a “threshold effect” of Nrf2 in DON toxicity: moderate oxidative stress activates Nrf2-mediated cytoprotection, whereas excessive oxidative stress suppresses Nrf2 and exacerbates damage. This threshold is a concentration- and context-dependent regulatory boundary jointly determined by DON-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst intensity, Keap1-Nrf2 binding affinity, and downstream pathway integrity. Below the threshold, physiological ROS induces Keap1 conformational change and Nrf2 nuclear translocation; beyond it, excessive ROS impairs Nrf2 activation and triggers its degradation. This review provides novel insights into Nrf2-based therapeutic strategies, offering promising approaches to alleviate DON-induced organ toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 109000"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detriment of mycotoxin contamination in feed and nutrition-based prevention and control strategies: A review","authors":"Shijie Fan,&nbsp;Kunru Teng,&nbsp;Jiefeng Li,&nbsp;Beibei He,&nbsp;Aike Li,&nbsp;Weiwei Wang,&nbsp;Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The health of humans and livestock is significantly compromised by the pervasive and serious issue of mycotoxin contamination in crops. Exploring ways to eliminate mycotoxin contamination is a global concern. In vivo biological prevention and treatment of mycotoxin damage demand a comprehensive understanding of its harm mechanisms, which is essential for developing comprehensive strategies. This study aimed to systematically review the mechanisms by which mycotoxin contamination damages the organism, causing oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and via the gut–liver axis, gut–testis axis, and gut–immune axis, causing damage to multiple organs. Further, we explored a range of biological control measures, showing that supplementing diets and animal feed with plant extracts, trace elements, probiotics, and other additives effectively mitigates the damage caused by mycotoxin exposure. This review examines the feasibility and limitations of combined strategies utilizing trace element selenium, probiotics, and plant extracts, aiming to provide a promising approach for the prevention and control of mycotoxin contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 108996"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145990867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the ABO system on the hemolytic activity of medically relevant Loxosceles venoms in Brazil","authors":"Martina Beltramino ,&nbsp;Isabella Gizzi Jiacomini ,&nbsp;Bianca Prado-Costa ,&nbsp;Mariana Fernandes Fonseca ,&nbsp;João Carlos Degraf Muzzi ,&nbsp;Juliana Ferreira de Moura ,&nbsp;João Carlos Minozzo ,&nbsp;Alessandra Becker-Finco ,&nbsp;Larissa M. Alvarenga","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Envenomation by <em>Loxosceles</em> spiders is an important public health issue, frequently associated with hemolysis. Although the ABO blood group system influences various diseases, its role in loxoscelism is poorly understood. This study evaluated the effect of ABO types on hemolysis induced by <em>L. intermedia</em>, <em>L. gaucho</em>, and <em>L. laeta</em> venoms, with and without complement. Blood type B erythrocytes showed reduced susceptibility to direct hemolysis, suggesting a potential protective effect and offering new insights for improving loxoscelism management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 108994"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AFM1 binding by Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecalis in human breast milk under different incubation conditions","authors":"Gülcan Çelik ,&nbsp;Aydın Vural ,&nbsp;Berna Duman Aydın","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the ability of selected probiotic strains to bind aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 classified as a Group 2B carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Human breast milk samples collected from lactating mothers in Diyarbakır, Türkiye, were experimentally contaminated with AFM1 and treated with live or heat-treated <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em>, <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em>, and <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>. All strains were applied at 10⁸ CFU/mL, a concentration commonly used in AFM1-binding studies to ensure adequate bacterial cell density for toxin adhesion. Samples were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h, and for 4 h at 37 °C followed by 20 h at 4 °C. AFM1 levels were quantified using ELISA, and pH values were recorded. No measurable binding was detected at 30 min or 1 h, whereas clear binding emerged after 4 h, with the highest binding observed under the 4 h (37 °C) + 20 h (4 °C) condition. At this stage, live <em>E. faecalis</em> bound more than 95 % of AFM1, while <em>L. acidophilus</em> and <em>L. rhamnosus</em> achieved 87.51 % and 82.15 % binding, respectively. Heat-treated strains showed measurable AFM1 binding only at 4 h and completely lost binding at longer incubation times. These findings demonstrate that AFM1 binding depends on strain type, viability, incubation time, and temperature. The strong performance of live <em>E. faecalis</em> highlights strain-specific differences. Biological binding by probiotic microorganisms represents a promising strategy for reducing AFM1 levels in breast milk and dairy products; however, further in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm safety, stability, and practical implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 108993"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of acute dermal toxicity of Croton pulegiodorus Baill. leaf essential oil in mice","authors":"Patryck Érmerson Monteiro dos Santos ,&nbsp;Matheus Cavalcanti de Barros ,&nbsp;Thaís Paes de Freitas ,&nbsp;Amanda Vieira de Barros ,&nbsp;Juliane Nancy de Oliveira Silva ,&nbsp;Simone da Paz Leôncio Alves ,&nbsp;Juliano Matheus de Lima Maux ,&nbsp;Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Thâmarah de Albuquerque Lima ,&nbsp;Renata Mendonça Araújo ,&nbsp;Jacinto da Costa Silva Neto ,&nbsp;Thiago Henrique Napoleão ,&nbsp;Ana Patrícia Silva de Oliveira Santos ,&nbsp;Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Croton pulegiodorus</em> Baill. leaf essential oil (CPLEO) has demonstrated insecticidal activity and is a promising candidate for the development of formulations aimed at controlling insect pests, as well as for use as a repellent. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and dermal toxicity of CPLEO following single-dose topical application in Swiss mice. The major components of CPLEO were ascaridole (27.57 %), camphor (15.39 %), and 1,8-cineole (14.16 %). No mortality, behavioral changes, or signs of skin irritation were observed. Hematological parameters remained unchanged at doses of 200 and 2000 mg/kg; however, significant reductions in erythrocyte count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leukocytes, and platelet counts were observed in animals treated with 1000 mg/kg. All treated groups showed a significant decrease in serum AST levels, although no associated histopathological changes were detected. The primary irritation index classified CPLEO as non-irritating at all tested doses. Overall, the results indicate that CPLEO does not exhibit acute dermal toxicity, suggesting it is safe for topical exposure. Given its strong insecticidal potential, this essential oil may be a promising candidate for inclusion in insecticidal formulations that come into contact with the skin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 108992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bothrops mattogrossensis Snake Venom: How Age and Sex Shape the Chemistry of the Envenoming","authors":"Gisele Akemi Tsuboi-Sato ,&nbsp;Lídia Jorge Tasima ,&nbsp;Eduardo Oliveira Venancio de Lima ,&nbsp;Vitor Meneses Samele ,&nbsp;Caroline Serino-Silva ,&nbsp;Sávio Stefanini Sant'anna ,&nbsp;Kathleen Fernandes Grego ,&nbsp;Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Brazil, the genus <em>Bothrops</em> is the main responsible for snakebite envenomation. Compositional variations in venoms can occur intra and interspecifically, influenced by age, sex, geographic distribution, seasonality and diet. This study biochemically analyzed venoms from individuals of the species <em>Bothrops mattogrossensis</em>, comparing venom composition and enzymatic activity according to age and sex. Age-dependent analyses suggested a tendency for increase in L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) and Phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) activities with aging, in contrast to decreased proteolytic activities. Venoms from young showed higher coagulant activity than adults and senile. Electrophoretic profiles of young presented a similar pattern, with bands mainly between the 50 and 75 kDa. This pattern disappeared in adults and senile, which presented a high individual variation. Regarding sex, both presented similar LAAO activities, but males exhibited higher PLA₂ activities, while female showed higher proteolytic activities. HPLC analysis showed large peaks close to 80 min in females, corresponding to high molecular weight proteins such as metalloproteases and LAAO, whereas males presented larger peaks between 40 and 60 min, which may correspond to PLA₂, CTL, CRISP and serine proteases. SDS-PAGE of males exhibited more intense bands close to 15 kDa, while those of females were observed near 50 kDa. Venoms from young, adult and senile were similarly well immunorecognized by the commercial antivenom. These findings reveal ontogenetic and sex-related variations in <em>Bothrops mattogrossensis</em> venom. Since differences in venom composition can lead to distinct clinical manifestations, understanding this variability allows a better understanding of envenomation and improvements in treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 108966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary photosensitization in horses associated with ingestion of Malachra fasciata Jacq. (Malvaceae) in the Northeast of Brazil","authors":"Lourdes Fernández Riquelme ,&nbsp;Valber Onofre de Araújo ,&nbsp;Thatyana Kelly Ferreira da Silva ,&nbsp;Mônica Shinneider de Sousa ,&nbsp;Misael Alves da Silva ,&nbsp;Weslley Drayton Queiroz da Silva ,&nbsp;Ricardo Barbosa Lucena Ph.D","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Malachra fasciata</em> Jacq. (Malvaceae) is an invasive plant widely found in Northeastern Brazil and has been experimentally demonstrated to cause severe dermatitis in sheep. However, its toxic effects in horses have not previously been documented. This report describes primary photosensitization in four Quarter Horses grazing on a pasture heavily infested with <em>M. fasciata</em> in Paraíba, Brazil. Affected animals developed alopecic, erythematous, crusted, and ulcerated lesions on sun-exposed areas, accompanied by severe pruritus and behavioral signs of distress. Histopathology revealed epidermal ulceration with serocellular crusts, marked hyperkeratosis, keratinocyte necrosis, spongiosis, and an eosinophil-rich dermal infiltrate. All horses improved after removal from the infested pasture and were housed in a shaded environment, but lesions recurred upon re-exposure. This case represents the first confirmed report of primary photosensitization caused by <em>M. fasciata</em> in horses and highlights the clinical significance of this emerging toxic plant in equine management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 108971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145906761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome based functional atlas of venomous spines: A first report on Dwarf lionfish","authors":"Parthkumar Prajapati ,&nbsp;Ketankumar Panchal ,&nbsp;Prakash Koringa ,&nbsp;Subhash Jakhesara ,&nbsp;Neelam Nathani ,&nbsp;Chandrashekar Mootapally","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish venoms constitute highly specialized biochemical systems, yet their molecular composition and gene-expression architecture remain poorly resolved in many venomous teleosts. In lionfishes, venom is delivered through fin-associated spines, but transcriptome-level insights into spine-specific venom production are largely absent, particularly for the dwarf lionfish <em>Neochirus brachypterus</em>. The lack of species-specific molecular resources has hindered systematic identification of venom-associated genes, functional pathways, and evolutionary relationships of toxins within this lineage. Addressing this knowledge gap, the present study provides the first comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of venomous spine tissue in <em>N. brachypterus</em> (Dwarf lionfish), a poorly characterized lionfish species. Functional annotation against the NR and UniProt Swiss-Prot databases revealed a substantial portion of unannotated transcripts reflecting current limitations in assembly completeness. However, InterProScan analysis identified 1459 unique Pfam domains and 599 superfamilies, indicating a functionally diverse transcriptome enriched in structural, signaling, and transport-related domains. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis further highlighted the metabolic and regulatory complexity of the venom-producing tissue. Notably, similarity searches against venom and toxin databases identified seven putative toxin homologs, including neoverrucotoxin, stonustoxin, verrucotoxin, and 5′-nucleotidase. These sequences exhibited significant homology to venom components reported from other Scorpaeniformes and distantly related venomous taxa, including snakes, reflecting convergent molecular features rather than shared ecological or functional equivalence. The presence of these toxin-like transcripts suggests potential roles in tissue damage, nociception, and physiological disruption during envenomation, consistent with a defensive venom system. Collectively, this transcriptomic resource advances understanding of the molecular repertoire underlying <em>Neochirus brachypterus</em> venom and establishes a foundation for future studies on the evolution, diversification, and pharmacological potential of lionfish toxins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 108995"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145959963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}