{"title":"Morphology Optimization of Perovskite Films for Efficient Cells and Modules through Solvent Engineering","authors":"Xinzhu Li, Yibo Xu, Chenguang Zhou, Yue Li, Jianning Ding, Lvzhou Li, Ningyi Yuan","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400594","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) has become one of the mainstream Lewis base ligand solvents for the fabrication of high-quality FA-based perovskite films. However, the NMP-based perovskite films with small grain sizes always own a mirror surface which will increase the reflection of light and limit the current of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, 2-pyrrolidone (NP) with a higher boiling point and stronger binding to precursor components is introduced into the precursor solution to improve the crystallization and morphology of perovskite. Finally, a rougher perovskite film with a larger grain size can be fabricated via an optimized NP and NMP mixed ligand solvent. Based on this strategy, the champion device achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.20% (certified PCE of 23.81%) and 22.13% on an aperture area of 0.0875 and 22.96 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. In addition, the introduction of NP enhances the humidity and light stability of the film, and the device retained 94.1% of its initial efficiency after 120 h.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1002/solr.202400567
Yang Jiang, Chuang Yao, Yezi Yang, Jinshan Wang
{"title":"Machine Learning Approaches for Predicting Power Conversion Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Yang Jiang, Chuang Yao, Yezi Yang, Jinshan Wang","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400567","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic solar cells (OSCs), renowned for their lightweight, cost efficiency, and adaptability nature, stand out as a promising option for developing renewable energy. Improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs is essential, and researchers are delving into novel materials to achieve this. Traditional approaches are often laborious and costly, highlighting the need for predictive modeling. Machine learning (ML), especially via quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models, is streamlining material development, with a goal to exceed a 20% PCE. In this review, the application of ML in OSCs is explored, and recent studies utilizing ML approaches for PCE prediction are reviewed, encompassing empirical functions, ML algorithms, self-devised ML frameworks, and the combination with automated experimental technologies. First, the benefits of ML in predicting PCE for OSCs are addressed. Second, the development of high-efficiency predictive models for both fullerene and nonfullerene acceptors is delved into. The impact of various ML algorithm models on PCE prediction is then assessed, taking into account the construction of predictive models. Moreover, the quality of databases and the selection of descriptors are considered. Databases and descriptors based on experimental studies are further categorized. Finally, prospects for the future development of OSCs are proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-10-06DOI: 10.1002/solr.202400534
Yun Wang, Qing Lian, Zhehan Ying, Yulan Huang, Dongyang Li, Ouwen Peng, Zhiyang Wu, Abbas Amini, Ning Wang, Wei Zhang, Chun Cheng
{"title":"Organic Salt Buffer Layer Enables High-Performance NiOx-Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Yun Wang, Qing Lian, Zhehan Ying, Yulan Huang, Dongyang Li, Ouwen Peng, Zhiyang Wu, Abbas Amini, Ning Wang, Wei Zhang, Chun Cheng","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400534","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000The merits of a low-cost fabrication process, suitable band structure, excellent wettability to perovskite precursor, and outstanding stability ensure NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> as a hole transport material with beneficial characteristics to construct high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, direct contact between perovskite and NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> causes delamination and chemical instability and thus results in poor carrier transport and short device lifespan. Here, we propose a solution for this issue by introducing an organic salt additive 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzylammonium formate (TFMBAFa) in the perovskite precursor to passivate perovskite film and NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>@(2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl) ethyl) phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz) composited hole transport layer (HTL), and thus construct a buffer layer between perovskite-HTL interface. The effective diminishing of NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/perovskite interfacial reactions and defects results in enhanced carrier transport. Consequently, the target device achieves simultaneous improvements in power conversion efficiency (24.2%), storage stability (T100 > 1400 h), thermal stability (T80 > 1000 h), and operational stability (T70 > 850 h), where T100, T80, and T70 refer to the retention of 100%, 80%, and 70% of initial PCE, respectively. This work provides an effective strategy to advance the performance of NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-based inverted PSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1002/solr.202470191
Jonghoon Han, Xinchen Dai, Sandhuli Hettiarachchi, Zhi Li The, Sangwook Park, Sam Chen, Binesh Puthen Veettil, Shujuan Huang, Dong Jun Kim, Jincheol Kim
{"title":"High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cell via Chirality-Engineered Graphene Quantum Dot Interface Passivation","authors":"Jonghoon Han, Xinchen Dai, Sandhuli Hettiarachchi, Zhi Li The, Sangwook Park, Sam Chen, Binesh Puthen Veettil, Shujuan Huang, Dong Jun Kim, Jincheol Kim","doi":"10.1002/solr.202470191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202470191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Perovskite Solar Cells</b>\u0000 </p><p>Chiral-modified graphene quantum dots, with their distinctive twisted structures, are integrated into perovskite solar cells to significantly enhance charge extraction and effectively minimize nonradiative recombination, leading to superior efficiency under diverse lighting conditions. More in article number 2400367, Shujuan Huang, Dong Jun Kim, Jincheol Kim, and co-workers.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202470191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1002/solr.202400432
Burcu Oral, Hisham A. Maddah, Ramazan Yildirim
{"title":"Predictive Modeling and SHAP (SHapley Additive ExPlanations) Analysis for Enhancing Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Performance","authors":"Burcu Oral, Hisham A. Maddah, Ramazan Yildirim","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400432","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000Achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in natural dye-sensitized solar cells remains a challenge. To better understand such challenges and explore potential solutions, a dataset is created from 113 experimental articles published recently. The data are analyzed using random forest and gradient boosting algorithms, and predictive models for open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i><sub>oc</sub>), short-circuit current density (<i>J</i><sub>sc</sub>), fill factor (FF), and PCE are developed. The model predictions are quite successful for all four performance indicators, with root mean square errors of 0.1, 1.7, 0.09, and 0.5 for <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub>, <i>J</i><sub>sc</sub>, FF, and PCE, respectively. The SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis is also performed to determine the effects of the descriptors on output variables. It is found that the dye extraction (such as dye/solvent ratio and extraction time) and deposition methods are highly influential for all four performance variables. It is also observed that chlorophyll, anthocyanin, and carotenoid dyes can improve <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub>, whereas there is no major dye type that can be identified for improvement of <i>J</i><sub>sc</sub>. Flavonoids, curcumin, and tannins dyes are found to be capable of increasing the cell FF; only the anthocyanin and chlorophyll can have a direct positive impact on the PCE output.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202400432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1002/solr.202400530
Farshad Jafarzadeh, Lirong Dong, Dongju Jang, Michael Wagner, Giulio Koch, Shudi Qiu, Sarmad Feroze, José Garcia Cerrillo, Christoph J. Brabec, Aldo Di Carlo, Francesca Brunetti, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Fabio Matteocci
{"title":"Roll-to-Roll Deposition of Wide-Bandgap CsFAPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Air with Optimized Ink Formulation","authors":"Farshad Jafarzadeh, Lirong Dong, Dongju Jang, Michael Wagner, Giulio Koch, Shudi Qiu, Sarmad Feroze, José Garcia Cerrillo, Christoph J. Brabec, Aldo Di Carlo, Francesca Brunetti, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Fabio Matteocci","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions has made the development of scalable, efficient, and cost-effective perovskite solar cells (PSCs) increasingly important. Wide-bandgap perovskites (WB-PSCs) stand out due to their efficiency in low-light conditions and their use in tandem solar cells. WB-PSCs are currently behind conventional PSCs in upscaling, with limited success in printing wide bandgap PSCs. Developing upscaling methods is essential to fully realize their potential in the renewable energy sector. This research addresses the development of roll-to-roll (R2R) slot-die coating of Cs<sub>0.05</sub>FA<sub>0.95</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub>-based WB-PSCs by focusing on improving the film formation process and ink formulation. By adding optimal concentration of CsBr and performing in situ characterization, we obtained Cs<sub>0.05</sub>FA<sub>0.95</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub> films with enhanced morphology and crystallinity in ambient conditions (50% RH), without inducing secondary phase formation. In addition, slot-die coating defects are eliminated through introducing DMSO: Butanol (9:1) solvent system. The R2R coated wide-bandgap PSCs reaches a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 8.97% under 1-sun conditions and 18.3% PCE under indoor conditions. The corresponding R2R coated modules with a 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> active area achieve a PCE of 5.8%, representing a crucial step towards the high-throughput, cost-effective production of perovskite solar modules.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1002/solr.202400575
Matthew R. Leyden, Viktor Škorjanc, Aleksandra Miaskiewicz, Stefanie Severin, Suresh Maniyarasu, Thomas Gries, Johannes Beckedahl, Florian Scheler, Maxim Simmonds, Philippe Holzhey, Jona Kurpiers, Lars Korte, Marcel Roß, Steve Albrecht
{"title":"Loading Precursors into Self-Assembling Contacts for Improved Performance and Process Control in Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Matthew R. Leyden, Viktor Škorjanc, Aleksandra Miaskiewicz, Stefanie Severin, Suresh Maniyarasu, Thomas Gries, Johannes Beckedahl, Florian Scheler, Maxim Simmonds, Philippe Holzhey, Jona Kurpiers, Lars Korte, Marcel Roß, Steve Albrecht","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400575","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organo-lead-halide perovskites are promising materials for solar cell applications with efficiencies now exceeding 26% for single junction, and over 33% for silicon tandem devices. Evaporation has proven viable for industrial scale-up but presents challenges for perovskite materials. Perovskite precursor is introduced into self-assembling MeO-2PACz hole transport layers for application to 4 source perovskite coevaporation. This allows precursors that can be difficult to add via evaporation, like methylammonium chloride. These precursor molecules influence growth during evaporation, film behavior during annealing as measured by photoluminescence, and aid the conversion to perovskite as shown by X-Ray diffraction. Devices have improved power conversion efficiency and stability compared to a control sample within the same evaporation. The best cells reach ≈21% efficiency and comparable performing ≈20% cells maintain their original efficiency after 1000 h of maximum power tracking at 25 °C. This process provides significant process flexibility for perovskite evaporation and requires no additional steps.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202400575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-09-29DOI: 10.1002/solr.202400531
Shang-Hsuan Wu, Gabriel Cossio, Daniel Derkacs, Edward T. Yu
{"title":"A Broadband Light-Trapping Nanostructure for InGaP/GaAs Dual-Junction Solar Cells Using Nanosphere Lithography-Assisted Chemical Etching","authors":"Shang-Hsuan Wu, Gabriel Cossio, Daniel Derkacs, Edward T. Yu","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400531","url":null,"abstract":"<p>III–V-based multijunction solar cells have become the leading power generation technology for space applications due to their high power conversion efficiency and reliable performance in extraterrestrial environments. Thinning down the absorber layers of multijunction solar cells can considerably reduce the production cost and improve their radiation hardness. Recent advances in ultrathin GaAs single-junction solar cells suggest the development of light-trapping nanostructures to increase light absorption in optically thin layers within III–V-based multijunction solar cells. Herein, a novel and highly scalable nanosphere lithography-assisted chemical etching method to fabricate light-trapping nanostructures in InGaP/GaAs dual-junction solar cells is studied. Numerical models show that integrating the nanostructured Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Ag rear mirror significantly enhances the broadband absorption within the GaAs bottom cell. Results demonstrate that the light-trapping nanostructures effectively increase the short-circuit current density in GaAs bottom cells from 14.04 to 15.06 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. The simulated nanostructured InGaP/GaAs dual-junction structure shows improved current matching between the GaAs bottom cell and the InGaP top cell, resulting in 1.12x higher power conversion efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of light-trapping nanostructures to improve the performance of III-V-based multijunction photovoltaic systems, particularly for high-efficiency applications in space.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-09-29DOI: 10.1002/solr.202400599
Jacob Wall, Kausar Khawaja, Wenjun Xiang, Adam Dvorak, Christopher Picart, Xiaoyu Gu, Lin Li, Nicholas Rolston, Kai Zhu, Joseph J. Berry, Feng Yan
{"title":"Antisolvent-Mediated Air Quench for High-Efficiency Air-Processed Carbon-Based Planar Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Jacob Wall, Kausar Khawaja, Wenjun Xiang, Adam Dvorak, Christopher Picart, Xiaoyu Gu, Lin Li, Nicholas Rolston, Kai Zhu, Joseph J. Berry, Feng Yan","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400599","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a leading low-cost photovoltaic technology, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 26.1%. However, their commercialization is hindered by stability issues and the need for controlled processing environments. Carbon-electrode-based PSCs (C-PSCs) offer enhanced stability and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional metal-electrode PSCs, i.e., Au and Ag. However, processing challenges persist, particularly in air conditions where moisture sensitivity poses a significant hurdle. Herein, a novel air processing technique is presented for planar C-PSCs that incorporates antisolvent vapors, such as chlorobenzene, into a controlled air-quenching process. This method effectively mitigates moisture-induced instability, resulting in champion PCEs exceeding 20% and robust stability under ambient conditions. The approach retains 80% of initial efficiency after 30 h of operation at maximum power point without encapsulation. This antisolvent-mediated air-quenching technique represents a significant advancement in the scalable production of C-PSCs, paving the way for future large-scale deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2024-09-29DOI: 10.1002/solr.202400437
Thai Son Le, Irina A. Chuyko, Lev O. Luchnikov, Ekaterina A. Ilicheva, Polina K. Sukhorukova, Dmitry O. Balakirev, Nikita S. Saratovsky, Aleksandr O. Alekseev, Sergey S. Kozlov, Dmitry S. Muratov, Victor A. Voronov, Pavel A. Gostishchev, Dmitry A. Kiselev, Tatiana S. Ilina, Anton A. Vasilev, Alexander Y. Polyakov, Evgenia A. Svidchenko, Olga A. Maloshitskaya, Yuriy N. Luponosov, Danila S. Saranin
{"title":"Tailoring Wetting Properties of Organic Hole-Transport Interlayers for Slot-Die-Coated Perovskite Solar Modules","authors":"Thai Son Le, Irina A. Chuyko, Lev O. Luchnikov, Ekaterina A. Ilicheva, Polina K. Sukhorukova, Dmitry O. Balakirev, Nikita S. Saratovsky, Aleksandr O. Alekseev, Sergey S. Kozlov, Dmitry S. Muratov, Victor A. Voronov, Pavel A. Gostishchev, Dmitry A. Kiselev, Tatiana S. Ilina, Anton A. Vasilev, Alexander Y. Polyakov, Evgenia A. Svidchenko, Olga A. Maloshitskaya, Yuriy N. Luponosov, Danila S. Saranin","doi":"10.1002/solr.202400437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400437","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The strategy of incorporating self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with anchoring groups is an effective and promising method for interface engineering in perovskite solar cells with metal oxide charge-transporting layers. However, coating SAM layers in upscaled perovskite solar modules (PSMs) using slot-die coating is challenging due to the low viscosity and wettability of the solutions. In this study, a triphenylamine-based polymer poly([{5-[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-2-thienyl}(4-fluorophenyl)methylene]malononitrile) (pTPA)–TDP, blended with SAM based on 5-[4-[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, is integrated to address these challenges. And, p–<i>i</i>–n-oriented PSMs on 50 × 50 mm<sup>2</sup> substrates (12 sub-cells) are fabricated with a NiO hole-transport layer and organic interlayers for surface modification. Wetting angle mapping shows that ununiform regions of the slot-die-coated SAM has extreme hydrophobicity, causing absorber thickness fluctuations and macro-defects at buried interfaces. The blended interlayer at the NiO/perovskite junction homogenizes surface wettability and mitigates lattice strain, enabling the effective use of SAM properties on large surfaces. This improved energy level alignment, enhancing the power conversion efficiency of the modules from 13.98% to 15.83% and stability (ISOS-L-2, <i>T</i><sub>80</sub> period) from 500 to 1630 h. In these results, the complex effects of using SAM in slot-die-coating technology for large-scale perovskite photovoltaics are highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}