Therapeutic delivery最新文献_第8页

Formulation and characterization of lutein laden gel via nasal delivery: nasal permeation, and pharmacokinetic studies. 经鼻给药的叶黄素凝胶的配方和特性：鼻渗透和药代动力学研究。

IF 2.2

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2025.2598146

Akansh Varshney, Amarjitsing Rajput, Varsha Pokharkar

{"title":"Formulation and characterization of lutein laden gel via nasal delivery: nasal permeation, and pharmacokinetic studies.","authors":"Akansh Varshney, Amarjitsing Rajput, Varsha Pokharkar","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2598146","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2598146","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Lutein exhibits poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability following oral administration, which restricts its therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, a lutein-laden liposomal in situ gel was formulated to enhance bioavailability and brain targeting via nasal delivery.Method: Lutein-laden liposomes were fabricated using an ethanol injection method and studied for various parameters.Result and conclusions: The formulated lutein-laden liposomes showed a particle size, polydispersity index, and encapsulation efficiency of 71.8 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 6.4 nm, 0.327 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 0.007, and 95.59 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 3.03%, respectively. The permeation studies on goat nasal mucosa revealed drug permeation from the lutein-laden liposomal in situ gel and fivefold higher permeation than the lutein solution-based in situ gel. The drug targeting efficiency of the developed formulation was 372.80%. The pharmacokinetic study of the developed formulation administered via the nasal route showed a twofold higher Cmax and a 1.7-fold higher AUC than the drug suspension administered via the oral route. The histopathological analysis indicated that the developed formulation was safe. Thus, intranasal delivery of lutein could surpass poor oral bioavailability and be studied for managing AD and its symptoms using an intranasal delivery-based brain-targeted approach.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"53-68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12977279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145678997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

SeDeM and Powder flow tools-assisted design of solid SMEDDS of luliconazole for antifungal therapy. 应用SeDeM和粉末流动工具辅助设计抗真菌药物luliconazole的固体SMEDDS。

IF 3.4

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-28 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2026.2633965

Sharad S Kale, Deepak Kulkarni, Anuja G Magar, Santosh R Butle, Shailesh S Chalikwar, Kailas K Moravkar

{"title":"SeDeM and Powder flow tools-assisted design of solid SMEDDS of luliconazole for antifungal therapy.","authors":"Sharad S Kale, Deepak Kulkarni, Anuja G Magar, Santosh R Butle, Shailesh S Chalikwar, Kailas K Moravkar","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2026.2633965","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2026.2633965","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Luliconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent limited by poor solubility, skin permeation, and stability, which reduce its therapeutic efficacy in topical applications.Aim: This study aimed to develop a solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) of luliconazole to enhance its solubility, transdermal delivery, and formulation stability.Materials and methods: A liquid SMEDDS was optimized using the SeDeM tool and converted to solid form via adsorption onto Neusilin® US2 and wheat straw. SeDeM combined with Powder Flow Tester (PFT) guided flow optimization, and formulations were evaluated for ex vivo drug release, transdermal permeation, and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.Results: The solid SMEDDS powders became free flowing, showing enhanced ex vivo drug release (39% wheat straw, 29.74% Neusilin® US2, n = 3) and improved transdermal permeation (47.89% and 45.27%, n = 3), with strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans (zones of inhibition: 22 ± 1 mm and 20 ± 1.2 mm) but limited effect on Aspergillus niger.Conclusion: The S-SMEDDS platform enhanced luliconazole solubility, transdermal delivery, and stability, offering a safe, effective, and scalable topical formulation for fungal infections and a practical route for industrial-scale production.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12977272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147322248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development and optimization of sulfasalazine loaded microemulsion for improved topical treatment of psoriasis. 应用于银屑病局部治疗的磺胺吡啶微乳剂的研制与优化。

IF 3.4

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-18 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2026.2629203

Ravi Shankar Pandey, Mayank Garhewal, Ganesh Kumar, Sree Prakash Pandey, Nishi Agrawal, Shweta Yadav, Nishat Parveen Siddiqui, Manoj Kumar

{"title":"Development and optimization of sulfasalazine loaded microemulsion for improved topical treatment of psoriasis.","authors":"Ravi Shankar Pandey, Mayank Garhewal, Ganesh Kumar, Sree Prakash Pandey, Nishi Agrawal, Shweta Yadav, Nishat Parveen Siddiqui, Manoj Kumar","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2026.2629203","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2026.2629203","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Psoriasis is a persistent, chronic autoimmune skin disease that affects around 2% of the global population. Conventional therapies often exhibit limited efficacy, systemic side effects, and poor patient compliance due to long-term treatment needs.Materials & methods: This study focused to develop and optimize a sulfasalazine-loaded microemulsion (SSZ-ME) for topical delivery to enhance skin penetration and therapeutic efficacy in psoriasis. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were prepared to identify the optimal surfactant mixture, with Tween 80 and Polyethylene Glycol 400 selected in a 2:1 ratio. A 23 factorial design was used to optimize formulation parameters, focusing on oil and surfactant mixture effects on globule size and viscosity.Results and conclusions: The resulting microemulsions showed globule sizes between 60 ± 0.42 to 349 ± 0.13 nm, with optimal viscosity. In vitro release studies confirmed sustained drug release over 24 hours, following first-order kinetics. Skin permeation studies demonstrated enhanced drug penetration with SSZ-ME, while histopathological analysis revealed significant improvements in psoriatic symptoms in mice treated with 4% SSZ-ME compared to 2% SSZ-ME and marketed formulation. Blood analysis confirmed minimal systemic absorption and localized action. These results suggest that SSZ-ME offers a promising, patient-compliant, and effective topical therapy for psoriasis with improved therapeutic outcomes and minimal systemic exposure.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"9-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12977258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146221245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Therapeutic delivery - Industry Update October 2025. 治疗递送- 2025年10月行业更新。

IF 3.4

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2026.2626161

Iain Simpson

引用次数: 0

Xanthan gum regulates printability and antibiotic-release capacity of composite carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels. 黄原胶调节复合羧甲基纤维素水凝胶的印刷性和抗生素释放能力。

IF 2.2

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2025.2606601

Dmitry Labutin, Ekaterina Gordina, Mikhail Bozhokin, Svetlana Bozhkova

{"title":"Xanthan gum regulates printability and antibiotic-release capacity of composite carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels.","authors":"Dmitry Labutin, Ekaterina Gordina, Mikhail Bozhokin, Svetlana Bozhkova","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2606601","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2606601","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and xanthan gum (XG) are promising polysaccharides for hydrogel fabrication in 3D bioprinting and controlled drug delivery. Due to the complex polymer structure of these hydrogels and their ability to swell, a prolonged release of drugs is possible. This study aimed to evaluate different ratios of CMC and XG for fabrication of composite hydrogels with extrusion-based 3D printing.Materials and methods: The printability, filament fusion, and post-printing shape retention of hydrogels containing various ratios of CMC and XG (0.5:2, 1:1, 1:2, 2:1) as well as swelling, degradation, and release of vancomycin hydrochloride were analyzed. The viability of Vero cells was also assessed at 1:2 and 2:1 ratio.Results: Using a ratio of CMC and XG of 1:2 or 2:1 was critical for achieving optimal printability, characterized by the improved printing resolution and enhanced shape retention. Consistent vancomycin hydrochloride release with the prolonged antimicrobial activity over 9 days was evident for 1:2 ratio. Viability of Vero cells was lower for both 1:2 and 2:1 ratio compared to control and in 1:2 alone.Conclusion: Consistent drug release and appropriate printability of these hydrogels, particularly at the 1:2 ratio, warrant their further investigation and improvement.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1157-1166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12885404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145820887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery: recent developments and opportunities. 超声触发给药：最近的发展和机遇。

IF 2.2

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2025.2607304

Kayla Baker, Cameron Macdonald, Todd Hoare

{"title":"Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery: recent developments and opportunities.","authors":"Kayla Baker, Cameron Macdonald, Todd Hoare","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2607304","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2607304","url":null,"abstract":"While ultrasound-based medical imaging is widely used in clinics, ultrasound-triggered drug delivery represents an emerging modality that takes advantage of the high tissue penetrability, general safety, and high clinical accessibility of ultrasound to solve key challenges around localized drug delivery. In this review, we analyze emerging trends in the design of drug delivery vehicles activated using different ultrasound effects ranging from cavitation, mechanical stimulation, localized heating, reactive oxygen species generation, localized gas generation, and/or penetration enhancement. In particular, we focus on vehicle designs that enable delayed burst release, sustained release, and pulsatile on-off release of drugs locally at the targeted ultrasound site, each of which has direct applications for treating specific diseases. Vehicles in which ultrasound-mediated drug release kinetics control is synergistically coupled with other therapeutic benefits of ultrasound are highlighted. Finally, we discuss key barriers to the practical translation of ultrasound-triggered drug delivery vehicles into the clinic, aiming to motivate the design of scalable and reproducible ultrasound-triggered drug delivery vehicles that can have real-world patient impact.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1179-1205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12885413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145828423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Innovative evaluation of topical simvastatin using 3D printed Franz-type cells and rheological testing. 使用3D打印弗兰兹型细胞和流变学测试对局部辛伐他汀进行创新性评估。

IF 2.2

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2025.2602355

Nemanja Todorović, Veljko Krstonošić, Boris Milijašević, Maja Đanić, Aleksandra Ćoškov, Dunja Vesković, Mladena Lalić-Popović

{"title":"Innovative evaluation of topical simvastatin using 3D printed Franz-type cells and rheological testing.","authors":"Nemanja Todorović, Veljko Krstonošić, Boris Milijašević, Maja Đanić, Aleksandra Ćoškov, Dunja Vesković, Mladena Lalić-Popović","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2602355","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2602355","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Simvastatin (SIM), a commonly used lipid-lowering drug, exhibits pleiotropic effects with potential for dermatological applications. This study aimed to analyze the in vitro release and rheological properties of SIM from three extemporaneously prepared topical formulations.Methods: Formulations were prepared from commercially available SIM tablets. A structured risk assessment confirmed the low-risk profile of these preparations. SIM content and dissolution profiles were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro release testing was conducted using vertical diffusion cells fabricated by using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology of 3D printing with polylactic acid (PLA).Results: The cream demonstrated the most favorable release characteristics, while the ointment exhibited the greatest resistance to rheological alteration following incorporation of powdered tablets. The 3D-printed diffusion cells ensured reproducibility and adaptability for topical product evaluation. Thixotropy was observed in all tested formulations. Overall, elastic behavior dominated, and the effect of tablet powder on viscosity and structure varied depending on the formulation base.Conclusion: Formulation type significantly influenced SIM release and rheological properties. The findings highlight the utility of low-cost 3D-printed diffusion systems in preclinical topical research and support further translational development of repurposed SIM formulations for skin-related indications.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1131-1142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12885440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145763889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How can nanoemulgels improve the therapeutic benefit of naturally derived compounds? 纳米凝胶如何提高天然衍生化合物的治疗效果？

IF 2.2

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2025.2580911

Denise Tiemi Uchida, Gabrielli Furlan, Maria Vitoria Gouveia Botan, Mariana Carla de Oliveira, Marcos Luciano Bruschi

{"title":"How can nanoemulgels improve the therapeutic benefit of naturally derived compounds?","authors":"Denise Tiemi Uchida, Gabrielli Furlan, Maria Vitoria Gouveia Botan, Mariana Carla de Oliveira, Marcos Luciano Bruschi","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2580911","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2580911","url":null,"abstract":"The growing interest in naturally derived compounds as therapeutic agents has led to an ongoing search for innovative delivery systems that can improve their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Nanoemulgels, a hybrid system that combines the benefits of nanoemulsions and hydrogels, offer a promising approach to enhance the delivery and efficacy of these bioactive compounds. This review presents the pharmaceutical applications of nanoemulgels containing naturally derived compounds, along with the challenges and future perspectives. The review explores the interaction between nanoemulgels and distinct types of natural compounds, highlighting how the formulation can be adjusted to maximize the therapeutic effects of each class of substance. In particular, the challenges and strategies for incorporating unstable compounds into nanoemulgels, ensuring their stability and efficacy over time, are discussed. Nanoemulgels represent a promising and versatile platform for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of naturally derived compounds. By improving the bioavailability and controlled release profiles of these compounds, nanoemulgels can significantly enhance their therapeutic effects in a variety of clinical settings. The combination of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility makes nanoemulgels an exciting area for future research, particularly in personalized medicine and natural product-based therapies.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1207-1223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12885393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intranasal spanlastics of coenzyme Q10-assisted midazolam nanoformulation for status epilepticus management. 鼻内注射辅酶q10辅助咪达唑仑纳米制剂治疗癫痫持续状态。

IF 2.2

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2025.2607305

Noorain Nadim, Ayub Ahmad Khan, Saba Khan, Azka Gull, Divya Vohora, Rabea Parveen, Javed Ali

{"title":"Intranasal spanlastics of coenzyme Q10-assisted midazolam nanoformulation for status epilepticus management.","authors":"Noorain Nadim, Ayub Ahmad Khan, Saba Khan, Azka Gull, Divya Vohora, Rabea Parveen, Javed Ali","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2607305","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2607305","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To circumvent the blood-brain barrier (BBB), spanlastics was utilized as the drug delivery carrier. The present research focused on development and evaluation of spanlastics via intranasal route to overcome bioavailability issue of Midazolam (MZ). To reduce the oxidative stress in brain during seizures, Coenzyme Q10 (CQ) was used in this study for management of status epilepticus.Methods: Midazolam-Coenzyme Q10 loaded spanlastics (MZ-CQ-SPL) were formulated by ethanol injection method followed by optimization with Central composite rotatable design (CCRD). They were then evaluated by performing characterization parameters, in vitro and ex vivo analysis, followed by pharmacodynamic and histopathological studies.Results: Spanlastics demonstrated particle size of 157 nm with high entrapment efficiency (MZ: 80.80 ± 1.66%; CQ: 76.98 ± 1.92%). In vitro release showed sustained release profile (MZ: 91.36 ± 1.26%; CQ: 84.91 ± 1.37%) in 24 h. Ex vivo permeation showed 1.95- and 2.82-times enhanced flux across the nasal mucosa for MZ and CQ, respectively. Pharmacodynamic study revealed enhanced antiepileptic potential of MZ-CQ-SPL in delaying seizure onset along with reducing the severity of seizures.Conclusion: Outcomes concluded the potential of spanlastics in enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic applicability of MZ and CQ in combination therapy for effective management of seizures.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1167-1178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12885420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145820826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strategies to improve nasal administration of antiretroviral therapeutics for the treatment of NeuroAIDS. 改善抗反转录病毒药物鼻腔给药治疗神经艾滋病的策略。

IF 3.4

Therapeutic delivery Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2025.2610208

Arya Bazargani, Kenneth Duong, Mohammad Hejazi, Laleh Golshahi

{"title":"Strategies to improve nasal administration of antiretroviral therapeutics for the treatment of NeuroAIDS.","authors":"Arya Bazargani, Kenneth Duong, Mohammad Hejazi, Laleh Golshahi","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2610208","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2610208","url":null,"abstract":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist in a significant proportion of HIV patients, despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), due to limited drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the establishment of viral reservoirs within the central nervous system (CNS). Intranasal drug delivery offers a promising, noninvasive route to bypass the BBB and directly target the brain through olfactory and trigeminal pathways. This review explores the pharmacology of antiretroviral drugs, the challenges they face in CNS delivery, and the advantages of intranasal administration for treating NeuroAIDS. We examine physicochemical properties influencing BBB penetration and the mechanisms of nose-to-brain transport, along with their benefits and challenges. The review further evaluates the use of polymeric and lipid-based nanocarrier systems that improve drug stability, nasal residence time, and neuronal transport. Key anatomical considerations for targeting the olfactory region and design parameters for specialized intranasal delivery devices are also discussed. Despite anatomical and physiological challenges, advancements in nanotechnology and device engineering are enhancing CNS drug delivery efficiency. Combining antiretroviral-loaded nanocarriers with targeted nasal delivery devices represents a compelling strategy to improve therapeutic outcomes for HAND. This integrative approach holds significant potential to overcome CNS viral reservoirs, reduce neurocognitive impairment, and advance the eradication of NeuroAIDS.","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1225-1243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12885398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145946512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0