Reviews in Aquaculture最新文献

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Studies Investigating the Transmission Dynamics of Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus","authors":"Ahsan Raquib,&nbsp;Persia Carol Thapa,&nbsp;K. Larry Hammell,&nbsp;Javier Sanchez,&nbsp;Nicole O'Brien,&nbsp;Krishna Kumar Thakur","doi":"10.1111/raq.70190","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Infectious salmon anemia is one of the most important viral diseases affecting the farmed Atlantic salmon industry. The objectives of this systematic review were to appraise the methods, parameters, and validation approaches employed in mathematical modeling studies related to infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) transmission dynamics, identify limitations among them, and suggest recommendations for future modeling approaches. A total of 898 studies were identified through the search of four databases and Google Scholar, and five government reports were added to this list after manually checking the reference list of full-text articles. After removal of duplicate studies, title and abstract screening, and full-text screening, 24 studies were finally included in the systematic review. The included studies mostly used mechanistic models (<i>n</i> = 16), followed by hybrid models (<i>n</i> = 5); only three studies used statistical models. We categorized the objectives of the modeling studies into four categories: prediction of ISAV spread, model parameterization, persistence of ISAV, and effectiveness of control interventions. Most studies tried to predict ISAV spread and estimate model parameters. Our review identified several limitations in existing models, including a lack of calibration and validation with real-world data, reliance on deterministic frameworks, inconsistent use of compartment structures, and failure to incorporate many key ISAV transmission pathways. Existing modeling studies have substantially advanced our understanding of ISAV spread and informed control strategies. Future research should aim to overcome current limitations by estimating key transmission parameters, such as the basic reproduction number (<i>R</i>₀) across seasons and viral genotypes, and by incorporating stochastic modeling approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/raq.70190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148582172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome Manipulation in Microalgae: A Systematic Map on Improved Traits, Strains, and Their Commercial Applications","authors":"Irene Gallego,&nbsp;Michael Meissle,&nbsp;Jörg Romeis","doi":"10.1111/raq.70178","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microalgae are promising platforms for producing diverse biocompounds relevant to multiple commercial sectors, and the use of genomic technologies in microalgae is rapidly expanding. To examine the research trends, we conducted a bibliographic analysis (systematic map) of this rapidly developing field. Our study presents a descriptive overview of genomic techniques in microalgae for industrial applications, highlighting emerging trends and key knowledge gaps. After the initial identification of more than 23,600 scientific publications, we screened over 5,500 original research studies that were deemed most relevant by AI-based sorting. We then selected 518 relevant studies in which microalgal strains were genetically modified to improve traits of commercial interest. We also compiled information on industrially relevant sectors that potentially benefit from genetically improved microalgae. Overall, more than 60 strains from 10 genera, mainly belonging to green microalgae, cyanobacteria and diatoms, were genetically improved for future commercial applications. Most studies used conventional genetic engineering techniques, with incipient research on gene editing tools. The most frequently improved microalgal traits varied with the type of cell (eukaryotic microalgae vs. cyanobacteria). Genetically improved eukaryotes (mainly green microalgae) produced proteins, lipids and pigments, while cyanobacteria synthetized alcohols, polyols and terpenoids. The main recipient of the improved strains is the human health sector, followed by the bioenergy sector, food and beverage industries, animal farming including aquatic animals, and cosmetics. Manufacturers of bioplastic packaging, chemical industries, environmental remediation companies, wastewater treatment plants, and the agriculture sector may also benefit from the use of genetically improved microalgae and their derived products.</p>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/raq.70178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148522578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multipathway Pesticide Exposure and Cross-Scale Risk Assessment in Integrated Rice–Crab Aquaculture","authors":"Dan-Dan Bian,&nbsp;Shi-Rong Li,&nbsp;Bo-Ping Tang,&nbsp;Qiu-Ning Liu","doi":"10.1111/raq.70159","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Integrated rice–crab co-culture represents a sustainable agroecosystem, yet a critical conflict arises: pesticide applications necessary for rice cultivation undermine the health of the co-cultured Chinese mitten crab (<i>Eriocheir sinensis</i>) and jeopardize system sustainability. To address this challenge, a comprehensive analytical framework is developed, linking multipathway pesticide exposure, molecular toxicity mechanisms, cross-scale risk assessment, and resilience-oriented governance. This framework systematically reviews the environmental fate and exposure dynamics of pesticides in paddy fields, as well as their toxicokinetics and tissue-specific bioaccumulation in <i>E. sinensis</i>. Moving beyond descriptive toxicology, the study integrates “effect hierarchy” and “mechanistic network” perspectives to unravel cascading toxicity pathways, spanning oxidative stress, neuroendocrine disruption, cellular pyroptosis, and immune suppression. The limitations of conventional risk assessment in such a complex system are critically examined, with emphasis on the dual risks to crab population resilience and human food safety. To mitigate these challenges, a novel, mechanism-informed “Prevent–Intercept–Protect–Adapt (PIPA)” framework is proposed to bolster system resilience, combining green pest control, eco-engineering, host health enhancement, and smart monitoring. This review enhances theoretical understanding of contaminant impacts in multitrophic systems and offers actionable management strategies to promote the sustainable development of integrated aquaculture.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syndromic Convergence in Aquaculture Disease Management: A Critical Review of Climate-Pathobiome Interactions, Diagnostic Frameworks, and Knowledge Gaps","authors":"Ilhan Altinok","doi":"10.1111/raq.70189","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aquaculture disease management is increasingly confronted by complex, multi-factorial outbreaks that resist explanation under the conventional “one pathogen, one disease” framework derived from Koch's postulates. This review introduces syndromic convergence (SyCo) as a formal conceptual framework defining disease states in which climate-driven environmental stressors, host immune competence, and interacting pathogen communities (pathobiomes) synergistically produce disease syndromes qualitatively distinct from the sum of individual pathogen effects. Drawing on documented outbreaks in salmonids, penaeid shrimp, Mediterranean marine species, and freshwater finfish, it is demonstrated that SyCo events, characterized by synergistic mortality exceeding 1.5× that of any single pathogen, cannot be adequately diagnosed or managed using single-agent surveillance systems or reductionist intervention strategies. It is proposed a five-criterion quantitative scoring matrix (0–10 scale; threshold ≥ 8) for SyCo classification, a tiered confidence-rating system for climate-virulence mechanisms, and a Syndromic Convergence Early Warning Index (SC-EWI) integrating water quality, microbiome dysbiosis, behavioral signals, and stressor history into a composite farm-level risk score. A three-layer precision intervention framework, environmental mitigation, host immune priming (including nanovaccines and trans-generational immune priming), and pathobiome-targeted biologicals (RNAi and phage cocktails), is proposed as operationally aligned with the SyCo model. Seven priority knowledge gaps are identified, including validation of the scoring matrix against outbreak data, quantification of the EHP-<i>Vibrio</i> dose–response axis, characterization of maternal microbiome contributions to trans-generational immune priming, and development of multi-target dsRNA constructs for co-infection scenarios. Collectively, this framework advances a transition from reactive, single-pathogen pathology to predictive, convergence-aware biosurveillance in global aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/raq.70189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148440889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of Post-Translational Modifications in Aquatic Animal Immunity and Pathogen Evasion","authors":"Jiayang Lin,&nbsp;Ming Guo,&nbsp;Chenghua Li","doi":"10.1111/raq.70182","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As aquaculture continues to expand and intensify, infectious diseases are increasingly viewed as a major constraint on sustainable and high-quality production. In aquatic animals, post-translational modifications (PTMs) serve as central regulatory layers of innate immunity by tuning immune sensing, signal transduction, downstream defense execution, and tissue homeostasis. This review brings together recent advances in PTM-related disease-resistance research across teleosts, crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms, with particular attention to viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. We focus on phosphorylation and ubiquitination as two major regulatory mechanisms that tune the activation threshold, signal intensity, and termination of immune signaling at conserved but unevenly characterized nodes within RLR-, TLR-, cGAS–STING-, and JAK–STAT-related pathways. Rather than acting through a single shared mechanism, these PTMs regulate aquatic immune responses through pathway-specific kinase activation, phosphatase-mediated restraint, ubiquitin-chain editing, and protein turnover. Beyond phosphorylation and ubiquitination, we also discuss other PTMs, including methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ISGylation, glycosylation, and lipidation, which may contribute to immune homeostasis, tissue repair, barrier protection, and host–pathogen adaptation in context-dependent ways. Pathogens, meanwhile, can exploit PTM-dependent checkpoints by targeting host kinases, altering ubiquitin-dependent protein turnover, interfering with transcriptional or cytoskeletal regulation, or using their own surface glycosylation and lipidation patterns to modify host recognition. Finally, we consider emerging directions, including PTM-focused proteomics, functional validation by gene-editing approaches, metabolism-linked modifications, and PTM-informed biomarkers, to clarify host–pathogen interactions in aquatic animals and inform future strategies for disease control in aquaculture.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148414716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental and Biological Factors Shaping Fish Swimming Ability: Insight From a Meta-Analysis on Endemic Fish in China","authors":"Yuanming Wang,&nbsp;Hongtao Wang,&nbsp;Pengcheng Li,&nbsp;Xintong Li,&nbsp;Ruifeng Liang,&nbsp;Kefeng Li","doi":"10.1111/raq.70188","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fish swimming ability serves as a robust proxy for physiological assessment and species conservation. Numerous rivers with a large spatial span and diverse fish species in China complicate the efforts to understand swimming ability and challenge the protection of fish populations. One hundred and sixty-four relevant studies over the past 15 years, involving 30 families and 126 distinct test sites, were identified to provide a comprehensive overview of fish swimming ability in China. Specifically, test sites geographically concentrated in the Yangtze River basin and <i>Cyprinidae</i> received the most research attention. The basin, family, altitude, living condition, and body length exerted considerable effects on fish swimming ability. Fish from the continental basin had the highest induced swimming speed (<i>U</i>_ind), whereas those from the southwest basin showed outstanding critical (<i>U</i>_crit) and burst (<i>U</i>_burst) swimming speeds. <i>U</i>_ind did not differ significantly at the family level, while <i>Cyprinidae</i> and <i>Cobitidae</i> outperformed other families in <i>U</i>_crit and <i>U</i>_burst. <i>U</i>_ind was lowest at an altitude of 2328–3588 m, while <i>U</i>_crit and <i>U</i>_burst followed unimodal trends, peaking at altitudes of 622–1343 m. Test apparatus and protocols had a limited effect on fish swimming ability, only except that swimming speeds in Brett-type flumes were higher than that in pipe channels or straight flumes. The living condition did not affect <i>U</i>_ind while wild <i>Cyprinidae</i> exceeded cultured <i>Cyprinidae</i> in <i>U</i>_crit and <i>U</i>_burst. Overall, this study identified factors contributing to fish swimming ability differences and their variation patterns, deepening our knowledge on fish swimming ability and informing fish conservation strategies in China.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148408926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercially Exploited Seaweed Species in Africa: Occurrences, Chemical Composition, Current Value Chain and Opportunities for Value Addition","authors":"Mondli Abednicko Masanabo,&nbsp;Marthe Jordbrekk Blikra,&nbsp;Trond Løvdal,&nbsp;Dagbjørn Skipnes,&nbsp;Morten Sivertsvik,&nbsp;Aditya Parmar,&nbsp;M. Naushad Emmambux","doi":"10.1111/raq.70187","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Africa has a wide range of coastal environments that support a diverse array of seaweed species. Despite this, only a few African countries are involved in the commercial harvesting and value addition of seaweed. Instead, most of the seaweed harvested in Africa has been exported as dried seaweed for value addition. This review discussed the different seaweed species commercially exploited in Africa, their nutritional composition, their current and potential uses as food, paying attention to food safety aspects regarding heavy metals and microbiological safety, and their use as animal feed ingredients and as sources for the production of polysaccharides, proteins, and biostimulants. It was noted that many factors limit seaweed value addition in Africa, including limited access to financial capital, a lack of seaweed research activities, a lack of seaweed storage and processing facilities, limited technical capacity, and weak domestic markets. Thus, in this review, the authors suggested that seaweed value addition in Africa should be regional (East, South, West, and North Africa), driven by species largely grown in those regions. These suggestions can leverage existing value chains across different regions in Africa. To achieve this, more regional cooperation among countries producing similar species is necessary, knowledge sharing on best farming practices, and more research on chemical composition, safety (microbial, heavy metals, microplastics), and efficacy, as well as funding and policy for human capital skill development and the technical skills necessary for seaweed processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/raq.70187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148379663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish Sperm Subpopulations Detection, Separation, and Application: Current State and Trends","authors":"Viktoriya Dzyuba,&nbsp;William V. Holt,&nbsp;Borys Dzyuba","doi":"10.1111/raq.70186","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sperm subpopulations represent a fundamental manifestation of intra-ejaculate heterogeneity in fish, arising from differences in structural features, motility patterns, and physiological states of sperm cells. This variability is increasingly recognised as biologically significant, influencing fertilisation success, sperm competition, and egg selection. Advances in computer-assisted sperm analysis, flow cytometry, and fluorescent staining have enabled the identification of distinct subgroups based on kinematic, morphological, and biochemical traits. However, techniques for their physical separation and functional assessment remain in early development for fish, limiting their routine application in aquaculture. Understanding sperm heterogeneity offers innovative perspectives for reproductive biology, providing insights into species with complex mating strategies and guiding the refinement of aquaculture practices, particularly in situations where sperm quality is reduced or highly variable. Applications include optimising artificial fertilisation, improving cryopreservation protocols, and enhancing genetic stability by isolating high-quality subpopulations, especially when optimal volumes of high-quality sperm are not available. Importantly, sperm subpopulation analysis also holds promise for conservation programs, where selecting and preserving viable gametes is critical for maintaining genetic diversity and supporting the recovery of endangered and threatened fish species. By reducing abnormal larval development and improving fertilisation efficiency, this approach strengthens hatchery success and contributes to long-term sustainability. Overall, framing sperm heterogeneity as both a biological phenomenon and a biotechnological resource highlights its importance and innovation. This review synthesises current knowledge, explores possible origins of sperm subpopulations, and outlines future directions for their application in aquaculture and conservation, with particular relevance in contexts where reproductive performance is compromised or variable.</p>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/raq.70186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148372320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macroalgae and Bivalve Interactions: A Review of Trophic and Feeding Studies to Assess the Contribution of Macroalgal Detritus to Bivalves","authors":"Fiona P. MacKechnie,&nbsp;Andrew G. Jeffs","doi":"10.1111/raq.70173","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70173","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is growing interest in the co-culture of macroalgae and filter-feeding bivalves due to anticipated trophic benefits that may enhance the productivity of both organisms. Detritus from cultured macroalgae has the potential to supplement bivalve diets, yet few studies have directly examined this relationship in co-culture systems. This review synthesizes findings from over 70 studies encompassing a broad range of macroalgae and bivalve species to assess the potential for macroalgal material to contribute to bivalve nutrition. No consistent patterns of macroalgal utilization by bivalves were found across regions, seasons, bivalve taxa, or macroalgal groups. In situ trophic assessments using stable isotopes and fatty acids produced divergent estimates of macroalgal dietary contributions, averaging 23.7% and 6.1%, respectively. Feeding studies of bivalves fed various forms of macroalgal material found that while relatively high rates of assimilation efficiency were measured for some bivalve species, the generally poor performance of bivalves in longer term feeding studies strongly indicated that the nutritional composition of the macroalgal material is insufficient, and/or that the macroalgal material contains compounds that actively inhibit bivalve growth. The majority of feeding studies found that regardless of the diet preparation method or species of macroalgae used, bivalve growth was reduced when macroalgae was incorporated at rates higher than a 25% replacement of feed dry weight. Overall, the findings point toward a generally limited potential for filter feeding bivalves to benefit significantly from co-culture with macroalgae, although specific pairing of macroalgae and bivalve species may derive greater advantage from co-culture.</p>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/raq.70173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148355764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the Black Box of Fish Vaccines Efficacy in Basic and Applied Contexts","authors":"Jiří Kyslík,&nbsp;Mikolaj Adamek,&nbsp;Tomáš Korytář","doi":"10.1111/raq.70185","DOIUrl":"10.1111/raq.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vaccines are the frontline defense in aquaculture, yet predicting their real-world performance remains a tricky puzzle. Unlike terrestrial veterinary vaccines, fish vaccines largely operate through “Black Box” processes, where we observe the outcomes but rarely understand the underlying immune mechanisms. Laboratory trials, though informative, often fail to capture the complexity of commercial farms, where environmental fluctuations, pathogen diversity, host genetics, and stressors interact. Field studies provide glimpses into vaccine performance, but they are sparse, short-term, and sometimes biased, leaving many questions unanswered. Environmental stressors, particularly reuse water, low oxygen, ammonia accumulation, and fluctuating temperatures, can undermine even well-designed vaccines. Handling, vaccination stress, and the developmental stage of the fish further influence immunity, explaining why the same vaccine may succeed in one setting and fail in another. Immunologically, vaccine success depends on effective antigen processing, a balanced mix of systemic and mucosal responses, and durable memory, yet these factors are rarely measured in the field. Mucosal vaccines show promise by targeting pathogen entry points, while systemic responses remain essential for broad protection. This review explores the “Black Box” nature of fish vaccines, in which vaccination inputs and protective outcomes are observable, yet the internal interactions among environmental factors, host biology, and immune mechanisms remain poorly defined. Unlocking these factors is key to turning unpredictable vaccines into reliable tools for sustainable disease control in a growing aquaculture industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":227,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Aquaculture","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/raq.70185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148322003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}