A Review of Seriola lalandi Aquaculture With a Focus on Recirculating Aquaculture Systems: Synthesis of Existing Research and Emerging Challenges

This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of research on yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) aquaculture, with a particular focus on production in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Significant progress has been made in reproductive biology and captive spawning, which are critical for ensuring a reliable juvenile supply. Key factors influencing larval development, including temperature, photoperiod, and feeding strategies, are reviewed alongside nutritional requirements for optimal growth and health. The efficacy of alternative feed ingredients aimed at reducing dependence on fish meal and fish oil is discussed, along with issues related to digestibility, fecal waste management, and nutrient retention in RAS. The review explores studies on the S. lalandi microbiota, highlighting associations between microbial composition and predicted functional profiles under varying RAS parameters. Physiological traits that support the species' suitability for RAS, such as resilience to handling stress and environmental fluctuations, are evaluated with an emphasis on tolerance to carbon dioxide, ammonia, salinity, and oxygen levels. The species' thermal sensitivity and implications for metabolic performance are also addressed. Advancements in genetic research are discussed, including the development of microsatellite markers, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and linkage maps. Findings in taxonomy, phylogeography, and population genetics are reviewed with a focus on potential applications in selective breeding for production traits. The review also covers current and emerging pathogens affecting S. lalandi, the risk of outbreaks in RAS, and key welfare considerations. An economic outlook for yellowtail kingfish production in RAS highlights the need for integrated approaches for sustainable and cost-effective aquaculture of S. lalandi.