Sprawy Narodowościowe最新文献

{"title":"O dwóch cywilizacjach w myśli Michała Pawlikowskiego (1887–1970)","authors":"K. Wrzesińska","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.008","url":null,"abstract":"On Two Civilizations in Michał Pawlikowski’s ThoughtMichał Pawlikowski (1887–1970) was a Polish essayist, poet, publisher, editor, and bibliophile. Since World War I, he was an activist of the National Democratic Party (later the National Party). After World War II, he settled in Great Britain, temporarily staying in Zakopane, Poland. Pawlikowski is the author of essays and journalism, where he collected his philosophical views on nation and culture, as well as on civilization and race. He sought cause and effect relationships in the history of humanity as factors that shaped the contemporary world. In his opinion, the world is divided between two mutually antagonistic civilizations: Western and Eastern. Such a perspective of his thought has been inscribed in Polish wider reflection on the nation. It is close to messianic concepts that were held by Romantic thinkers and artists, while at the same time it contains tints of national megalomania. His writings can be termed controversial and are often characterized as being full of discrepancies, as well as simplifying a number of complex issues; in particular, in his opponents’ views Pawlikowski’s thought is too close to conspiracy theory of history. Alternatively Pawlikowski deserves recognition for his depictions of man as a free human being who has a potential to make individual choices in accordance with ethical ideals and obligations towards the community.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126237052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dzieje pewnej eksplozji, czyli krótka historia nacjonalizmu","authors":"A. Krawiec","doi":"10.11649/sn.2011.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2011.028","url":null,"abstract":"A History of a Certain Explosion, or a Short History of NationalismThe article is a survey of some of numerous paradoxes connected with the history of the notion “nation”. In its contemporary meaning, this notion evolved, in a relatively short time, from a vague idea known to some eccentric thinkers into an indispensable component of the identity of each and every inhabitant of our continent. In a relatively short period the people inhabiting Europe were first classified according to many flexible criteria (such as residence, belonging to particular social strata, confessed religion, respected authority, language spoken, etc.), and later divided into national communities of several million members, apparently existing from time immemorial and separated by eternal barriers of contradictory national interests. Attempts to cross these barriers made by a human being – i.e. transferring from one community to another – are now treated as a rejection and betrayal of one’s own identity.The article tries to present how such a radical change could have happened, to what extent national ideology was a by-product of economic and social processes initiated in Europe as early as the Middle Ages, and to what degree this ideology was a stimulus for these processes. Last but not least, the study also considers to what extent national ideology contributed to the creation of the contemporary shape of the world, in which western civilization managed to win primacy and maintain it till the present day, and, moreover, impose its standards on other cultures – among them the dogma about a necessary division into rival nations, which is apparently an effect of human nature itself.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129449662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teoretyczne i praktyczne kłopoty z tożsamością narodową","authors":"Bohdan Dziemidok","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.018","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical and Practical Troubles with National IdentityNational identity is one of the basic and most stable forms of collective identity. For many people it is a core value because it fulfills three important needs of man: the need to belong (rootedness), the need of axiological orientation and the need of respect due to any member of a respected community such as a nation. Two troubles are connected with national identity in present times. First, a strong sense of national identity can lead to ethno-nationalism, xenophobia and conflicts among nations. On the other hand, we are living in an epoch of globalization and international integration, which – in the opinion of many authors – endangers national identity and in effect may cause its loss and replacement with a cosmopolitan identity. The author undermines such views. He believes that strong national identity does not necessarily cause aggressive nationalism and xenophobia. Moreover, he does not agree with the view that globalization processes and integration tendencies will soon change national identity into cosmopolitan identity.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127305793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Höchst unerwünschte Ausländer”: The Fate of Ethnic German Expellees in Post-War Austria","authors":"Sophie-Charlotte Schippmann","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.017","url":null,"abstract":"“Höchst unerwünschte Ausländer”: The Fate of Ethnic German Expellees in Post-War AustriaThe large influx of ethnic Germans from the East into Germany at the end of the Second World War is a well-known and researched fact. However, there were also about 300,000–632,000 expellees that ended up in post-war Austria. In contrast to Germany, Austria was not required by the Potsdam Agreement to take them in and consequently advocated their deportation. It was not only the financial burden associated with the expellees but also Austria’s aim to convince the Allies of the “victim myth” that motivated Austria to favour deportation over integration. Taking in ethnic German expellees would highlight Austria’s close past with Germany and could even be perceived as an acceptance of legal succession of the Third Reich. The Allies initially supported Austria’s decision but except for a large number of deportations in 1946 the plan was not carried to its conclusion. Around 350,000 expellees were able to remain in Austria. However, the fact that they were not granted equal rights in all areas until 1971 shows they were not welcome in Austria for a long time. „Höchst unerwünschte Ausländer”: Los przesiedlonej ludności niemieckiej w powojennej AustriiFakt, że pod koniec drugiej wojny światowej do Niemiec licznie napływali ze wschodu etniczni Niemcy, jest dobrze znany i zbadany. Jednak od około 300 000 do 632 000 przesiedlonych trafiło także do powojennej Austrii. Na Austrii, inaczej niż na Niemczech, nie ciążył nałożony w tzw. deklaracji poczdamskiej obowiązek ich przyjęcia, wobec czego Austria opowiedziała się za ich deportacją. Z przyjęciem przesiedleńców wiązały się dla niej ciężary finansowe, ale nie tylko: Austria chciała też przekonać aliantów do swego „mitu ofiary”. Austriacy przychylali się raczej do deportacji, a nie do integracji. Przyjęcie niemieckich przesiedlonych rzucałoby nowe światło na ścisłe związki Austrii z Niemcami w przeszłości, a nawet mogłoby być postrzegane jako akceptacja sukcesji prawnej po Trzeciej Rzeszy. Alianci początkowo popierali stanowisko Austrii w tej sprawie. Jednak pominąwszy liczniejsze deportacje, jakie miały miejsce w roku 1946, plany nie zostały urzeczywistnione. Około 350 000 przesiedlonym pozwolono pozostać w Austrii. Niemniej fakt, że nie przyznawano im równych praw we wszystkich sferach życia aż do roku 1971, świadczy o tym, iż przez długi czas nie byli oni w tym kraju dobrze widziani.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129613484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Od przestrzeni do transmigracji. Tożsamość narodowa w zwierciadle kultury artystycznej na przykładzie twórczości kolektywu Neue Slowenische Kunst","authors":"J. Szczepanik","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.025","url":null,"abstract":"From Space to Transmigration: National Identity in the Mirror of Artistic Culture on the Example of Collective Neue Slowenische Kunst Creativity“The end of geography” was postulated two decades ago by Richard O’Brien. This article tries to refer it to the Slovenes, the nation which has had its own state and its own geography only for two decades. The case study of the artist, the ideal transmigrant, as Marta Bucholc would say, gives us the possibility to understand the nature of the contemporary world in the best way. That is why the object of an analysis in this article is the collective Neue Slowenische Kunst, one of the most important cultural and social phenomena of the 1980s in Slovenia.This article presents very briefly the history of the state of Slovenia and the development of culture of this country, especially in the late 1980s and in the 1990s, when very important changes on the map occurred. As a consequence, NSK’s artists decided to detach their projects from space and situate them in time, but it was not a gesture of including themselves in the so-called “global trend”. On the contrary, it was a very serious proposition of the revision of their national and artistic, Slovenian and Eastern European, identity.Slavoj Žižek probably was right that this part of Europe requires a separate study, without automatically entering it into the framework of the ideology of globalization.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121317435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Néo-bretonnants – konstruowanie tożsamości językowej przez młode pokolenie osób bretońskojęzycznych","authors":"Nicole Dołowy-Rybińska","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.023","url":null,"abstract":"Néo-bretonnants: The Construction of Linguistic Identity by the Young Generation of Breton-Speaking PeopleAccording to statistics there are today only about 200,000 people who know the Breton language, but 70% of them are over 60 years old. However, every year more than a thousand young Bretons learn the language in schools and another several thousand adults attend language courses. It seems that in a dozen years or so the Breton language will be known almost only as a second/learned language. This paper is based on open interviews conducted with pupils in the Diwan immersion High School, students of the Faculty of Breton at Rennes University and Breton language learners (aged 16–25). A large majority of them come from families who have not used Breton for two generations. The reason why these young people have decided to learn the language of their ancestors and their relation to the language are studied. The Breton identity of today is not based on knowledge of the language but on the strong emotional relation to it. The relation between their Breton identity and the language is interesting. Speaking Breton is their conscious choice. It is not their first language, in which they think and feel. The central question of the paper is concerned about to what extent the identity of néo-bretonnants is based on the relation with the language as a distinguishing feature of cultural membership, and to what extent the Breton language is the medium of enforcing this selected and consciously created identity.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116499250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regionalne uniwersum symboliczne Wysp Alandzkich","authors":"Grzegorz Bonusiak","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.020","url":null,"abstract":"The Regional Symbolic Universum of the Aland IslandsThe author argues that the inhabitants of the Aland Islands exhibit a separate island identity. He describes the specific historical, geographical, social, political and legal situation of this region on the basis of the elements that constitute the local/regional symbolic universum. He points out that as a result of decades-long manifestations of a sense of separateness and of struggle to preserve and maintain this separateness, a regional culture has come into being, unique and specific to these Islands only. He claims that, based on this regional culture, a distinct ethnic identity has been constructed, which manifests itself as a strong collective WE, a sense that the inhabitants identify with the category “Aland Islander”, yet without establishing a national identity, and with no aspirations for an independent sovereign state.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116631655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polskie środowisko naukowe w Republice Litewskiej","authors":"Marcin Wakar","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.024","url":null,"abstract":"The Polish Academic Community in the Republic of LithuaniaIn this article the author presents the results of his research conducted during a scholarship at the Lithuanian Institute of History in Vilnius in autumn 2011. The study describes the activity of the Polish academic community in Lithuania, gathered mainly in the Association of Polish Scientists in Lithuania and in several academic centers of Vilnius. The author discusses their initiatives, such as the establishment of the Polish University in Vilnius or the creation of a subsidiary of the University of Białystok. He also focuses on the role of the University of Vilnius and the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences. The article is based on print sources – books, academic journals and the Polish-language press in Lithuania – as well as in-depth interviews with a number of representatives of the Polish academic community in the country.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117106900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"XI Chan Kirgistanu. Kurmanbek Bakijew, rządy rodzinne i heroizacja przeszłości","authors":"Nartsiss Shukuralieva","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.027","url":null,"abstract":"XI Khan of Kyrgyzstan: Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Family Rule and Heroization of the PastThe aim of the article is to highlight mechanisms of the construction of the national past. The precommunist and communist times, the period of independence and the events of March 2005 were used to design the narration on the almost mythical heroism of current authorities and their predecessors. The paper also attempts to reveal strategies of legitimization through the commemoration of the Tulip revolution.Additionally, it tries to reconstruct and critically comment upon main arguments used in public speeches by the head of state, by his family and ideologues of the regime. The aim, however, is not to present the coherent structure of official thinking similar to ideology. Ambiguities, inconsistencies and ad hoc reactions constituted very important part of the regime’s official rhetoric. That is why the paper emphasizes strong tension between authoritarian and democratic strands of official discourse used accordingly to the ever-changing context in which Bakiyev’s regime operated.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124066745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"„Emirat Kaukaski” – wielki potencjał czy złudzenie siły?","authors":"A. Pawłowski","doi":"10.11649/sn.2012.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.028","url":null,"abstract":"The “Caucasian Emirate”: Great Potential or Illusion of Power?The article discusses current problems of many years of fighting in the North Caucasus between Islamic militants of the armed underground and the troops of the Russian Federation and its constituent republics of the Caucasus. The mujahideen, led by Dokka Umarov, strive to gain liberation from the domination of Moscow and create their own Koranic state called the “Caucasus Emirate”. In the text the author considers to what extend it is possible to separate the North Caucasus from Russia and turn the area into an independent state. For this purpose, the four elements that make up the state of potential “Emirate” were described: the structure, the number of members declared and supporters loosely associated with the organisation, as well as finance and weapons and the means of acquiring them. On the basis of the above elements, the author presents the armed Islamic underground of the Caucasus militants.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131730194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}