{"title":"Figura krwiopijcy w dyskursie religijnym, narodowym i lewicowym Polski roku 1945/1946. Studium z antropologii historycznej","authors":"Joanna Tokarska-Bakir","doi":"10.11649/sn.2010.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.019","url":null,"abstract":"The Figure of the Bloodsucker in Polish Religious, National and Left-Wing Discourse, 1945/1946: A Historical Anthropology StudyDespite the fact that after 1945 all anti-Jewish pogroms in Poland (except one) involved a blood libel – a rumor about Jewish murderers of Polish children – this fact has not attracted the attention of historians until recently. Conspiracy theories, however, were a lot more popular and noted that the pogroms had been provoked by “Soviet advisers” or “Zionists”. The author of this essay argues that participants of anti-Semitic violence, the assailants as well as policemen, prosecutors, and judges involved in controlling the events – though they represented a variety of different political approaches – were all united by a common socio-mental formation, and remained united by a figure of the Jew as bloodsucker (this mystic figure is described here according to Mary Douglas). Many of them, security and secret services functionaries included, succumbed to a suggested blood libel. Moreover, some traces of blood libel are still present in Poland, not only as folk beliefs (cf. the research conducted under the present author’s direction in Sandomierz).The essay’s aim is to present a structural background of slowly growing “Polish national socialism” on the one hand and old anti-Jewish resentments on the other, as both were a ground for a specific anti-Jewish alliance in the first period after World War II. Thus, the author claims that a synthesis of religious anti-Semitism (“Jew-kidnapper-bloodsucker”), modern anti-Semitism (“Jew-capitalist-bloodsucker”) and the “Judeo-communists” occurred in Poland, which crippled a healthy body of the nation and the communist party.The essay is based on, inter alia, letters intercepted by the censorship in 1946, the reports made by some anti-communist underground fighters, a number of memories and documents of communist secret services officers, as well as documents accumulated in the course of investigations held by the authorities after the pogroms of 1945 and 1946.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129503537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prace Antonia Gaudiego manifestem katalonizmu?","authors":"Agnieszka Idzik","doi":"10.11649/sn.2010.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.028","url":null,"abstract":"Masterworks of Antoni Gaudí as the Manifestation of Catalanism?Catalonia is an autonomous community in Spain, possessing a unique culture. This is meticulously preserved, not only by intellectuals, but also by its citizens, who hold their individual language, common history and traditions in the highest esteem. It is the perfect example of a nation without a state, truly dedicated to the peaceful struggle for survival of its exceptional individuality. The article explains how the historical relationship between Catalonia and Spain has awakened the Catalonian sense of individuality and the will to fight for its rights, leading to the creation of a separate political idea – Catalanism. For the major part of the article the author presents the views on the Catalan issue as expressed by Antoni Gaudí – one of the most distinguished of Catalans.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128842411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Konsul Sugihara Chiune a polscy Żydzi w Kownie w okresie 1939–1940","authors":"Olga Barbasiewicz","doi":"10.11649/sn.2010.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.010","url":null,"abstract":"Consul Sugihara Chiune and the Polish Jews in Kaunas, Lithuania in 1939–1940The main subject of this article is the life and career of Sugihara Chiune, viewed in the context of the fate of European Jews during their stay in the Lithuanian capital, Kaunas, while they were escaping from Nazi-occupied Europe in 1939 and 1940. The author investigates how the Japanese consul helped them obtain visas and thus saved their lives. She also deals with his private and professional life, including the turns of his diplomatic career in pre-war Lithuania, and his views on crucial issues involving his activities connected with saving the Polish Jews – even at the risk of his own life and the life of his family. Sugihara continued to issue transit visas even after he was forbidden to do so by his superiors from the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Thus the war influenced his later life as a diplomat, not always in a beneficial way. However, today Consul Sugihara is considered a hero and is commemorated in many ways, both in his native Japan and in Lithuania.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127107745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"O obsesjach, które można uzasadnić, czyli rasizm po polsku","authors":"K. Wrzesińska","doi":"10.11649/sn.2010.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.030","url":null,"abstract":"On Obsessions That Can Be Justified, or Racism the Polish WayReview of: Grzegorz Krzywiec, Szowinizm po polsku: Przypadek Romana Dmowskiego (1886–1905) [Chauvinism the Polish Way: The Case of Roman Dmowski (1886–1905)], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN 2009. O obsesjach, które można uzasadnić, czyli rasizm po polskuRecenzja: Grzegorz Krzywiec, Szowinizm po polsku: Przypadek Romana Dmowskiego (1886–1905), Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN 2009.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125156771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metropolita Dionizy wobec kwestii narodowościowej w Cerkwi prawosławnej w okresie międzywojennym","authors":"Stefan Dudra","doi":"10.11649/sn.2010.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.003","url":null,"abstract":"Metropolitan Dionysius on the Nationality Question in the Orthodox Church in Interwar PolandMetropolitan Dionysius took over management of the Orthodox Church in Poland in 1923, and he continued in this role throughout the difficult period of the Second Polish Republic. At that time the Orthodox Church was identified with the Russian invader, and seen as a symbol of the partitions as well as of the religious and ethnic oppression of Poles. At the same time it was the largest religious association in Poland, apart from the Roman Catholic Church. During this period, the Orthodox Church embraced several different nationalities among the faithful (including Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and others). This posed a significant problem in both the Church’s internal relations and in its relations with the Polish state. Some political minority groups tried to make the Orthodox religion an element of national separatism. On the other hand, for the state authorities, the Orthodox Church was an institution which carried out its policy and objectives for the benefit of a particular ethnic minority. Throughout the period Metropolitan Dionysius had to guide the Church in such a way as to meet the needs of ethnically diverse believers, in spite of the basically unfriendly or even hostile attitude of the Polish state towards the Orthodox Church. He had to reconcile the sympathies of the faithful of Ukrainian, Russian, Belarusian and Polish origins, and to deal with the various political forces existing within the Orthodox Church, which sought to shape its institutional form and to give it a specific political function.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125644826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eschatologia, mesjanizm i polityka","authors":"Anna Siewierska-Chmaj","doi":"10.11649/sn.2010.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.020","url":null,"abstract":"Eschatology, Messianism and PoliticsThe article presents the issues of strong relations between various conceptions of God and their consequences – adopting a particular vision of political life, nation, and state. The author shows relations between religion and politics in the context of political eschatology and political messianism, pointing to the examples of the French Revolution, nineteenth-century Polish messianism, revolutionary Russia, or Nazi Germany. Quoting various examples, the author argues that the vision of God and the place of religion in a given society strongly influence the political sphere, the perception of the role of the state and the definition of a nation.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125616138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Struktura narodowościowa regionów południowo-wschodniej Ukrainy","authors":"Helena Krasowska","doi":"10.11649/sn.2010.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.011","url":null,"abstract":"The Ethnic Structure of the Territories of South-Eastern UkraineIn her article the author analyses ethnic differentiation in the Donetsk and Zaporozhe regions in South-Eastern Ukraine. These areas first were a target of colonisation in order to establish a new fuel-metallurgical basis for the Russian Empire by developing the Donetsk coal industry and strengthening agriculture by colonising the steppes near the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. An important stage in the settlement of these areas occurred at the beginning of the 16th century, when early settlers, mainly Ukrainian craftsmen, Cossacks and peasants-refugees, arrived. The next step came in the 16–18th centuries, when the defence of the southern borderland from Tartar invasions took place. From the 18th century onwards foreign newcomers contributed to the cultural and industrial development of this region. They settled mainly in compact groups. The characteristics of settlement and development of such groups as Bulgarians, Germans, Jews, Czechs, Tartars, Poles, and Armenians are analysed in this article, too. The population censuses of the years 1959, 1989, 2001 are taken into account.The industrialisation and later “Stalinisation” of the region led to the liquidation of part of some ethnic groups and to their enforced assimilation, in an effort which was supposed to create a homogeneous Soviet people. However, as a result of political changes since 1991, the region is becoming multicultural again.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"81 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114023081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Separatyzm baskijski","authors":"A. Antczak","doi":"10.11649/sn.2010.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.027","url":null,"abstract":"Basque SeparatismThis article examines the origins of Basque nationalism, major reasons why the terrorist organization ETA was founded, and the evolution of ETA’s activities. Alongside this discussion, a parallel history of moderate nationalism pursued by the Basque Nationalist Party is also examined. The article adopts a historical approach, since Basque nationalism has evolved in a specific way, and the historical, political and systemic changes influenced the Basque Country in a different way than other regions of Spain.In the literature, researchers show that Basque citizens are characterized by a strong sense of national identity. This is due firstly to the fact that many Basques identify themselves with the Basque Country rather than with Spain, which indicates a clear declaration of their national identity. This means that the Basques consider themselves a separate nation. The consequence of this is their desire to have a greater autonomy, preferably under the Spanish federal state, or to gain independence.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114739589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chorwacka legenda – Eugen Kvaternik i „Powstanie Rakowickie” 1871 roku","authors":"Agnieszka Gucka","doi":"10.11649/sn.2011.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11649/sn.2011.005","url":null,"abstract":"A Croatian Legend: Eugen Kvaternik and the Rakovica Revolt of 1871Eugen Kvaternik (1825–1871) was a Croatian politician, a proponent of Croatian independence, and one of the most controversial figures in the history of Croatia. His dramatic life is bound up with the stormy events of 19th-century Europe’s political arena. His contacts and ties with representatives of the Polish independence movement, with French and Italian revolutionaries, as well as his relations with the intelligence services of Russia, where he also sought help, made him a figure of international significance. Kvaternik was a romantic who revolted against Austria-Hungary with a view to establishing an independent Croatian state. With this aim in mind he launched a nationwide uprising in fall 1871. But due to his romantic nature, the revolt on the Military Frontier soon turned into a grotesque farce and ended in complete failure within just 96 hours.Because Croats and Poles experienced similar political and historical fates, Polish-language newspapers became increasingly more interested in the course of the revolt. They paid a lot of attention to Kvaternik and his “uprising”. Despite the fact that Eugen Kvaternik died almost 150 years ago, debates on his role and influence in the history of the nation are still vivid in Croatia, not only among historians but also politicians, and journalists still express emotional opinions of him.","PeriodicalId":227603,"journal":{"name":"Sprawy Narodowościowe","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125876252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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