Jan Van Eijgen , Lien Van Winckel , Henner Hanssen , Konstantin Kotliar , Thomas Vanassche , Emeline M Van Craenenbroeck , Véronique Cornelissen , Amaryllis H Van Craenenbroeck , Elisabeth Jones , Ingeborg Stalmans
{"title":"Retinal vessel analysis to assess microvascular function in the healthy eye: A systematic review on the response to acute physiological and pathological stressors","authors":"Jan Van Eijgen , Lien Van Winckel , Henner Hanssen , Konstantin Kotliar , Thomas Vanassche , Emeline M Van Craenenbroeck , Véronique Cornelissen , Amaryllis H Van Craenenbroeck , Elisabeth Jones , Ingeborg Stalmans","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The retina allows noninvasive <em>in vivo</em> assessment of the microcirculation. Autoregulation of the retinal microvasculature meets the changing requirements of local metabolic demand and maintains adequate blood flow. Analysis of the retinal vascular reactivity contributes to the understanding of regulatory physiology and its relationship to the systemic microcirculation. We conducted a literature review on the effect of different acute stimuli onto the retinal vasculature was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search between 1-1–2005 and 17–10–2022 was performed in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library. We report the retinal vascular behavior of healthy individuals in response to both physiological and pathological stressors in 106 included articles. We provide ables of methodological characteristics for each stressor. Hypoxia, hypercapnia, high altitude, flicker light stimulation, rise of core temperature, blood pressure lowering, and the condition immediately after endurance exercise associate with larger retinal vessels. Hyperoxia, hypocapnia, blood pressure rise (Bayliss effect), and the condition during isometric exercise associate with smaller retinal vessels. The retinal vasculature is highly reactive to physiological and pathological stressors. This autoregulatory capacity is hypothesized to be a source of biomarkers for vascular health. Dynamic and static retinal vessel analysis are noninvasive methods to assess this (micro)vascular function. Exploring its diagnostic potential and application into clinical practice requires the development of standardized assessment methods, for which some recommendations are made.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 200-214"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functional diabetic retinopathy: A new concept to improve management of diabetic retinal diseases","authors":"Bhim B. Rai , Ted Maddess , Christopher J. Nolan","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multifocal functional tests are not routinely performed in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) management. We emphasise their importance and coin the term <em>functional diabetic retinopathy (FDR)</em>. We reviewed current guidelines on management of DR/DME, and literature on diabetic retinal neurodegeneration (DRN) and functional deficits in DR/DME. Functional visual loss due to DRN precedes vasculopathy and clinical DR; however, currently the diagnosis and management of DR/DME are based on classical signs of retinal vasculopathy and structural changes shown by funduscopy, fundus photographs, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Furthermore, DME can mask DRN-based retinal layer thinning by OCT and is focussed on the macular region. The only functional test recommended in national and international guidelines on DR/DME is best-corrected visual acuity, a test of foveal function (<1 % of retina). Multifocal functional tests can objectively characterize both foveal and extrafoveal, localized and global, function. Current recommendations for DR/DME screening are inadequate to detect FDR affecting the greater retina. Early detection of FDR using multifocal functional tests could bring DR/DME management strategies forward enabling prevention of the later stage vision-threatening complications. After all, the end point of patient care is functional outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 232-240"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142710821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamad Issa , Georges Sukkarieh , Mathias Gallardo , Ilias Sarbout , Sophie Bonnin , Ramin Tadayoni , Dan Milea
{"title":"Applications of artificial intelligence to inherited retinal diseases: A systematic review","authors":"Mohamad Issa , Georges Sukkarieh , Mathias Gallardo , Ilias Sarbout , Sophie Bonnin , Ramin Tadayoni , Dan Milea","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial intelligence(AI)-based methods have been extensively used for the detection and management of various common retinal conditions, but their targeted development for inherited retinal diseases (IRD) is still nascent. In the context of limited availability of retinal subspecialists, genetic testing and genetic counseling, there is a high need for accurate and accessible diagnostic methods. The currently available AI studies, aiming for detection, classification, and prediction of IRD, remain mainly retrospective and include relatively limited numbers of patients due to their scarcity. We summarize the latest findings and clinical implications of machine-learning algorithms in IRD, highlighting the achievements and challenges of AI to assist ophthalmologists in their clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 255-264"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Presumed phototoxicity from macular vital staining with Brilliant Blue G and Trypan Blue: A post-market surveillance study, systematic review, and synthesis of the literature","authors":"James E. Neffendorf , Timothy L. Jackson","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vital dyes are used to help visualize the retinal surface during macular surgery; however, they have been associated with phototoxicity. We synthesize and collate post-market surveillance data in two of the most commonly used dyes, Brilliant Blue G and Trypan Blue. We identified 69 cases, 59 of which were from the literature and 10 from manufacturer post-market surveillance. Of 69 vitrectomies, 39 were for macular hole, 24 for epiretinal membrane, 2 for vitreomacular traction, and 4 were not specified. The incidence of dye-mediated phototoxicity is likely rare, but is not possible to quantify, due to potential reporting and publication bias favouring dissemination of unusual safety events, but conversely underreporting is possible. Additionally, phototoxicity was reported prior to the introduction of vital stains, so it can be difficult to establish whether vital staining was contributory. Prolonged surgery and repeat staining were identified as risk factors. Characteristic clinical features were macular pigmentary change with hypo- and hyper-autofluoresence, often sparing the fovea. Final visual acuity tended to be worse than preoperatively, with some cases reduced to counting fingers. A reporting template is provided to encourage complete and standardised toxicity reporting and help build a robust evidence base.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 339-351"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiou Lei , Yani Wang , Siao Tang , Jiaqi Yang , Dongwei Lai , Qinghua Qiu
{"title":"The adaptive immune system in the retina of diabetics","authors":"Yiou Lei , Yani Wang , Siao Tang , Jiaqi Yang , Dongwei Lai , Qinghua Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increases each year, its most common microvascular complication, diabetic retinopathy (DR), is also on the rise. DR is now regarded as an inflammatory disease in which innate immunity plays a crucial role, and a large number of innate immune cells with associated cytokines are involved in the pathologic process of DR. The role of adaptive immunity in DR is seldom mentioned, probably due to the general perception of the immune privileged environment of the retina; however, in recent years there has been a gradual increase in research on the role of adaptive immunity in DR, and with the discovery of the retinal lymphatic system, it seems that the role of adaptive immunity can no longer be ignored. Here, we discuss the immunosuppressive environment of the retina, the phenomenon and potential mechanisms of lymphocyte infiltration in DR, and the role of the adaptive immune system in the diabetic retina, which may point the way for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 241-254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saeed Vaheb , Mohammad Yazdan Panah , Vahid Shaygannejad , Aram Zabeti , Omid Mirmosayyeb
{"title":"Uveitis among people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Saeed Vaheb , Mohammad Yazdan Panah , Vahid Shaygannejad , Aram Zabeti , Omid Mirmosayyeb","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) encounter numerous ocular complications, including uveitis. MS-related uveitis is linked to diverse complications, encompassing cataracts, cystoid macular edema, band keratopathy, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinoschisis, vitreous hemorrhage, and occlusive vasculitis. The relationship between uveitis and MS is firmly established, but various prevalence rates have been reported. Hence, we aimed to determine the overall prevalence of uveitis and its different types among pwMS.</div><div>The systematic search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science to identify studies published between January 1, 1990, and November 11, 2023. The meta-analysis was performed using R software version 4.3.3 with a random-effect model to calculate the pooled prevalence with a 95 % confidence interval (CI) of uveitis among pwMS.</div><div>From a total of 2520 studies reviewed, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 54,402 pwMS. Of whom, 72 % were female, and the mean (standard deviation) age was 43.5 (12.1) years. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of uveitis among pwMS was 1.1 % (95 % CI: 0.6–1.7 %, I<sup>2</sup>=95 %, <em>p</em>-heterogeneity<0.01). Moreover, among various uveitis types, intermediate uveitis exhibited the highest prevalence of 0.6 % (95 % CI: 0.2–1.0 %, I<sup>2</sup> = 87 %, <em>p</em>-heterogeneity < 0.01) in pwMS.</div><div>We determined that the prevalence of uveitis among pwMS is 1.1 %. Among different uveitis types, intermediate uveitis stands out as the most prevalent in pwMS. Diagnosing uveitis in pwMS within clinics by specialists is imperative.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 331-338"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Si Jin Vanessa Lee , Ying Qi Goh , William Rojas-Carabali , Carlos Cifuentes-González , Carol Y. Cheung , Atul Arora , Alejandra de-la-Torre , Vishali Gupta , Rupesh Agrawal
{"title":"Association between retinal vessels caliber and systemic health: A comprehensive review","authors":"Si Jin Vanessa Lee , Ying Qi Goh , William Rojas-Carabali , Carlos Cifuentes-González , Carol Y. Cheung , Atul Arora , Alejandra de-la-Torre , Vishali Gupta , Rupesh Agrawal","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unique nature of the retinal microvasculature that permits non-invasive visualization has garnered interest as a potential method for detecting microvascular alterations indicative of systemic diseases. This concept, supported by advancements in imaging technologies, has been increasingly validated by studies linking retinal microvasculature with systemic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease. Structural changes in the retinal microvasculature are associated with cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic diseases, and are significant predictors of systemic hypertensive damage and mortality. Given that most systemic diseases present life-long burdens and complications if undetected or untreated, the development of diagnostic tools like retinal vascular imaging becomes important for early detection, monitoring of disease progression, and facilitating timely interventions. Technological advancements have enabled objective and accurate quantification of retinal microvascular characteristics. We consolidate current literature on retinal vascular changes across various systemic health conditions, including metabolic diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, pregnancy complications, systemic inflammatory conditions, leukemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and COVID-19. We also emphasizes the need for dynamic parameters, an understanding of 3-dimensional vascular architecture, and larger-scale longitudinal studies to elucidate the temporal relationship between retinal vascular changes and systemic diseases, helping shape future diagnostic and monitoring approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 184-199"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ikhwanuliman Putera , Rina La Distia Nora , Arlin Chyntia Dewi , Ditta Shabrina Suhada , Carlos Cifuentes-González , William Rojas-Carabali , Gazal Patnaik , Germán Mejia-Salgado , Ratna Sitompul , Lukman Edwar , Made Susiyanti , Yulia Aziza , Jyotirmay Biswas , Vishali Gupta , Alejandra de-la-Torre , Rupesh Agrawal
{"title":"Antiviral therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Ikhwanuliman Putera , Rina La Distia Nora , Arlin Chyntia Dewi , Ditta Shabrina Suhada , Carlos Cifuentes-González , William Rojas-Carabali , Gazal Patnaik , Germán Mejia-Salgado , Ratna Sitompul , Lukman Edwar , Made Susiyanti , Yulia Aziza , Jyotirmay Biswas , Vishali Gupta , Alejandra de-la-Torre , Rupesh Agrawal","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is a significant cause of blindness in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are no established guidelines for its treatment, resulting in varied antiviral approaches. We pooled data from 59 studies (4501 patients) to evaluate treatment variations and outcomes (CRD42022321088). Overall pooled estimates showed visual acuity improvement at 18 % (95 % CI: 7–41 %), inflammation resolution at 90 % (95 % CI: 81–95 %), retinal detachment at 11 % (95 % CI: 8–14 %), and recurrence at 19 % (95 % CI: 11–31 %). The main antiviral treatment approaches identified were: (1) intravenous antivirals alone in 33 studies, (2) intravitreal antivirals alone in 26 studies, (3) oral antivirals alone in 3 studies, and (4) a combination of systemic (oral or intravenous[IV]) and intravitreal antivirals in 7 studies, with varying schemes and durations. Ganciclovir was the predominant antiviral, with intravenous administration being the most reported (in 23 studies), followed by intravitreal administration (in 20 studies). While visual acuity improvement was comparable, inflammation resolution tended to be higher with intravitreal than with IV antivirals, though not statistically significant (88 %, 95 % CI: 69–96 % vs 75 %, 95 % CI: 35–94 %, p = 0.38). Retinitis progression rate for IV ganciclovir was lower than for those without ganciclovir. Inflammation recurrence was significantly lower in antiretroviral (ART)-treated compared to non-ART-treated HIV/AIDS patients (10 % (95 % CI: 4–20 %) vs 33 % (95 % CI: 19–50 %), p < 0.01). Neutropenia, particularly with ganciclovir, was the most reported adverse effect (up to 50 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 215-231"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clara Rizzo, Maria Cristina Savastano, Raphael Kilian, Giorgio Marchini, Stanislao Rizzo
{"title":"Structural en face optical coherence tomography in neovascular and nonneovascularage-related macular degeneration: Use and utility in clinical practice.","authors":"Clara Rizzo, Maria Cristina Savastano, Raphael Kilian, Giorgio Marchini, Stanislao Rizzo","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Structural en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an innovative imaging technology that has recently attracted interest because of its potential for assessing AMD features. We conducted a comprehensive review of its application in AMD. In neovascular AMD, structural en face OCT can detect exudative activity, monitor the neovascularization area, study the choroid in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and visualize neovascular membranes in pigment epithelial detachments. Moreover, in nonneovascular AMD, this study provides details on geographic atrophy and drusen, the identification of intraretinal retinal pigment epithelium migration, and the detection of different patterns of outer retinal tubulations. Our study revealed that structural en face OCT can provide relevant information on patients with AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tariq Bhatti , Darron H. Fors , Irma Muminovic , Shira L. Robbins
{"title":"Heavy duty","authors":"M. Tariq Bhatti , Darron H. Fors , Irma Muminovic , Shira L. Robbins","doi":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 54-year-old woman with myopia, hypothyroidism, and asthma presented with intermittent double vision. Serum was positive for anti-low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) antibodies suggesting the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. There was no improvement with pyridostigmine, prednisone, or azathioprine. Over time her double vision became constant, and she was noted to have mild limitation of abduction in both eyes with an esotropia, left hypotropia, and excyclotorsion. Magnetic resonance imaging showed nasal displacement of the superior rectus and inferior rectus muscles, inferior displacement of the lateral rectus muscles and superotemporal globe prolapse consistent with heavy eye syndrome (HES). The differential diagnosis, clinical and radiological manifestations of HES are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22102,"journal":{"name":"Survey of ophthalmology","volume":"70 2","pages":"Pages 352-355"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}