Surface & Coatings Technology最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing ion-assisted deposition: Passivation behavior of Y₂O₃ and YAG thin films in plasma environments","authors":"Duy Thanh Cu ,&nbsp;Meng-Fu Chi ,&nbsp;Guo-Yang Ciou ,&nbsp;Kuan-Wei Lu ,&nbsp;Meng-Chi Li ,&nbsp;Chien-Cheng Kuo","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The semiconductor manufacturing equipment market is essentially driven by the need for high-quality corrosion-resistant coatings in order to deliver longer durability and better performance. This study explores the formation, growth, and stability of fluorine-enhanced passivation layers on Y₂O₃ and YAG thin films prepared via ion-assisted electron beam evaporation with various ion source voltages (120 V, 140 V, 160 V). This study advances the understanding of Y₂O₃ and YAG materials by examining their different passivation behaviors under CF₄/O₂ plasma etching, highlighting the critical role of ion energy in controlling fluorine incorporation, surface morphology evolution, and the formation of stable passivation layers that enhance plasma resistance. Results show that increasing the ion source voltage in the ion source system creates better fluorine retention in Y₂O₃ particles, generating the smoothest morphology and the thickest passivation layer at 160 V, resulting in better corrosion resistance. In contrast, YAG exhibits the most favorable passivation characteristics at 140 V, where it achieves the lowest roughness, highest fluorine incorporation, and the most uniform passivation layer. Moreover, YAG films exhibit better passivation characteristics, and the long-term stability test (up to 6 h) shows the dynamic protection mechanism, with a continuously growing passivation layer (44.51 nm to 54.70 nm) and a maintained smooth surface. On the other hand, although the Y₂O₃ films also form a passivation layer, the protective nature of this layer is essentially undermined by the crystalline nature of the films. This results in a less stable and effective barrier than the dense, uniform layer formed on the amorphous YAG, which leads to poor long-term plasma resistance. Moreover, XPS analysis confirmed the formation of a dense, fluorine-rich passivation layer on both materials, indicated by the significant suppression of the underlying Y and Al signals after plasma exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132744"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sunlight-activated spinel CuFeMnO₄/carnauba wax composite: Synergistic photothermal-superhydrophobic coating for anti-icing and ultrafast deicing","authors":"Miaohua Zhou ,&nbsp;Le He ,&nbsp;Yingzhi Chen ,&nbsp;Yuanhong Zhong ,&nbsp;Linjia Huang ,&nbsp;Ming Sun ,&nbsp;Lin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice crystal accumulation threatens the safety of power, aerospace, and transportation infrastructure, driving the need for advanced anti-icing strategies due to the limitations of conventional deicing methods. A photothermal-superhydrophobic bifunctional composite coating was developed by integrating spinel CuFeMnO₄ with bio-based carnauba wax (<em>i.e.</em>, CFMO/CW). It exhibits efficient light absorption, achieving over 96.7% absorption across a broad spectral range of 250–2500 nm. The coating achieves stable Cassie-Baxter non-wetting behavior, characterized by a water contact angle (WCA) of 155.0° ± 0.9° and a sliding angle (SA) of 3.2° ± 0.2°. Additionally, it demonstrates a significant 486-fold delay in ice nucleation under conditions of −15 °C, lasting 47,689 s, compared with the bare aluminum (Al) plate (98 s). Under 1-sun irradiation, the coating's surface temperature rises by 65.6 ± 0.9 °C within 600 s, enabling it to melt 4 mm of ice within 120 s for rapid deicing. Additionally, the coating significantly inhibits frost formation by evaporating water droplets at 0.2-sun intensity. The CFMO/CW coating demonstrates excellent environmental durability and mechanical robustness, effectively resisting corrosion from strong acids and bases (pH = 1–13), and 3.5 <em>wt</em>% saline solutions. Even after 60 cm of sandpaper abrasion and 10 cycles of tape peeling, it retains its superhydrophobic surface and low sliding angle. This synergistic system integrates energy-efficient photothermal conversion with passive icephobicity, offering a sustainable and effective alternative to traditional deicing methods for applications in extreme environments, such as power infrastructure and aerospace surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132740"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the mechanical properties and wear resistance of plasma-sprayed Fe-based amorphous coatings by using graphite-partially-coated powders","authors":"Yu He ,&nbsp;Qing Tang ,&nbsp;Ke-Hui Shen ,&nbsp;Jia Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiang-Yang Shao ,&nbsp;Ya-Zhe Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For plasma-sprayed Fe-based amorphous coatings, the predominant factor contributing to their wear failure is the weak inter-splat bonding. Consequently, enhancing the intersplat bonding and reducing the friction are imperative to resolve this issue. In this study, graphite-partially-coated powders were utilized to prepare Fe-based amorphous coatings. The effects of graphite-partially-coated powders on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the coatings were experimentally and numerically investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the graphite-partially-coated powders enhance the amorphous content of the coating. The graphite within the coating shows an intermittent strip-shaped distribution at the inter-splat interfaces. With the increasing graphite coating ratio, there is a substantial enhancement in the mechanical properties of the coating. Concurrently, there is a notable reduction in the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. Additionally, the coating wear caused by delamination and oxidation is effectively mitigated. The simulation results demonstrate that the graphite significantly increases the temperature of Fe-based amorphous particles. The findings suggest that the utilization of graphite-partially-coated Fe-based amorphous powders can enhance the bonding quality between splats and reduce the friction, thereby enhancing the wear resistance of the coating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132739"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining anodising and anaphoresis to enhance the chemical protection of Al alloys","authors":"M.Belen García-Blanco ,&nbsp;Maddalen Puyadena ,&nbsp;Nicolás Ramos ,&nbsp;Elixabete Espinosa ,&nbsp;Alba Arias ,&nbsp;Hans Jürgen Grande ,&nbsp;Janet Hope ,&nbsp;Peter Hope ,&nbsp;Amaya Garcia-Casas","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum alloys are promising alternatives to stainless steel in industrial applications due to their superior thermal conductivity and low weight. However, their use in the Food and Beverage industry requires effective surface treatments to withstand aggressive cleaning agents. This study evaluates the chemical resistance of polyurethane anaphoretic e-coatings on AA6082 alloy, examining the influence of curing temperature and the application of a prior anodic layer. Chemical resistance was assessed through immersion tests based on the Ecolab standard and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that e-coatings cured at 180 °C exhibit superior barrier properties compared to those cured at standard conditions (120 °C) due to higher crosslinked network. Additionally, a thin anodic layer enhances the overall chemical protection by preventing e-coating swelling, as it limits reactions at the metal/coating interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132737"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screw-dominated mixed dislocation arrays promote spiral growth in LPCVD TiAlN coatings","authors":"Jun Qu ,&nbsp;Shequan Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Lai ,&nbsp;Jie Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Ye ,&nbsp;Xinfu Gu ,&nbsp;Zhiyang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TiAlN coatings with self-assembled nanolamellar structures, synthesized via low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), represent a leading material system for high-performance cutting tools. While their layered architecture has been explored extensively, the nature and evolution of associated crystal defects—particularly dislocations—remain insufficiently understood. In this work, dislocation morphologies within 〈111〉-textured columnar TiAlN grains were systematically investigated using multi-scale electron microscopy on cross-sectional and plane-view TEM specimens prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) milling. High-density (∼10¹⁵ m⁻²) dislocation arrays, nearly perpendicular to the lamellae, were consistently observed and exhibited symmetric feather-like contrast in the cross-sectional samples. These long (∼200 nm), straight dislocations were identified as mixed full dislocations with Burgers vectors of b = ½ 〈110〉. Originating from three-fold pyramidal ridges, these dislocations propagate through grains along directions closely aligned with their Burgers vectors, indicating a dominant screw component. This was further validated by spiral features revealed through atomic resolution HAADF imaging. These findings support a dislocation-assisted growth mechanism, in which the screw components act as persistent atomic step sources that facilitate vertical grain growth along three 〈001〉 directions, thereby reinforcing the observed 〈111〉 texture. This dislocation-mediated growth mechanism provides new insights into the defect-microstructure interplay in LPCVD TiAlN coatings and offers guidance for the microstructural design of high-performance CVD coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132736"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of post-annealing treatment on the tribological and electrochemical properties of (Ti,Al,Cr,Si,Zr)N coated steels","authors":"Erfan Lotfi-khojasteh ,&nbsp;Hassan Elmkhah ,&nbsp;Meisam Nouri ,&nbsp;Masoud Atapour ,&nbsp;Naiming Lin ,&nbsp;Paul Heinz Mayrhofer","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A non-equimolar compositionally complex nitride coating of (Ti,Al,Cr,Si,Zr)N was deposited on 304 stainless steel using arc evaporation of Ti₈₀Si₂₀, Al₇₀Cr₃₀, and Zr cathodes. Both the as-deposited and annealed coatings exhibit a face centered cubic nanocrystalline structure, as confirmed by detailed structural analyses. Annealing at 800 °C in ambient atmosphere caused the formation of a dense oxide layer containing SiO₂ and TiO₂ leading to a decrease in hardness H from 22.0 ± 5.9 to 16.9 ± 2.7 GPa and reduced modulus E from 232 ± 37 to 207 ± 21 GPa. Although this results in lower H/E and H³/E² ratios, the annealed sample allows for a 31 % lower wear rate (7.50 × 10⁻¹³ m³/Nm).</div><div>In 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the annealed specimen showed a significant improved corrosion resistance with an I_corr value of 1.96 × 10⁻⁹ A·cm⁻², being 11.2 times lower than that of the as-deposited sample. Conversely, in 0.1 M H₂SO₄, the as-deposited coating exhibits a fourfold lower I_corr (3.30 × 10⁻⁸ A·cm⁻²) compared to the annealed one. The corrosion performance of these coatings is governed by the formation and stability of protective oxide layers, their wetting behavior, and the presence of microstructural defects—such as pin-holes or fast diffusion pathways—which, if not minimized or sufficiently dense, can facilitate the transport of corrosive species to the less corrosion-resistant substrate and accelerate degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132738"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe3O4/carbon black superhydrophbic coating exhibiting photothermal and efficient solar-assisted deicing properties","authors":"Chenyu Jia ,&nbsp;Jinpeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Yaofeng Chen ,&nbsp;Kaijun Yang ,&nbsp;Jilin He","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to conventional hydrophobic coatings, photothermal superhydrophobic coatings improve deicing by converting sunlight to heat, while face implementation barriers including dependence on costly nanomaterials, multi-step refined fabrication, and the potential environmental problems caused by common fluorinated hydrophobic agents. This work presents a fluorine-free, eco-friendly alternative fabricated using commercially available carbon black and low-cost Fe₃O₄ applied via simple air-spraying. This coating utilizes micron-sized Fe₃O₄ as the base material and nano-sized Carbon Black to form a nanotextured villous structure, establishing a stable micro-nano hierarchical architecture that enhances hydrophobicity. It achieves a water contact angle of 158.6° and a sliding angle of 4°. Under low-temperature conditions (−15 °C), the coating exhibits a delayed freezing time of 756 s. Furthermore, due to the porous micro-nano structure capturing light by promoting multiple reflections, coupled with the inherent photothermal synergy between Fe₃O₄ and carbon black, under 1 kW/m² irradiation, the coating not only reaches 56.5 °C within 300 s but also achieves complete large-scale deicing within 713 s. Crucially, the nanoparticles form interconnected bridges, maintaining robust mechanical properties while creating numerous air cavities that can hold water droplets, ensuring that the coating remains superhydrophobic even after immersion in acidic or alkaline solutions and sandpaper wear. This combination of superior surface properties, outstanding photothermal conversion, and excellent environmental and mechanical stability highlights its significant potential for anti-icing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132735"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser cladding of diamond reinforced composite coatings on the rotary tiller blade with complex curved surface: Cladding paths and residual stress","authors":"Taitong Jin ,&nbsp;Yasong Shi ,&nbsp;Jiawei Ding ,&nbsp;Yong Wang ,&nbsp;Songhao Hu ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingbo Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser cladding (LC) exhibits great potential in reinforcing soil-engaging parts of tillage machinery. However, for typical soil-engaging parts with complex curved surfaces like the rotary tiller blade, it is imperative to address discontinuity and residual stress of the coatings-key issues caused by improper cladding paths and curvature-induced uneven distribution of laser energy, which limit the performance of LC coatings. In the presented study, Ni60-diamond composite coatings were fabricated on the rotary tiller blades with complex curved surface by LC. Based on the relationship between LC parameters, microstructures and properties, the Ni60-diamond composite coating with good LC formability, non-graphitization of diamond, strong abrasive retention force and high wear resistance were obtained by the LC parameters of <em>P</em> = 1000 W, <em>v</em> = 10 mm/s. Then, by establishing the high-precision model (error of 0.382 mm) of rotary tiller blade, three cladding paths were designed as 0°, 45° and 90° along the blade edge direction, and the optimized composite coatings were prepared according to the cladding path on the rotary tiller blades. Through simulation and experiments, with the increasing curvature, the residual stress of the coating increased due to the uneven spatial distribution of thermal stress in the laser spot. The residual stress of the coating reached 68.8 MPa at the maximum curvature of 1/25 mm⁻¹, exhibiting through-cracks across the coating. On the other hand, with the increase of number of laser-scanning passes, the residual stress of 45°-and 90°-path coatings increased significantly under the effect of heat accumulation, 25–35 % more than the 0°-path coating. This study not only provides technical basis for preparing wear-resistant coatings on soil-engaging parts, but also proposes a strategy for the reinforcing, repairing and remanufacturing of the complex parts by LC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132734"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Al and Y elements on mechanical properties and LEB resistance of FeCrAl(Y) coatings prepared by HiPIMS","authors":"Jinyang Ni ,&nbsp;Bowen Bai ,&nbsp;Jin Li ,&nbsp;Miao Song ,&nbsp;Heda Bai ,&nbsp;Fanqiang Meng ,&nbsp;Jiajian Shi ,&nbsp;Engang Fu ,&nbsp;Shangkun Shen ,&nbsp;Qiulin Li ,&nbsp;Xuesong Leng ,&nbsp;Zeyun Cai ,&nbsp;Yifan Huang ,&nbsp;Xiangli Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of FeCrAl(Y) coatings deposited using high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), focusing on the effects of Al content and Y addition. The coatings were comprehensively characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) to evaluate their grain structure and elemental distribution. Mechanical performance was assessed through nano-indentation, thermal shock, scratch-adhesion and friction-wear tests, while corrosion and irradiation resistance were investigated by liquid lead‑bismuth eutectic (LBE) exposure and heavy-ion irradiation tests. The results reveal that Y addition plays a crucial role in grain refinement, enhancing irradiation resistance, and promoting the diffusion of alloying elements under LBE exposure, thereby improving the coating's integrity under extreme conditions. Meanwhile, increasing Al content led to a smoother surface morphology (average roughness (R_a) decreasing from 4.5 to 2.6 nm) and higher hardness (rising from 9.1 to 11.2 GPa) due to solid-solution strengthening and grain refinement. However, excessive Al incorporation (&gt;24.4 at.%) introduced brittleness, compromising thermal shock tolerance and wear resistance (decreasing from 6.5 × 10⁻⁶ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁶). A threshold Al content was identified as essential for forming a continuous and protective Al₂O₃ oxide layer, which effectively mitigates LBE infiltration. Coatings with Al content below 6.1 at.% failed to prevent deep LBE penetration, which could result in significant substrate degradation under long-term application. These findings underscore the necessity of optimizing Al content to achieve a balanced trade-off between mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The study provides valuable insights into the development of FeCrAlY coatings for nuclear applications, particularly in next-generation lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) cladding materials, where high-temperature stability, irradiation tolerance, and LBE compatibility are critical.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132733"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spinel coatings produced via oxidation of an AISI 316L-MgO composite","authors":"Mahnaz Mehdizadehlima,&nbsp;Christian Schimpf,&nbsp;Stefan Martin,&nbsp;Olga Fabrichnaya,&nbsp;David Rafaja","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The possibilities of producing protective spinel coatings on the surface of an AISI 316L-MgO composite <em>via</em> high-temperature oxidation at 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C were explored using a combination of structure and microstructure analyses, and thermodynamic calculations. The structure and microstructure of the coatings were analyzed <em>in situ</em> and <em>ex situ</em> using high-temperature and conventional X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray spectroscopy. The <em>ex situ</em> analyses identified the oxidation and reaction products and revealed their spatial distribution within the surface coating. The <em>in situ</em> analyses helped to describe the oxidation and reaction kinetics. It was found that Cr₂O₃, which forms on the surface of oxidized austenite grains, reacts quickly to the MgCr₂O₄ spinel, when it comes in contact with MgO. Longer oxidation times and higher oxidation temperatures facilitate the formation of Fe₂O₃ and MgFe₂O₄, which partially intermix with Cr₂O₃ and MgCr₂O₄. As the spinel phases are formed <em>via</em> interdiffusion and as their molar volume is larger than the molar volume of the original phases (MgO, Cr₂O₃/Fe₂O₃), they overgrow the surface of the MgO grains. This mechanism provides a basis for controlled growth of protective spinel coatings on the surface of the AISI 316L-MgO composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 132723"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}