{"title":"Peptide Coacervates with Cathepsin B-Triggered Intracellular Cargo Release","authors":"Pooja Sharma,Soheil Haddadzadegan,Mahsa Ghafouri,Sushanth Gudlur,Ali Miserez","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c10625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c10625","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the molecular grammar of liquid–liquid phase separation has enabled rational design of peptide coacervates as intracellular therapeutic carriers with tunable viscoelasticity, controlled cargo partitioning, and enhanced cellular uptake. However, sequence-level determinants governing coacervate disassembly remain poorly characterized. Encoding protease-recognition motifs within phase-separating peptides offers controlled, localized catalytic disassembly without requiring global perturbation via macroscopic triggers such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, or redox potential. Yet, enzymatic cleavage of coacervates is spatially biased and constrained by limited enzyme partitioning, restricted substrate accessibility, and altered kinetics relative to the dilute phase. Here, we test whether the lysosomal protease cathepsin B (CatB)─often upregulated in cancer cells─acts on coacervates assembled from phase-separating peptides encoding CatB-recognition motifs to enable intracellular cargo release in cancer cells. Common CatB-recognition motifs (GFLG and EVCit), developed for linker-based delivery systems under dilute conditions, preserved phase separation but exhibited poor CatB-triggered cleavage and cargo release. In contrast, a de novo motif, FRFV, designed from CatB subsite preferences, retained catalytic activity as confirmed by mass spectrometry and enabled protease-triggered cargo release in vitro and in cancer cells. Thus, protease-recognition motifs require reevaluation within dense-phase architectures to enable efficient intracellular cargo release through coacervate disassembly.","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS NanoPub Date : 2026-10-20DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6c11662
Ranhui Liu,Yuansheng Zhao,Shenwu Zhu,Tianyue Fu,Zhiyu Wang,Yuzhe Zhu,Chao Wang,Lianmao Peng,Qianlan Hu
{"title":"Monolithic 3D Stacked Carbon Nanotube/Indium–Tin–Oxide Complementary Transistors for High-Frequency Logic and Sense Amplifier Integration with Memory","authors":"Ranhui Liu,Yuansheng Zhao,Shenwu Zhu,Tianyue Fu,Zhiyu Wang,Yuzhe Zhu,Chao Wang,Lianmao Peng,Qianlan Hu","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c11662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11662","url":null,"abstract":"Complementary field-effect transistors (CFETs) maximize 3D integration density but face two fundamental bottlenecks: the stringent thermal budget of silicon-based sequential stacking and the inherent electrical mismatches in homogeneous material systems. To overcome these challenges, we demonstrate a monolithic 3D-stacked heterogeneous CFET architecture integrating back-end-of-line (BEOL)-compatible p-type carbon nanotube (CNT) and n-type indium–tin–oxide (ITO) channels. Both materials exhibit high carrier mobility and low-temperature process, which simultaneously resolve the bipolar transport disparity and mitigate thermal degradation. Consequently, the resulting CFET inverters exhibit favorable statistical uniformity and symmetric transfer characteristics, enabling the fabrication of versatile logic gates. Besides, a 5-stage ring oscillator (RO) achieves a high frequency of 334 MHz, with a 0.3 ns stage delay, demonstrating potential applications of CFET in high-speed digital circuits. Furthermore, bridging logic and memory, a CFET-based sense amplifier (SA) is integrated with an ITO-based planar capacitorless (2T0C) dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) cell. This hybrid system achieves data write/read operations and signal amplification, providing an architectural platform for next-generation ultradense 3D logic and memory systems.","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In Situ Reaction-Induced Surface Lattice Strengthening of CsxFA1–xPbI3 Perovskite Quantum Dots for Solar Cells with 18.55% Efficiency","authors":"Xingyu Wang, Guoliang Wang, Shuhuai Xiao, Shurui Chi, Linggang Zhu, Zhimei Sun, Xiaoliang Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c13217","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsnano.6c13217","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cesium-formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite quantumdots (Cs<sub><em>x</em></sub>FA<sub>1–<em>x</em></sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> PQDs) exhibit great potential for next-generationphotovoltaics,but the formamidinium (FA<sup>+</sup>) cations at the surface latticeof PQDs suffer from dissociation from the surface lattice due to weakbinding strength, markedly deteriorating the optoelectronic performanceand stability of PQDs. Herein, 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine (2-PyMA) isscreened out to in situ react with the surface FA<sup>+</sup> cation,forming the <em>N</em>-(2-methylpyridine)formamidinium (2-MPyFA<sup>+</sup>) cation. The in situ formed 2-MPyFA<sup>+</sup> cation robustlyanchors on the surface lattice of PQDs as functional ligands, whichsubstantially suppresses the formation of surface lattice vacancies,resulting in PQDs with enhanced optoelectronic performance and stabilitybeing obtained. Additionally, PQDs also exhibit high orientation inPQD solids with enhanced electronic coupling, facilitating chargecarrier transport between adjacent PQDs. Consequently, PQD solar cellsyield an efficiency of up to 18.55%, representing the highest efficiencyfor Cs<sub><em>x</em></sub>FA<sub>1–<em>x</em></sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> PQD solar cells. This study demonstrates valuableinsights into the chemical design principles of surface ligands withexecutable approaches to realizing high-efficiency solar cells orother emerging optoelectronic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"20 41","pages":"27971–27982"},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strain Coupled (110)-Oriented Lithium Anodes for High-Rate and High-Capacity Epitaxial Growth","authors":"Aoxuan Wang, Haoran Li, Zhibin Xu, Hao Chen, Xiaofan Lv, Yumeng Zhao, Dehua Xu, Zhenglin Hu, Qingtao Ma, Xingjiang Liu, Jiayan Luo","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c09189","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsnano.6c09189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lithium metal is considered as the ultimate anode forhigh-energy-densitybatteries, yet its practical realization is thwarted by dendrite proliferationand chemomechanical interfacial instability. While epitaxial growthon crystallographically textured substrates provides a template forordered deposition, sustaining this ordered growth under high capacitiesand current densities remains a formidable kinetic challenge. Herein,we overcome this barrier by engineering an elastic (110)-orientedlithium anode (e-Li (110)) comprising a conductive polymer scaffold.The e-Li (110) integrates preferred (110) crystallographic orientationwith a mechanically coupled strain corresponding to the optimized4% tensile-strain condition. Consequently, this strain-engineeringstrategy enables a capacity of 30 mAh cm<sup>–2</sup> and currentdensity of 25 mA cm<sup>–2</sup> before lithium epitaxial breakdown.5.9 Ah Li || LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>Mn<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NCM811) pouch cells with a high energy density of 509.8Wh kg<sup>–1</sup> show 90% capacity retention after 140 cycles.In sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), e-Li (110) anodeenables stable cycling for over 1600 cycles at a rate of 5 C. By highlightingstrain as a critical parameter, our work provides a strategy for mechano-electrochemicalcoupling in lithium metal anodes for high-rate, high-energy-densitybatteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"20 41","pages":"27762–27773"},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultrathin Protein Films Create Living Catalytic Interfaces on Microbial Cells","authors":"Mindi Ming, Menglin Xiao, Cheng Xu, Gangfeng Tang, Jing Ren, Bianliang Miao, Jinrong Yao, Xin Chen, Zhengzhong Shao, Shengjie Ling","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c12754","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsnano.6c12754","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spatial organization underpins efficient multistep catalysisinnature, yet recreating such organization on living cell surfaces usingmild, enzyme-compatible and catalytically functional materials remainschallenging. Here we report an <span>l</span>-cysteine-triggered silkfibroin/lysozyme ultrathin film (SLF) that assembles directly on livingmicrobial cells as a catalytic surface layer. SLF forms continuousnanoscale coatings on <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>, <em>Gluconobacter oxydans</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> Nissle 1917. Spectroscopic and structuralanalyses show that film formation proceeds through electrostatic complexation,restricted conformational rearrangement, increased hydrophobic exposure,β-sheet-rich ordering and network formation, rather than simpledeposition. The coating maintains cell viability, enhances stresstolerance and provides size-selective permeability for small-moleculetransport. SLF also incorporates exogenous enzymes efficiently duringassembly. As a proof of concept, ω-transaminase-integrated SLFon <em>G. oxydans</em> couples host glyceroloxidation with surface transamination, enabling one-pot conversionof glycerol to serinol with a titer of 2.7 g L<sup>–1</sup> within 12 h, up to 37-fold higher than a stepwise process. Thiswork establishes ultrathin protein films as living catalytic interfacesfor single-cell biocatalyst design and cascade biomanufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"20 41","pages":"27949–27959"},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149151154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Elucidating Polymer–Cathode Interfacial Interactions in Pyrolytic Pretreatment of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Yuanyuan Zhong, He Zhao, Jingtian Zou, Guihui Yu, Pengfei Li, Wanjing Yu, Xiaoming Yuan, Xiaowei Wang, Jiafeng Zhang, Shubin Wang, Ji Liang","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c15783","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsnano.6c15783","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pyrolysishas been widely employed as a pretreatment strategy toremove organic components from spent lithium-ion batteries, whichis traditionally considered to have minimal influence on subsequentmetal recovery. By investigating the synergistic pyrolysis behaviorof organic composites with spent lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide(NCM) cathode materials, it is found that the carbonaceous residuesformed during pyrolysis can significantly impact the microstructureand interfacial chemistry of the cathode material and substantiallyhinder the lithium migration during subsequent low-temperature roastingrecovery. It is demonstrated that the functional groups released fromorganic matter selectively adsorb on the cathode surface under thermalconditions, altering the thermal decomposition pathways of organiccomponents, including poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and the separator,and impeding their complete volatilization. This interfacial interactionbetween PVDF/separator and cathode active materials promotes the activationand release of lattice oxygen, which further interacts with the partiallydecomposed carbonaceous species and forms oxygen-rich carbonaceouscomposites. These migrate into the particle interior and form dense,conformal coatings along the grain boundaries, yielding a physicalbarrier that obstructs lithium diffusion. During sulfur-assisted roastingfor selective lithium extraction from ternary black mass, this interfacialarchitecture significantly suppresses lithium release, reducing extractionefficiencies to below 80%. In this case, enhancing the oxygen partialpressure facilitates complete oxidation of the carbonaceous species,effectively removing interfacial barriers and restoring the lithiumleaching efficiency to 96.88%. This work underscores the criticalinfluence of pyrolytic pretreatment on the efficiency of pyrometallurgicalrecycling and suggests reconsideration of its presumed inertness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"20 41","pages":"27996–28007"},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149151250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS NanoPub Date : 2026-10-20Epub Date: 2026-10-05DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6c12247
Yue Shen, Xinmei Liu, Kui Zhao, Zhongbin Wu
{"title":"In Situ Directional Growth of 2D/3D Perovskite Hetero-Crystals for Highly Sensitive and Stable X-ray Imaging","authors":"Yue Shen, Xinmei Liu, Kui Zhao, Zhongbin Wu","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c12247","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsnano.6c12247","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Theperformance of perovskite X-ray detectors is limited by thestability-sensitivity trade-off. Although 2D/3D heterostructures providea promising route, fabricating single-crystalline interfaces withminimal defects remains challenging. Here, we develop a seed-mediatedin situ directional epitaxy strategy to grow large-area, oriented(PEA)<sub>2</sub>PbBr<sub>4</sub>/MAPbBr<sub>3</sub> heterocrystals(HE-PPB-MPB) with highly sharp interfaces. Soft lattice matching combinedwith a patterned PDMS stamp guides van der Waals epitaxy of a uniform2D layer on 3D perovskite, suppressing interfacial defects and randomnucleation. The heterocrystals show an ultralow trap density of 3.02× 10<sup>9</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup> and anisotropic chargetransport, achieving a mobility-lifetime product of 8.94 × 10<sup>–3</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>–1</sup> and resistivityof 4.58 × 10<sup>9</sup> Ω cm along [100]. Configured asan asymmetric p–i–n photodiode, the detector attainsa high sensitivity of 21,654 μC Gy<sub>air</sub><sup>–1</sup> cm<sup>–2</sup> and an ultralow dark-current drift of 2.28× 10<sup>–4</sup> pA cm<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup> V<sup>–1</sup>─two orders lower than conventional3D devices. It also delivers a low detection limit of 26.7 nGy<sub>air</sub> s<sup>–1</sup>, withstands 0.408 Gy<sub>air</sub> without degradation, and enables high-resolution low-dose X-rayimaging. This work establishes a potentially generalized crystal-growthparadigm for advanced radiation sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"20 41","pages":"27908–27919"},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS NanoPub Date : 2026-10-20Epub Date: 2026-10-05DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6c08965
Paul Lenharth, Yuchuan Yao, Shihao Tu, Pratap Pal, Varun Nitin Mapara, Ruiqi Sun, Wuzhang Fang, Peyton Burden, Tula R. Paudel, Jason Kawasaki, Uwe Bergmann, Hua Zhou, Yuan Ping, Chang-Beom Eom
{"title":"Frozen Epitaxial Strain in Complex Oxide Freestanding Membranes","authors":"Paul Lenharth, Yuchuan Yao, Shihao Tu, Pratap Pal, Varun Nitin Mapara, Ruiqi Sun, Wuzhang Fang, Peyton Burden, Tula R. Paudel, Jason Kawasaki, Uwe Bergmann, Hua Zhou, Yuan Ping, Chang-Beom Eom","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c08965","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsnano.6c08965","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transition metalcomplex oxides exhibit a diverse array of emergentphysical properties engineered through epitaxial strain. However,the interpretation of strain-driven phenomena is often obscured bystructural modifications─particularly under in-plane tension─whichcan trigger unexpected departures from bulk behavior. Here, we reportthe observation of “frozen epitaxial strain” in complexoxide heterostructures, where epitaxial tensile strain induces a unit-cellvolume expansion that remains locked even after complete substraterelease. Using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we quantify this irreversiblestructural response, demonstrating that the lattice fails to recoverits bulk-like dimensions in the freestanding state. X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy and first-principles calculations reveal that this expansionis stabilized by a high density of tensile strain-promoted oxygenvacancies. These findings establish a fundamental link between epitaxialtension, defect chemistry, and structural “memory,”providing critical design rules for the controlled fabrication offunctional freestanding membranes and strain-engineered oxide electronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"20 41","pages":"27728–27737"},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS NanoPub Date : 2026-10-20Epub Date: 2026-10-08DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6c10025
Chenxu Li, Chen Miao, Du Chen, Qianhai Zhou, Chaohuang Chen, Xunheng Jiang, Jie Hou, Wenhao Wu, Kun Yang, Daohui Lin, Lizhong Zhu, Jiang Xu
{"title":"Arsenic Fingerprint and Microbiome Reconstruction of Rhizosphere-Specific Nanophases in Flooded Paddy Soil","authors":"Chenxu Li, Chen Miao, Du Chen, Qianhai Zhou, Chaohuang Chen, Xunheng Jiang, Jie Hou, Wenhao Wu, Kun Yang, Daohui Lin, Lizhong Zhu, Jiang Xu","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.6c10025","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsnano.6c10025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ubiquitous arsenic (As) nanophasesin soils are metastable dueto the size effect and become readily available to rice under floodedconditions, making substantial contributions to the As pool. Here,the chemical characteristics of As nanophases in the rhizosphere asa hotspot for rice-soil-microbe interactions were fingerprinted ata single-particle resolution, revealing their chemical speciationand interactions with soil microbiota. The initial As particle characteristics(speciation and size) governed bioavailability through distinct transformationpathways mediated by particle-specific elemental associations. Specifically,nanoscale As sulfide and ferrihydrite with adsorbed As resulted ingreater rice uptake than their microscale treatments, whereas nanoscalescorodite exhibited a comparable bioavailability. Analyses at theindividual nanoparticle level revealed that 75–90% of As-bearingparticles were associated with other metals regardless of the initialparticle type. Within the As particles associated with Fe, the Fe-to-Asmass ratios ranged from 27 to 41 despite low co-occurrence probabilities(<30%). The redistributions of As, Fe, and associated elements(e.g., Si/Mn/Zr) observed at the individual particle level alignedwith the metabolic capacity of enriched rhizosphere microbiomes todrive biogeochemical cycling. Such microscale interactions might contributeto As transformation and plant resistance. By resolving metastablenanophase behavior at critical soil-plant interfaces, this work providesmechanistic insights into their dynamic speciation and bioavailabilityduring key agricultural phases, advancing predictive frameworks forAs mobility in agroecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21,"journal":{"name":"ACS Nano","volume":"20 41","pages":"27795–27806"},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149151215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}