steel research international最新文献

{"title":"Strain Rate Sensitivity of Low-Temperature Superplastic Heterogeneous Medium-Mn Steel Fabricated by a Novel High-Ratio Differential Speed Rolling","authors":"Haijun Pan,&nbsp;Zheng Wang,&nbsp;Shunhu Zhang,&nbsp;Ze Sun,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Wu,&nbsp;Wenhao Zhou,&nbsp;Lin Liu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400511","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000In the present article, insights into the high-temperature deformation behavior of medium-Mn steel (MMS), which is prepared via high-ratio differential speed rolling (HRDSR), are provided. Moreover, through innovative bidirectional jump experiments, variations in the strain rate sensitivity index m under various conditions are obtained. In the research findings, it is indicated that an increase in strain rate (SR) leads to a hardening of the alloy. During high-temperature deformation, the value of m decreases with the increase in SR, but the rate of decrease gradually slows down. Furthermore, the higher the temperature (T), the greater the impact of changes in SR on m. In addition, the change in deformation mechanism during deformation leads to microstructural changes, and under the main deformation mechanism of grain-boundary sliding, m generally increases with strain. Interestingly, at a T of 760 °C, the material exhibits a strong texture with high orientation, resulting in larger m values and superior superplasticity (≈691%). This study not only enriches the research content of HRDSR but also has significant implications for the superplasticity research of MMS. Moreover, a reference is provided for the research of other superplastic materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Novel 1 GPa Low-Carbon, Low-Alloyed Steel Produced with Simulated and Laboratory-Scale Thermomechanical Controlled Processes","authors":"Olli Nousiainen,&nbsp;Jaakko Hannula,&nbsp;Sami Saukko,&nbsp;Antti Kaijalainen,&nbsp;Jukka Kömi","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400481","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A laboratory-scale hot-rolled Ti–Mo–V–Nb steel with 1 GPa tensile strength is produced, and its microstructure and tensile properties are characterized using advanced analysis techniques and uniaxial tensile testing. A Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator is used to determine a process window for the thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP) procedure. Although the simulated TMCP specimens are fully ferritic at coiling temperatures (CT) of 590 and 630 °C, the bainitic and mixed (bainitic + ferritic) microstructure is formed in the hot-rolled steels. The variation in the microstructure causes variations in the dislocation density through the sheet thickness, which significantly reduces the steel's ductility properties, whereas a 16% elongation is achieved with the fully bainitic microstructure. Another significant difference between the simulated TMCP and hot-rolled specimens is the precipitation behavior. No nanosized interphase-precipitated (IP) carbides are formed in the hot-rolled steel during the austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation, although the formation of the nanosized spherical IPs is observed within the polygonal ferrite grains of the simulated TMCP specimens at the CT of 630 °C. Relatively coarse (5–20 nm) spherical (V,Mo,Ti,Nb)C carbides do not strongly affect the tensile properties of the hot-rolled Ti–Mo–V–Nb steel. The results show that the dislocation and grain boundary strengthening mainly contribute to the strength properties of this steel.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202400481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Reeled X65 Pipeline Steel during Cyclic Plastic Deformation and Natural Aging","authors":"Qianlin Wu,&nbsp;Jialu Ge,&nbsp;Ping Hu,&nbsp;Zhonghua Zhang,&nbsp;Chunhua Fan,&nbsp;Ning Zhong","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400719","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The reel laying is recognized as a cost-effective installation process for offshore pipelines. However, the mechanical properties are modified due to plastic deformation during the reel laying and lowering process of reeled pipelines and the subsequent natural aging in service. Cyclic plastic deformation (CPD) is conducted on X65 pipeline steel to simulate the strain experienced in the reel-laying and lowering process, and then, the CPD specimen is aged at 250 °C to simulate natural aging in service. The dislocation configurations gradually evolve from dislocation lines and tangles into dislocation walls and cells due to the increase in strain level. After CPD and aging, the tensile strength increases by about 25 MPa, which is not significantly affected by the last introduced load direction and strain level. At the end of compressive loading, the yield strength and yield ratio decrease, but the uniform elongation increases significantly. In contrast, at the end of tensile loading, the yield strength and yield ratio increase, but the uniform elongation decreases slightly. The yield strength further increases as the strain level increases from 2 to 3%. Therefore, CPD and aging modify the mechanical properties of X65, considerably depending on the last introduced load direction and strain level.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Stages of High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior and Its Phase Evolution of 9% Ni Steel","authors":"Liu Mingqi,&nbsp;Dong Fujun,&nbsp;Wan Yong,&nbsp;Cao Ruihong,&nbsp;Wen Yonghong,&nbsp;Sun Lefei,&nbsp;Lv Jiping,&nbsp;Tian Lijie","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400706","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Herein, the effects of oxygen partial pressure (5–20%) and oxidation time (0.5–6 h) on the growth behavior and phase structure of 9% Ni steel oxide layer are studied by means of high-temperature oxidation experiment, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the inner and outer oxide layers of 9% Ni steel grow opposite to each other along the initial surface direction of the vertical matrix during the high-temperature oxidation process. From the perspective of the phase, the phase transition of Fe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;→Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;→FeO mainly undergoes from the outside and the inside, the results of thermodynamic calculations show that &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;Δ&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;G&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;Fe&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$left(Deltaright)_{r} G_{m} left(right. left(text{Fe}right)_{2} left(text{O}right)_{3} left.right)$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;Δ&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;G&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;Fe&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$left(Deltaright)_{r} G_{m} left(right. left(text{Fe}right)_{3} left(text{O}right)_{4} left.right)$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;Δ&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;G&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Rolling Process Parameters on Transverse Cracks on the Surface of Q345 Steel","authors":"Mo Chaoqun,&nbsp;Wang Bo,&nbsp;Wang Le,&nbsp;Wu Hongjie,&nbsp;Sun Ligen,&nbsp;Zhu Liguang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400577","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the evolutionary behavior of transverse surface cracks in Q345 steel during the hot-rolling process under various rolling conditions. “V”-shaped cracks are prefabricated on the billet surface for laboratory hot-rolling tests, and a corresponding rolling model is developed to validate its accuracy. The slab rolling model is established based on actual onsite rolling process parameters. The aim is to analyze the effects of different rolling conditions on the surface crack morphology and aspect ratio. The results indicate that variations in roll diameter (1400, 1300, and 1200 mm) influence crack propagation, with cracks unfolding earlier when the roll diameter is 1400 mm. At varying initial rolling temperatures (1300, 1200, and 1100 °C), cracks begin to unfold earlier at the highest temperature of 1300 °C. When examining different friction coefficients (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6), cracks unfold earlier at the highest coefficient of 0.6. Similarly, at different rolling speeds (3, 4, and 5 m s⁻¹), cracks unfolded earlier at the highest speed of 5 m s⁻¹. Analysis of changes in crack depth and aspect ratio during rolling shows that the initial few passes have a greater influence on crack depth and unfolding. In the later stages of rolling, cracks continue to unfold, though the depth shows minimal variation, and the aspect ratio tends to approach zero.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Dissolution Behavior of AlN in CaO–Al2O3–MgO Refining Slag and CaO–Al2O3–F–Li2O–BaO Mold Flux","authors":"Jinlong Wang,&nbsp;Zhengliang Xue,&nbsp;Shengqiang Song","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400583","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000Low-density steels have garnered widespread attention as novel lightweight materials. Owing to its high Mn and Al content, brittle AlN inclusions, detrimental to both steelmaking and steel properties, can precipitate directly from the molten steel. Employing slag absorption effectively removes these floating AlN inclusions from the molten steel. Herein, a series of analytical methods are utilized to investigate the dissolution behavior of AlN in CaO–Al₂O₃–MgO refining slag and CaO–Al₂O₃–F–Li₂O–BaO mold flux. The results indicate that the initial dissolution temperatures of AlN in the slag and mold flux are 1361 and 1080 °C, respectively. The dissolution in the refining slag is attributed to the high-temperature self-decomposition of AlN, producing N_2(g). In the mold flux, the dissolution reaction involves both the high-temperature self-decomposition of AlN and its reaction with Li₂O in mold flux, generating N_2(g) and Li_(g). No reaction interface is observed at the AlN-slag/mold flux boundary. As the dissolution mass of AlN in the slag/mold flux increases, the Al₂O₃ content in the slag/mold flux rises. The main phases in slag transition from Ca₉(Al₆O₁₈) to Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ and Ca₃Al₂O₆. In the mold flux, the LiBaF₃ phase disappears, and the 11CaO·7Al₂O₃·CaF₂ phase, which can degrade the flux's physicochemical properties, becomes the dominant phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of Pulverized Coal Combustion in Blast Furnace Tuyere","authors":"Huan Liu,&nbsp;Dawei Lan,&nbsp;Alberto N. Conejo,&nbsp;Jianliang Zhang,&nbsp;Zhenyang Wang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coal injection is an important way to reduce the coke ratio in the blast furnace. The combustion of pulverized coal in tuyere and raceway directly affects the production efficiency of smelting. Based on the design and production data of a 2000 m³ blast furnace, a three-dimensional mathematical model of pulverized coal combustion in tuyere and raceway is established. The lower part of the blast furnace consisting of blowpipe-coal lance-tuyere-raceway and coke bed is numerically simulated to study the influence of blast rate and oxygen on pulverized coal combustion under a certain coal injection ratio and a certain coal particle size distribution. The simulation results show that the pulverized coal burnout decreases from 69.2% to 67.4% when the blast velocity is increased by 20 m s⁻¹, and the oxygen content increases from 23% to 27%, which can improve the pulverized coal burnout and increase the temperature in the raceway. A new direction is proposed to increase the pulverized coal burnout by optimizing the particle size selection and increasing the injection ratio of small particle size below 50 μm. The research provides theoretical and data support for increasing pulverized coal burnout.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Desulfurization Behavior of Magnetite Pellets Reduced by Isothermal Pure Hydrogen","authors":"Shuai Tong,&nbsp;Liqun Ai,&nbsp;Lukuo Hong,&nbsp;Meijie Zhou,&nbsp;Jiansong Chen","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400698","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000The desulfurization behavior of magnetite pellets reduced by pure hydrogen at isothermal temperature is studied, the mechanism of self-oxidation desulfurization is put forward, and the thermodynamic theoretical calculation and experimental verification of this mechanism are carried out. The feasibility of the reaction between iron sulfide and Fe₃O₄ is analyzed by HSC Chemistry 6.0 software. Additionally, a thermal gravimetric analyzer is used to further study the thermal behavior of pellet material under Ar atmosphere from 400 to 1400 K. The results show that the removal of sulfur in the isothermal reduction process of pure hydrogen does not depend on hydrogen phase diffusion and reduction temperature. During the heating process, self-oxidation desulfurization occurs in the system, and the self-desulfurization reaction is more inclined to Fe₃O₄ + Fe_<i>x</i>S_<i>y</i> → FeS + SO₂. Under the experimental conditions, the temperature range of self-oxidation desulfurization under conventional thermal field and microwave field is 700–1100 and 370–1140 K, respectively, and the desulfurization rate is 92.9% and 95.8%, respectively. The key to improving desulfurization by microwave radiation is that iron sulfide has good wave-absorbing characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different Austenitizing Times on the Microstructure and Properties of Cr-Ni-Mo-V Series High-Strength Steels","authors":"Liu Zhang,&nbsp;Shumeng Lu,&nbsp;Qian Cheng,&nbsp;Shanju Zheng,&nbsp;Mengnie Li,&nbsp;Zhongdong Xu,&nbsp;Yuanlong Xi","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400731","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000Herein, the effects of varying austenitizing times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr-Ni-Mo-V series high-strength steel are investigated, discussing the mechanisms that enhance strength and toughness. By controlling the austenitizing duration, the microstructure during subsequent heat treatments is improved, leading to enhanced overall mechanical properties. The experimental steel undergoes treatments at different austenitizing times, and the microstructure is characterized using optical microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties are assessed through tensile testing, impact testing, and microhardness measurements. The results indicate that, when comparing an austenitizing time of 1 to 1 h and 15 min, the ultimate tensile strength decreases by 10%, microhardness reduces by 78.2 HV, elongation increases by 1.39 times, and toughness improves by 80%. The enhancement in toughness is primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of tempered martensite and bainite within the microstructure. Fracture morphology analysis reveals that variations in austenitizing time affect carbide distribution, accelerate carbide dissolution, decrease the crack growth zone, and enhance toughness. This study provides valuable insights for designing Cr-Ni-Mo-V series high-strength steels with optimal strength-toughness synergies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow, Heat-Transfer, and Mixing Behaviors of Scrap Steel in a Refining Ladle with Bottom Blowing","authors":"Qing Fang,&nbsp;Xueting Li,&nbsp;Lichao Zhang,&nbsp;Yuxiang Li,&nbsp;Jianhao Wang,&nbsp;Hua Zhang,&nbsp;Hongwei Ni","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400596","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The flow, heat-transfer, and mixing behaviors of steel scraps with different amounts, positions, and sizes added from the top of the bottom-blown 300 t ladle are numerically investigated and compared through a coupled model. In the results, it is shown that it takes 59 s to mix the temperature of molten steel after adding scrap steel at the position of <i>x</i> = 0 mm, <i>y</i> = 553.5 mm, and <i>z</i> = 3375 mm. The further the addition position is from the axial position of the permeable brick, the shorter the mixing time of the speed and temperature of molten steel. For the scrap amount of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 t, the mixing time of molten steel temperature is 44, 78, and 47 s, correspondingly, which exhibits a pattern of initial increase followed by decrease, with an ≈8 K decline in molten steel temperature for every additional 1.0 t of scrap. When considering the scrap size of 10, 30, and 50 mm, the average temperature mixing time of molten steel is 44, 61, and 45 s, respectively. In this research, theoretical guidance can be can be provided for the addition of scrap in ladle during practical production processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}