South African Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Biosurfactants: Properties, applications and emerging trends","authors":"Chou-Yi Hsu ,&nbsp;Zaid H. Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein ,&nbsp;Dilsora Abduvalieva ,&nbsp;Forat H. Alsultany ,&nbsp;Ehsan Kianfar","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Different microbes release biosurfactants, which are specialists that act on biological surfaces. Biosurfactants are transported to the microbial film or released onto the external film, and they display hydrophilic and hydrophobic locations. A wide variety of industries make use of synthetic chemical surfactants, including those dealing with corrections, medicines, food, agriculture, materials, and more. Chemical surfactants that have been synthesized find use in many different industries, including those dealing with corrections, medicines, food, agriculture, materials, etc. However, these companies unknowingly produce compounds or pollutants that are very toxic and harm the ecosystem. Consequently, biosurfactants have recently attracted a lot of attention from both corporations and analysts. Biosurfactants are environmentally friendly since they are safe, biodegradable, and non-toxic. Because of their unique auxiliary qualities, they are used in many industries and for environmental cleanup. They can withstand higher concentrations of moo basic micelles (CMC), as well as higher temperatures, ionic qualities, and pH, in comparison to their chemical partners. Therefore, in the fields of nutrition, medicines, personal care, and especially enhanced oil recovery (EOR), biosurfactants produced by microbes are favoured over synthetic surfactants. Research on biosurfactants has grown substantially in the last 20 years. Various aspects of biosurfactant production, including their categorization, properties, and uses, evaluation criteria, thermodynamic relationships, Gibbs free vitality conditions, and states of affairs, have been thoroughly reviewed in this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 21-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marshall property analysis of an improved bituminous mix obtained by mixing plastic waste with bitumen","authors":"S.M. Hridoy ,&nbsp;Md. Injamamul Haque Protyai ,&nbsp;Adib Bin Rashid ,&nbsp;Md. Abu Sayeed","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic is used significantly for convenience, but it poses a serious environmental challenge due to its non-biodegradable nature and long-lasting impact on ecosystems. Plastic waste, persisting for centuries and often ending up in landfills or natural habitats, poses grave threats to terrestrial and marine wildlife. As global populations burgeon, the volume of plastic waste escalates, necessitating urgent management strategies. One such strategy involves incorporating waste plastic as a binder with bitumen in road construction. This study investigates the effects of blending varying proportions (3 %, 5 %, and 7 %) of waste plastic with bitumen on the Marshall characteristics of asphalt mixes, including stability, flow, and void properties. This research demonstrates that, for optimized performance, it is recommended to incorporate 3 % plastic waste into bitumen. Experimental findings reveal optimal bitumen percentages of 5.67 % for conventional asphalt concrete and 5.22 %, 5.33 %, and 5.23 % for plastic-modified bituminous mixes. Marshall stability value for conventional mix is 18.25 kN, and for plastic-modified bituminous mix which contains 3 % plastic is 19.58 kN. The results demonstrate the superior binding, stability, and density of plastic-modified mixtures, offering insights for sustainable pavement design, reduced reliance on virgin materials, and cost-effective road construction practices, thereby addressing plastic waste challenges while enhancing infrastructure sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 40-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of Labuhan Batu red sand post heavy metals adsorption as sources of high-quality concrete material","authors":"Winsyahputra Ritonga ,&nbsp;Mukti Hamjah Harahap ,&nbsp;Moondra Zubir ,&nbsp;Syarifah Aqsha Alattas ,&nbsp;Fares Boyanul Idrak ,&nbsp;Fikri Damara ,&nbsp;Azlan Solehuddin ,&nbsp;Mesi Ayu Andira","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red Sand (RS) is used as an absorbent for heavy metals, then the red sand absorbed by heavy metals is used as a basic material for making concrete. Red sand adsorbed of heavy metals Mn(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) were 0.39 mg/g, 026 mg/g. and 0.27 mg/g, respectively. From the results of these optimum conditions, then used for making concrete, they were tested for compressive strength. The highest compressive strength of the 4 experimental samples was obtained by a mixture of fine aggregates of red sand after adsorption of the heavy metal Mn(II). The results of successive concrete compressive strength tests using a mixture of red sand fine aggregate after adsorption of heavy metals Mn(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) were 7.85 MPa, 6.58 MPa, and 5.85 MPa. This result was higher than red sand without heavy metal at 5.69 MPa. Concrete using a fine aggregate mixture of red sand after adsorption of the heavy metal has a compressive strength test that is higher than concrete from red sand without adsorption of heavy metals. XRD pattern and SEM image show the property change of RS. It became a new strategy to produce high-quality concrete and also resolve heavy metal contamination in the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 352-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate temperature changes and excessive airflow rate effect on two key parameters: Dissolved oxygen and microbes in the biological treatment process-aerobic bioreactor","authors":"Mpho Muloiwa ,&nbsp;Julius Musyoka Ndambuki ,&nbsp;Caliphs Zvinowanda ,&nbsp;Innocentia Velaphi Sibiya","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The biological treatment process, aerobic bioreactor is essential for biodegradation of nutrients using microbes. The survival of microbes relies on the availability of nutrients and dissolved oxygen (DO). The challenge is that oxygen gas does not dissolve easily in wastewater which motivates plant operators to apply excessive airflow rates to uphold oxygen in the aerobic bioreactor. In addition, the rising climate temperatures suppress DO, which threatens the survival of microbes, risking poor effluent discharge. Hence, the study analyzed the climate temperature changes and excessive airflow rate effect on microbes and DO simultaneously. Climate temperature changes and excessive airflow rate on microbes and DO were analyzed using linear regression, ANOVA, and coefficient of determination (R²). Findings disclosed that climate temperature changes produced R² (0.86) and negative linear regression (0.1076 mg/L) on DO while producing R² (0.59) and positive linear regression (0.168 mg/L) on microbes. Further findings disclosed that excessive airflow rates produced R² (0.84) and positive linear regression (0.0057 mg/L) on DO while producing R² (0.0003) and positive linear regression (0.001 mg/L) on microbes. Overall climate temperatures showed variations on microbes growth <em>(P -</em> <span><math><mrow><mn>8.7424</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>9</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> <em>&lt; 0.05)</em> and DO <em>(P -</em> <span><math><mrow><mn>6.301</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>29</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> <em>&lt; 0.05)</em> while excessive airflow rates showed no variations on microbes growth <em>(P - 0.7705</em> <em>&gt;</em> <em>0.05)</em> and DO <em>(P - 0.98512</em> <em>&gt;</em> <em>0.05)</em>. This suggests that climate temperature change will benefit microbes despite DO being suppressed while excessive airflow rates will not benefit microbes but enhance global warming due to emissions released by blowers/pumps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 344-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The bioactive composition and biological activity of Indonesian Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff.) aqueous leaf extracts","authors":"Sri Agustini ,&nbsp;Asmaliyah Asmaliyah ,&nbsp;Etik Erna Wati Hadi ,&nbsp;Nami Lestari ,&nbsp;Wahyu Purwanto ,&nbsp;Lamhot Parulian Manalu ,&nbsp;Nasruddin ,&nbsp;Suroto Hadi Saputra ,&nbsp;Nilawati ,&nbsp;Harto Widodo","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff) is an herbal remedy utilized by the indigenous population in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the phytochemical composition, in vitro anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidant capabilities, and antidiabetic properties of aqueous leaf extracts from Pelawan. The study revealed that the aqueous leaf extracts possess a significant total phenolic content of 264.556 mg GAE/g, as well as flavonoids at 44.667 mg QE/g, steroids measuring 41.107 mg/g, along with alkaloids and saponins. Metabolome analysis conducted through liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectroscopy (LC-HRMS) identified 30 tentative compounds. The main compounds are provisionally identified as quinic acid, 1,6-bis-O-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl) hexopyranose, gallic acid, myricitrin, citric acid, caryophyllene oxide, NP-003141, myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, myricetin, sedanolide, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, and sorbic acid. In both DPPH and H₂O₂ assays, the aqueous leaf extracts demonstrate strong antioxidant activity that is dependent on dosage, with IC50 values of 14.04 µg/g and 55.51 µg/g, respectively. Additionally, it shows in vitro antidiabetic effects with an IC50 of 33±1.4 µg/g; however, it does not display antibacterial activity at concentrations up to 1,000 µg/g. The research demonstrates that aqueous leaf extracts of T. merguensis possess significant medicinal properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 336-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of polyurethane from bendo tree sap (artocarpus elasticus reinw) based polyol and it's potential as adhesive","authors":"Adiansyah ,&nbsp;Tamrin ,&nbsp;Marpongahtun ,&nbsp;Sovia Lenny","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyurethane-based adhesives are widely used materials in various applications due to their mechanical characteristics and compatibility with certain materials. Polyurethane was obtained from petroleum based polyols, however natural-biomass-based polyols offer sustainability and are more environmentally friendly. Terpenoids are plant-derived organic compounds that serve as a source of diols. The Bendo-tree sap offers sustainable production of natural polyol precursors due to its containment of diol-triterpenoids. This work aims to obtaining bendo-tree sap polyol for producing polyurethane adhesive. Bendo sap is converted into natural polyol using CH₂O₂ and H₂O₂, mixed with PEG1000, and reacted against toluene 2,4 disocyanate to produce polyurethane. The resultant structure, thermal properties, surface morphologies, and mechanical properties were characterized by FTIR and GC–MS, TGA, SEM, and mechanical shear strength test. During conversion of bendo-tree sap into polyol and polyurethane, FTIR show intensity shifts and peak changes while GC–MS show different major residual compound. Polyurethane from bendo-tree sap polyol has urethane group through N<img>H stretching; C = O stretching; N<img>H bending; and C<img>N stretching groups, is still contaminated by hydrazine compounds, get depolimerization at 200 °C, has a homogeneous surface, and shear strength up to 11.70 MPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 153-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making healthy cooking oil from crude palm oil (CPO) by combination method microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) – Batchwise solvent extraction (BSE)","authors":"Hakun Wirawasista Aparamarta ,&nbsp;Setiyo Gunawan ,&nbsp;Roshita Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Meidy Hariawan ,&nbsp;Famy Bisyauqil Haq ,&nbsp;Mohammad Farhan Supriadiputra","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palm oil is a major plantation product that contributes significantly to Indonesia's economic development. The objective of this study was to refine palm oil to achieve a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), known for its beneficial effects on blood cholesterol levels, while also enhancing its oxidative stability. A combination of Batchwise Solvent Extraction (BSE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was also used. This MAE experiment also optimized variables that influence the best results, such as the purity of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TAG). This works utilized Full Factorial Design (FFD) models. The R² determination coefficient for FFA composition response is 99.38 %, while for TAG purity it is 99.55 %, confirming the model's reliability. This MAE works best with a changing 100 % polar solvent, a MAE power of 300 W, and an extraction time of 10 min. These parameters have the highest TAG purity (92.35 %) and lowest FFA content (2.18 %). MAE-BSE had the lowest levels of FFA (0.62 %) and TAG purity (98.42 %) throughout all seven stages. The relative intensity of ions was utilized to determine the <em>cis</em> and <em>trans</em> configurations of double bonds. TAG fatty acids discovered include palmitic acid (C_16:0, 47.32 %), stearic acid (C_18:0, 0.95 %), oleic acid (C_18:1c, 45.49 %), and linoleic acid (C_18:2c, 3.87 %). According to GC, GC–MS, and fragmentation analyses, this refined oil contains no <em>trans</em> fatty acids and has a higher composition of UFA compared to saturated fatty acids (SFA). This study reveals that the methods used can produce healthy oils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 311-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the flow distribution system influence on mixing efficiency in a fluidized bed for low-size Geldart B particles: A case study using CFD","authors":"Diana I. González-Arango,&nbsp;Bernardo Herrera","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is emerging as one of the alternative fuels for replacing fossil fuels within a sustainable energy transition framework. One of the technologies for hydrogen production is Chemical Looping Reforming (CLR), which stands out for its ability to capture and store CO₂. However, the performance of the CLR process for hydrogen production largely depends on the efficiency of energy and mass transfer between the gas and solid phases of the reaction. To increase this efficiency, fluidized bed reactors promote interaction between both phases, which depends on the velocity and the gas phase distribution system. The latter must be compatible with the design of the geometry and size of the solid oxygen carrier particles (SOC), which are mainly in the low-size Geldart B range. This study aims to examine how the geometry of three different gas phase distributors in a fluidized bed reactor affects the pressure drop and the mixing index of low-size Geldart B particles. The three geometries considered are a perforated plate with 0.8 mm diameter holes, a No 400-mesh sieve, and a porous frit with a porosity of 0.76. The study is based on the application of a CFD numerical model, experimentally validated, which employs the Eulerian multiphase method to model gas-solid interaction, the realizable <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow></mrow></math></span> model to describe the turbulence and the Syamlal-O'Brien model to simulate the drag phenomenon. The accuracy of the results was verified using the grid convergence index (GCI) based on Richardson's extrapolation method. The study's primary results showed that CFD simulations were consistent with the experimental data, with a &lt;10 % percentage variation. Furthermore, the pressure drop with the porous frit demonstrated a significant improvement in gas flow uniformity and operational efficiency compared to the other two plates, which produced uneven distributions that reduced efficiency. Moreover, the mixing index was higher in the porous frit, improving up to 0.9 % compared to the retaining mesh and 9.5 % compared to the perforated plate. Therefore, the main conclusion was that the porous frit is a viable method for improving the efficiency of the fluidized bed in terms of the pressure drop, mixing of micrometric-scale particles, and generating turbulence to promote heat and mass transfer between the gas and solid phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 325-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and energy assessment of hybrid biofuels: Integrating agro-industrial coconut and rice husk biomass with mineral coal for sustainable energy in Córdoba, Colombia","authors":"Stiven J. Sofán-Germán ,&nbsp;Miguel E. Doria-Oviedo ,&nbsp;Jesús D. Rhenals-Julio","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global dependence on fossil fuels is a major environmental and energy concern. This study investigates the potential of solid biofuels produced from blends of agro-industrial biomass (coconut husk and rice husk) and mineral coal, specifically in the context of the department of Córdoba, Colombia. The main objective is to evaluate the mechanical and energetic properties of these blends in order to optimise their performance as a sustainable alternative to conventional fuels. Through a rigorous methodological approach, drying, compaction, combustion and mechanical characterisation tests were carried out according to international technical standards. The results show that the mixture with 95 % biomass achieved the highest thermal efficiency (54.34 %) and an acceptable mechanical strength, with a durability of 93.76 % and a compressive strength exceeding 3650 kPa. In contrast, rice husk had a lower durability (83.53 %) and the lowest compressive strength (2100 kPa), while coconut husk had high mechanical properties with a durability of 99.88 % and a compressive strength of over 7000 kPa. These combinations not only improved the calorific value and combustion characteristics, but also reduced the use of mineral coal, thereby reducing its environmental impact. In conclusion, the integration of agro-industrial biomass with mineral coal offers a viable solution for the transition to more sustainable energy sources, contributing to both waste management and emissions reduction. This approach represents a significant contribution to energy diversification in agricultural regions and globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 303-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroanalytical determination of favipiravir and molnupiravir","authors":"Oguz Özbek,&nbsp;Caglar Berkel","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 300-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}