South African Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Climate temperature changes and excessive airflow rate effect on two key parameters: Dissolved oxygen and microbes in the biological treatment process-aerobic bioreactor","authors":"Mpho Muloiwa ,&nbsp;Julius Musyoka Ndambuki ,&nbsp;Caliphs Zvinowanda ,&nbsp;Innocentia Velaphi Sibiya","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The biological treatment process, aerobic bioreactor is essential for biodegradation of nutrients using microbes. The survival of microbes relies on the availability of nutrients and dissolved oxygen (DO). The challenge is that oxygen gas does not dissolve easily in wastewater which motivates plant operators to apply excessive airflow rates to uphold oxygen in the aerobic bioreactor. In addition, the rising climate temperatures suppress DO, which threatens the survival of microbes, risking poor effluent discharge. Hence, the study analyzed the climate temperature changes and excessive airflow rate effect on microbes and DO simultaneously. Climate temperature changes and excessive airflow rate on microbes and DO were analyzed using linear regression, ANOVA, and coefficient of determination (R²). Findings disclosed that climate temperature changes produced R² (0.86) and negative linear regression (0.1076 mg/L) on DO while producing R² (0.59) and positive linear regression (0.168 mg/L) on microbes. Further findings disclosed that excessive airflow rates produced R² (0.84) and positive linear regression (0.0057 mg/L) on DO while producing R² (0.0003) and positive linear regression (0.001 mg/L) on microbes. Overall climate temperatures showed variations on microbes growth <em>(P -</em> <span><math><mrow><mn>8.7424</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>9</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> <em>&lt; 0.05)</em> and DO <em>(P -</em> <span><math><mrow><mn>6.301</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>29</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> <em>&lt; 0.05)</em> while excessive airflow rates showed no variations on microbes growth <em>(P - 0.7705</em> <em>&gt;</em> <em>0.05)</em> and DO <em>(P - 0.98512</em> <em>&gt;</em> <em>0.05)</em>. This suggests that climate temperature change will benefit microbes despite DO being suppressed while excessive airflow rates will not benefit microbes but enhance global warming due to emissions released by blowers/pumps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 344-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The bioactive composition and biological activity of Indonesian Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff.) aqueous leaf extracts","authors":"Sri Agustini ,&nbsp;Asmaliyah Asmaliyah ,&nbsp;Etik Erna Wati Hadi ,&nbsp;Nami Lestari ,&nbsp;Wahyu Purwanto ,&nbsp;Lamhot Parulian Manalu ,&nbsp;Nasruddin ,&nbsp;Suroto Hadi Saputra ,&nbsp;Nilawati ,&nbsp;Harto Widodo","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff) is an herbal remedy utilized by the indigenous population in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the phytochemical composition, in vitro anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidant capabilities, and antidiabetic properties of aqueous leaf extracts from Pelawan. The study revealed that the aqueous leaf extracts possess a significant total phenolic content of 264.556 mg GAE/g, as well as flavonoids at 44.667 mg QE/g, steroids measuring 41.107 mg/g, along with alkaloids and saponins. Metabolome analysis conducted through liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectroscopy (LC-HRMS) identified 30 tentative compounds. The main compounds are provisionally identified as quinic acid, 1,6-bis-O-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl) hexopyranose, gallic acid, myricitrin, citric acid, caryophyllene oxide, NP-003141, myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, myricetin, sedanolide, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, and sorbic acid. In both DPPH and H₂O₂ assays, the aqueous leaf extracts demonstrate strong antioxidant activity that is dependent on dosage, with IC50 values of 14.04 µg/g and 55.51 µg/g, respectively. Additionally, it shows in vitro antidiabetic effects with an IC50 of 33±1.4 µg/g; however, it does not display antibacterial activity at concentrations up to 1,000 µg/g. The research demonstrates that aqueous leaf extracts of T. merguensis possess significant medicinal properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 336-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making healthy cooking oil from crude palm oil (CPO) by combination method microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) – Batchwise solvent extraction (BSE)","authors":"Hakun Wirawasista Aparamarta ,&nbsp;Setiyo Gunawan ,&nbsp;Roshita Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Meidy Hariawan ,&nbsp;Famy Bisyauqil Haq ,&nbsp;Mohammad Farhan Supriadiputra","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palm oil is a major plantation product that contributes significantly to Indonesia's economic development. The objective of this study was to refine palm oil to achieve a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), known for its beneficial effects on blood cholesterol levels, while also enhancing its oxidative stability. A combination of Batchwise Solvent Extraction (BSE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was also used. This MAE experiment also optimized variables that influence the best results, such as the purity of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TAG). This works utilized Full Factorial Design (FFD) models. The R² determination coefficient for FFA composition response is 99.38 %, while for TAG purity it is 99.55 %, confirming the model's reliability. This MAE works best with a changing 100 % polar solvent, a MAE power of 300 W, and an extraction time of 10 min. These parameters have the highest TAG purity (92.35 %) and lowest FFA content (2.18 %). MAE-BSE had the lowest levels of FFA (0.62 %) and TAG purity (98.42 %) throughout all seven stages. The relative intensity of ions was utilized to determine the <em>cis</em> and <em>trans</em> configurations of double bonds. TAG fatty acids discovered include palmitic acid (C_16:0, 47.32 %), stearic acid (C_18:0, 0.95 %), oleic acid (C_18:1c, 45.49 %), and linoleic acid (C_18:2c, 3.87 %). According to GC, GC–MS, and fragmentation analyses, this refined oil contains no <em>trans</em> fatty acids and has a higher composition of UFA compared to saturated fatty acids (SFA). This study reveals that the methods used can produce healthy oils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 311-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the flow distribution system influence on mixing efficiency in a fluidized bed for low-size Geldart B particles: A case study using CFD","authors":"Diana I. González-Arango,&nbsp;Bernardo Herrera","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is emerging as one of the alternative fuels for replacing fossil fuels within a sustainable energy transition framework. One of the technologies for hydrogen production is Chemical Looping Reforming (CLR), which stands out for its ability to capture and store CO₂. However, the performance of the CLR process for hydrogen production largely depends on the efficiency of energy and mass transfer between the gas and solid phases of the reaction. To increase this efficiency, fluidized bed reactors promote interaction between both phases, which depends on the velocity and the gas phase distribution system. The latter must be compatible with the design of the geometry and size of the solid oxygen carrier particles (SOC), which are mainly in the low-size Geldart B range. This study aims to examine how the geometry of three different gas phase distributors in a fluidized bed reactor affects the pressure drop and the mixing index of low-size Geldart B particles. The three geometries considered are a perforated plate with 0.8 mm diameter holes, a No 400-mesh sieve, and a porous frit with a porosity of 0.76. The study is based on the application of a CFD numerical model, experimentally validated, which employs the Eulerian multiphase method to model gas-solid interaction, the realizable <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow></mrow></math></span> model to describe the turbulence and the Syamlal-O'Brien model to simulate the drag phenomenon. The accuracy of the results was verified using the grid convergence index (GCI) based on Richardson's extrapolation method. The study's primary results showed that CFD simulations were consistent with the experimental data, with a &lt;10 % percentage variation. Furthermore, the pressure drop with the porous frit demonstrated a significant improvement in gas flow uniformity and operational efficiency compared to the other two plates, which produced uneven distributions that reduced efficiency. Moreover, the mixing index was higher in the porous frit, improving up to 0.9 % compared to the retaining mesh and 9.5 % compared to the perforated plate. Therefore, the main conclusion was that the porous frit is a viable method for improving the efficiency of the fluidized bed in terms of the pressure drop, mixing of micrometric-scale particles, and generating turbulence to promote heat and mass transfer between the gas and solid phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 325-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and energy assessment of hybrid biofuels: Integrating agro-industrial coconut and rice husk biomass with mineral coal for sustainable energy in Córdoba, Colombia","authors":"Stiven J. Sofán-Germán ,&nbsp;Miguel E. Doria-Oviedo ,&nbsp;Jesús D. Rhenals-Julio","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global dependence on fossil fuels is a major environmental and energy concern. This study investigates the potential of solid biofuels produced from blends of agro-industrial biomass (coconut husk and rice husk) and mineral coal, specifically in the context of the department of Córdoba, Colombia. The main objective is to evaluate the mechanical and energetic properties of these blends in order to optimise their performance as a sustainable alternative to conventional fuels. Through a rigorous methodological approach, drying, compaction, combustion and mechanical characterisation tests were carried out according to international technical standards. The results show that the mixture with 95 % biomass achieved the highest thermal efficiency (54.34 %) and an acceptable mechanical strength, with a durability of 93.76 % and a compressive strength exceeding 3650 kPa. In contrast, rice husk had a lower durability (83.53 %) and the lowest compressive strength (2100 kPa), while coconut husk had high mechanical properties with a durability of 99.88 % and a compressive strength of over 7000 kPa. These combinations not only improved the calorific value and combustion characteristics, but also reduced the use of mineral coal, thereby reducing its environmental impact. In conclusion, the integration of agro-industrial biomass with mineral coal offers a viable solution for the transition to more sustainable energy sources, contributing to both waste management and emissions reduction. This approach represents a significant contribution to energy diversification in agricultural regions and globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 303-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroanalytical determination of favipiravir and molnupiravir","authors":"Oguz Özbek,&nbsp;Caglar Berkel","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 300-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of moisture content and drying kinetics model for drying of Cananga odorata flowers","authors":"Tutik Muji Setyoningrum ,&nbsp;Heri Septya Kusuma ,&nbsp;Salsabila Hana Umamah ,&nbsp;Naftalisda Elveta Salsabila ,&nbsp;Handoko Darmokoesoemo ,&nbsp;Andrew Nosakhare Amenaghawon","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inefficient drying process of <em>Cananga odorata</em> flowers leads to significant quality degradation and energy consumption. This study investigates the drying kinetics of <em>Cananga odorata</em> using oven-assisted drying at 50 °C, aiming to identify the most suitable kinetic model for optimizing the process. Moisture content, moisture ratio, and drying rate were analyzed, and three models—Lewis, Page, and Henderson &amp; Pabis—were evaluated using statistical parameters (R², SSE, RMSE, MSE, and X²). The results showed that the Page model provided the best fit (R² = 0.9970, SSE = 0.0039, RMSE = 0.0180), accurately describing the drying behavior. The drying process exhibited an initial rapid moisture loss phase followed by a slower drying period. These findings offer critical insights into optimizing <em>Cananga odorata</em> drying processes for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 292-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of methyl orange bio-decolorization by UiO-66 and brown rot fungus Daedalea dickinsii composite using response surface methodology","authors":"Adi Setyo Purnomo ,&nbsp;Taufiq Rinda Alkas ,&nbsp;Asranudin ,&nbsp;Alya Awinatul Rohmah ,&nbsp;Sevila Cello Kalvari ,&nbsp;Nova Ainur Rohmah ,&nbsp;Ratna Ediati ,&nbsp;Yuji Tsutsumi","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Azo dyes, particularly methyl orange (MO), pose environmental challenges due to their stability, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. This study explored the potential of a novel composite material for MO removal. The composite comprised UiO-66 (a metal-organic framework), <em>Daedalea dickinsii</em> (DD) fungus biomass, and a polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) matrix. DD and UiO-66 were homogeneously distributed within the PVA-SA matrix to form beads. These beads achieved a promising MO decolorization efficiency of 68.95 % after 7 days, outperforming PVA-SA (43.30 %) and UiO-66@PVA-SA (54.49 %) alone. Kinetic studies revealed that the decolorization process followed a pseudo-second-order model with a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.999). Further optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) identified the most effective conditions for MO biodecolorization: 50 mgL^-1 MO concentration, 20 °C incubation temperature, and 5.75 days incubation time. Experimental verification under these optimized conditions yielded a decolorization efficiency of 76.71 %, closely matching the RSM prediction (77.40 %). These findings suggest significant potential for this composite material in textile wastewater treatment for MO removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 282-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in eco-friendly metal recovery: Chemical separation and fluidized bed reactor technology","authors":"Kevin Eugene B. Tan,&nbsp;Angelo Earvin Sy Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metals discharged from industrial plants have become a significant contributor to water pollution, particularly in regions undergoing rapid globalization and industrialization. While magnesium is considered a relatively benign metal pollutant, its presence can still lead to environmental concerns due to elevated total hardness levels in industrial wastewater. Moreover, the extraction of magnesium from wastewater presents an opportunity to recover a critical raw material that is in high demand across various industries. Chemical-based methods have traditionally been pivotal in the extraction and removal of impurities such as heavy metals from wastewater. This review aims to explore the conventional chemical-based separation processes and their evolution with the introduction of the relatively novel fluidized bed reactor (FBR) technology for treating various metals, specifically focusing on magnesium. A comprehensive compilation of literature on conventional treatment methods, including chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, and flotation processes, was conducted. Additionally, advancements in heterogeneous and homogeneous fluidized bed granulation for FBR treatment processes were examined. The review sheds light on the advantages and limitations of these processes, identifying key insights and literature gaps. Furthermore, the review outlines potential applications and benefits associated with various extracted magnesium salt or crystal compounds. By synthesizing existing research, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of chemical separation and fluidized bed reactor technology in the context of magnesium recovery and environmental remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 258-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosynthesis and biological activity of silver nanoparticles from Zanthoxylum acanthopodium fruits","authors":"Ageng Azhar Amar ,&nbsp;Effendy De Lux Putra ,&nbsp;Denny Satria ,&nbsp;Panal Sitorus ,&nbsp;Hooi-Ling Lee ,&nbsp;Syukur Berkat Waruwu ,&nbsp;Mahatir Muhammad","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silver nanoparticles are silver particles at the nanoscale and have medicinal properties, one of which is antimicrobial. Plants are reducing agents that are highly recommended because they are environmentally friendly. This research aims to investigate the formation of silver nanoparticles mediated by Andaliman fruit (<em>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</em> DC.) with the help of microwave irradiation and look at the antibacterial activity. Silver nanoparticles display a maximum peak spectrum at 430 nm. The particle size results in the Particle Size Analyzer test were 55.67 nm, showing a cubic crystal structure carried out using X-ray diffraction testing. Testing with Transmission Electron Microscopy shows an internal morphology size of 20.62 ± 10.93 nm and an external morphology size of 73.07 ± 17.90 nm with a round shape tested with Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results of the zeta potential test were obtained with a charge of -0.6 mV. Andaliman silver nanoparticles had strong Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values for all test bacterial isolates with MIC values in the range of 1.9–7.8 µg/mL and MBC values in the range of 3.9–15.6 µg/mL.. Also showed potential in inhibiting biofilm formation (2 MIC) and cell leakage of DNA (4 MIC) and protein (4 MIC) in all tested bacterial isolates. This phenomenon shows that Andaliman fruit can help reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles, which have proven successful in antibacterial and antibiofilm testing and preventing cell DNA and protein leakage by showing great potential as a multifunctional antimicrobial agent. In the future, Andaliman silver nanoparticles have the potential to be further developed as an antibacterial alternative in the face of antibiotic resistance, as well as optimized in various medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 271-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}