South African Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Comparative structural screening of calcium phosphate powders recovered from Labeo rohita fishbone and fish-scale waste under a common calcination schedule","authors":"Md. Saiful Islam Shanto,&nbsp;Md. Fardous Hasan Bappy,&nbsp;Abdullah-Al-Mazed Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fishbone and fish-scale residues offer related but structurally distinct feedstocks for calcium-phosphate recovery. This study compares <em>Labeo rohita</em> bone and scale processed by source-adapted pretreatments and a common calcination schedule of 820 °C for 2 h at 5 °C min⁻¹. The objective was to examine whether a shared thermal treatment produces comparable structural and morphological outcomes. X-ray diffraction showed apatite-compatible reflections in both powders, with additional β-tricalcium-phosphate-compatible reflections in the scale-derived product. Fourier-transform infrared spectra supported phosphate-containing structures and showed a carbonate-associated feature in the bone-derived powder. Scanning electron microscopy revealed rough, fused agglomerates in both products, with compact aggregates in the bone field and larger hierarchical clusters in the scale field. This preliminary structural and morphological screening provides a same-species comparison of two complete processing routes. Its engineering significance is that a common calcination schedule does not by itself ensure equivalent calcium-phosphate products; precursor architecture and pretreatment must be considered together when selecting routes for subsequent application testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101020"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suitability of imidazolium-based ionic liquid for inhibition of mild steel corrosion in NaOH medium","authors":"F.O. Aronu,&nbsp;O.D. Onukwuli,&nbsp;J. Ezeugo,&nbsp;M. Omotioma,&nbsp;I.A. Nnanwube","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the suitability of 1-H-3-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate for control of mild steel corrosion in NaOH medium. To ascertain the level of inhibitive properties, the inhibitor was characterized. Then, the efficiency of the inhibitor was examined using gravimetric measurement. It involved monitoring the attachment of inhibitor’s molecules on the mild steel and fitting the data to four physical adsorption mechanisms. Artificial neural network and response surface methodology were employed in predicting the inhibitor efficiency. Then the exact type of inhibitor was ascertained by electrochemical measurements. Analysis of the inhibitor shows that it has excellent corrosion inhibitive properties. Presence of the inhibitive ions depicts that -H-3-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate is appropriate for the corrosion inhibition function. On the adsorption mechanism, Langmuir isotherm was revealed as the best fitted isotherm. It depicts physical adsorption (not chemisorption) process. The factors shared influence on the ionic liquid efficiency show parabolic curves (reflection of quadratic model). Optimum efficiency of 1-H-3-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate is 92.11%. Revealed exceptional efficiency indicates that it is an appropriate inhibitive material for corrosion control of mild steel in NaOH. Electrochemical results revealed a phenomenon of ionic charge transfer in the corrosion control operation. In addition, polarization investigation showed that 1-H-3-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate is a mixed-type inhibitor. Furthermore, functional density theory helped in determining attachment points of the ionic liquid’ molecules. As such, simulated mechanism of inhibitive effect of 1-H-3-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate on mild steel was established.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101021"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149141038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual chemical modification of breadfruit starch nanoparticles (Artocarpus altilis): physicochemical characterization and ascorbic acid loading capacity","authors":"Asri Alfiyah Ningsih Nasution,&nbsp;Cut Fatimah Zuhra,&nbsp;Juliati Br. Tarigan","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breadfruit <em>(Artocarpus altilis)</em> starch can be developed as a carrier matrix for active compounds because it comes from a renewable resource and has a modifiable structure. This study aims to develop breadfruit starch nanoparticles through acid hydrolysis and stepwise modification using sodium acetate (CH₃COONa) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and then to evaluate changes in their physicochemical characteristics and their ability to load ascorbic acid. We obtained starch nanoparticles (StNP) through acid hydrolysis, then modified them into StNPMI with sodium acetate and into StNPMII by oxidation with H₂O₂. Characterization included PSA, FTIR, SEM, DSC, swelling power, solubility, degree of substitution, and carbonyl and carboxyl content. We loaded ascorbic acid in PBS at pH 7.4 and analyzed it by UV–Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 266.20 nm. StNP had an average size of 133.12 nm, while FTIR analysis revealed changes in the functional group environment following modification. SEM revealed morphological changes and aggregation, while DSC revealed changes in thermal characteristics. StNPMI has a degree of substitution of 0.0162, whereas StNPMII has carbonyl and carboxyl contents of 0.9800% and 0.1125%, respectively. Changes in swelling power and solubility indicate changes in the material’s interaction with water. StNPMII showed the highest DLC (4.257 mg/g). The results show that changes influence the ability to load ascorbic acid in size and structure, functional groups, morphology and aggregation, hydration properties, and thermal characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101016"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149141040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced biodegradation of reactive blue 221 by Arthrobacter and micrococcus in sludge wastewater: Comparative analysis and electrochemical insights","authors":"Saima Maher,&nbsp;Sundas Nisar,&nbsp;Safeer Ahmed,&nbsp;Nadia Riaz,&nbsp;Rabail Urooj,&nbsp;Saleha Suleman Khan,&nbsp;Khayala Mammadova,&nbsp;Abdullah Mohammad Abdullah Saggah,&nbsp;Farah Mukhtar,&nbsp;Ajmal Khan,&nbsp;Ahmed Al-Harrasi","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the decolorization potential of two bacterial species, <em>Arthrobacter</em> and <em>Micrococcus</em>, for the textile dye Reactive Blue 221 (RB221). Decolorization and bacterial growth were monitored spectrophotometrically at 615 nm and 600 nm, respectively, over 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Decolorization was evaluated under five culture conditions: nutrient broth, mineral salt medium (MSM), MSM supplemented with glucose, MSM supplemented with yeast extract, and MSM supplemented with both yeast and glucose extract. The dye color progressively faded over time, with a noticeable decrease in absorbance at each time interval with increasing growth of <em>Arthrobacter</em> spp. Among the bacterial isolates, <em>Arthrobacter</em> sp. achieved the highest decolorization (98.75%) after 96 h in MSM supplemented with yeast extract, while activated sludge (SWW, an indigenous sewage sludge community) showed the highest overall decolorization (99.13%) in NB. <em>Arthrobacter</em> outperformed <em>Micrococcus</em> in decolorization capability, indicating its potential for further optimization in textile wastewater treatment. Electrochemical analysis revealed that RB221 undergoes electroreduction at approximately -0.2 V vs. SCE. Subsequent electrolysis at around -0.3 V for 45 min led to significant dye degradation, as confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopic results. The results of the cyclic voltammetry experiment show that the reduction of 1 mM RB 221 on a platinum disc electrode starts around -0.2 V in 0.1 M aqueous KCl at room temperature. Successive scans indicate dye adsorption during electroreduction, with a 40% drop in current in the second scan and negligible change thereafter. Higher initial RB 221 concentration leads to a slight shift towards a less negative potential, likely due to easier reduction facilitated by dye molecules already present on the surface. These findings suggest that integrating bacterial and electrochemical methods could enhance dye degradation efficiency and rate, offering a promising approach for improving textile wastewater treatment processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101019"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149141039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic field-assisted carbon-based magnetite reinforced chitosan membranes: The role of sulfur modification in proton conductivity and methanol barrier for direct methanol fuel cell","authors":"Ella Kusumastuti,&nbsp;Arif Priyangga,&nbsp;Abdul Wafi,&nbsp;Afifah Rosyidah,&nbsp;Ratna Ediati,&nbsp;Hamzah Fansuri,&nbsp;Mardi Santoso,&nbsp;Lukman Atmaja","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of sustainable polymer electrolyte membranes with high proton conductivity and low methanol crossover is a major challenge for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In this study, chitosan-based composite membranes reinforced with graphene, sulfur-modified graphene, graphene-magnetite, and sulfur-modified graphene-magnetite were fabricated with and without magnetic-field-assisted casting. The effects of sulfur modification and magnetic field-induced structural organization on membrane properties were systematically investigated. FTIR revealed characteristic band shifts and changes consistent with the interfacial interactions between chitosan and graphene-derived fillers, whereas SEM analysis revealed that magnetic field assistance was associated with a more compact and homogeneous morphology. Sulfur modification altered the interfacial characteristics of the graphene-derived filler and was associated with increased water uptake and proton conductivity. Among the investigated membranes, Chi/GEMF exhibited the most favorable membrane-level transport balance, with a proton conductivity of 32.14 mS cm^–1, methanol permeability of (6.65 ± 3.47) × 10^–6 cm²s^–1, and the highest membrane selectivity. The observed transport behavior suggests that magnetic field-assisted fabrication can modify the membrane microstructure and transport balance. The results demonstrate the potential of combining a hybrid filler architecture and magnetic-field-assisted processing as a strategy for tuning membrane-level transport properties relevant to DMFC-oriented applications. However, device-level validation using membrane electrode assemblies and single-cell testing is required to establish their practical fuel-cell performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101022"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149141042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of iron-based nanostructures for textile dye adsorption: influence of synthesis routes on physicochemical properties and adsorption mechanisms","authors":"Sujesh Sudarsan,&nbsp;Thivaharan Varadavenkatesan,&nbsp;Ramesh Vinayagam,&nbsp;Raja Selvaraj","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textile dye contamination has become a pressing environmental and public health issue due to the persistent, non-biodegradable, and toxic nature of dye molecules commonly discharged from industrial effluents. This challenge underscores the urgent need for efficient, sustainable, and regenerable adsorbents capable of treating complex wastewater systems. Among available treatments, adsorption has emerged as a leading alternative owing to its operational simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental compatibility. In this context, iron-based nanomaterials, particularly nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃), and their composites have attracted substantial attention for exceptional surface reactivity, high adsorption efficiency, and magnetic separability. This review systematically compiles, compares, and evaluates the synthesis methods employed for these nanomaterials and critically examines how each route influences their physicochemical properties. The article further analyzes batch adsorption studies across various dye classes, assessing uptake capacities, isotherm and kinetic characteristics, and thermodynamic trends. Notably, the review emphasizes the novelty of correlating synthesis strategies with mechanistic adsorption pathways, thereby providing an integrated understanding of structure–performance relationships. Here we demonstrate that iron-based nanoadsorbents can exhibit high adsorption capacities, varying with dye type and synthesis method, with removal predominantly governed by pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir or Freundlich isotherms. Mechanistically, dye uptake is driven by electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, van der Waals forces, surface complexation, and redox interactions. The review also highlights key challenges, including nanoparticle aggregation, iron leaching, and scale-up limitations, while emphasizing future directions involving green synthesis, hybrid composites, and continuous-flow applications for practical wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamical and statistical analysis of tiny particles magnetization in radiative and convective Marangoni–Casson fluid with heat loss and Ohmic heating","authors":"E.I. Akinola,&nbsp;S.O. Salawu,&nbsp;T.A. Yusuf,&nbsp;O.Y. Oludoun,&nbsp;D.A. Adigun-Ayoola,&nbsp;S. Alao","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluids with Marangoni–Casson convective-driven behaviour have attracted substantial scientific attention owing to thermal conduction capabilities and extensive usefulness in industrial heat exchangers, microfluidics, biomedical engineering, and others. Motivated by the engineering systems’ predictive modelling and efficient thermal regulation needs, this study examines the dynamical and statistical analysis of tiny particles magnetization in radiative and convective Marangoni–Casson fluid with heat loss and Ohmic heating. A coupled mathematical model is developed using boundary-layer approximations and similarity variables. The resulting nonlinear derivative models are solved via a shooting technique jointly with a fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme. A statistical technique is used to determine the sensitivity of parameters and engineering quantities’ predictive relationships. The results depict that buoyancy forces pointedly augment fluid velocity, while the magnetic field, Casson fluid term, and medium resistance porosity damp momentum transport. Thermal distribution is amplified by porosity and Casson terms due to Ohmic heating mechanisms, and the species transport reduces with Brownian motion and Schmidt number. The Statistical analyses show high predictive capabilities with regression models of approximately 85.11%, 96.04%, and 73.84% of the engineering quantities variability. The findings offer guidance for the design and optimization of thermal biomedical therapies, solar collectors, and coating technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101013"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Co-pyrolysis of HDPE and PP waste for fuel-grade hydrocarbon production and activated carbon valorization","authors":"Md. Golam Rasul Akid,&nbsp;Md. Shameem Hossain,&nbsp;Md. Anonno Habib Akash","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal pyrolysis of municipal HDPE and PP waste pursued in a fixed-bed reactor to optimize liquid fuel production and valorize the resulting char. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated major degradation of PP and HDPE within 280–370 °C and 350–450 °C, with volatile matter contents of 98.12 wt.% and 96.75 wt.% respectively. Among five feed ratios, a 1:3 ratio of HDPE and PP blend produced the highest liquid yield at 450 °C, yielded 56.50 wt.% liquid and 21.00 wt.% char, corresponding to 77.50 wt.% total useful products. Increasing temperature to 473 °C enhanced liquid yield to 65.00 wt.% while reducing char to 4.50 wt.%. The optimized oil exhibited a calorific value of 41.50 MJ kg⁻¹, density of 762 kg/m³, API gravity of 54.01, and flash point of 37 °C, approaching commercial gasoline characteristics. FTIR analysis confirmed predominance of paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons (C<img>H stretching at 2954–2852 cm⁻¹). The pyrolytic char, activated with H₃PO₄ at 400 °C, developed a porous morphology with carbon content ∼70 wt.%. In wastewater treatment, activated char reduced turbidity of wastewater by 80% (0.35 to 0.07 NTU) and decreased TDS significantly. The integrated approach demonstrates simultaneous production of fuel-grade hydrocarbons and functional activated carbon, providing a sustainable pathway for HDPE and PP waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101015"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149141041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles in wound healing: biological functions and AI-driven innovations","authors":"Ode Samuel Omenka,&nbsp;Nursakinah Suardi,&nbsp;Mohammed Ali Dheyab,&nbsp;Oke Aduragbemi Olaoluwa,&nbsp;Ode Patrick Ije","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wound healing is a complex, staged biological process characterized by coordinated cellular and molecular activities that restore the integrity of damaged tissues. Nonetheless, the presence of infections and chronic inflammatory responses can significantly obstruct this vital process, often requiring advanced therapeutic interventions for resolution. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained attention as promising nanotherapeutics, attributable to their broad-spectrum encapsulated antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This review delineates the physiological mechanisms underpinning wound healing and elucidates the interactions of AgNPs across the various stages of this process. Particular emphasis is placed on the synthesis strategies employed for AgNPs, highlighting eco-friendly green synthesis methods that utilize biological agents to enhance both biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy. The discussion extends to the biological applications of green-synthesized AgNPs, including their roles as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal agents, each of which is crucial in mitigating infection risk and fostering tissue repair. Moreover, the review explores the immunomodulatory properties of AgNPs, emphasizing their capacity to mediate and balance the immune response to achieve optimal healing outcomes. A critical aspect of this examination includes the burgeoning influence of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in refining the design and predicting the biological interactions of AgNPs. Sections detailing AI-assisted synthesis and cytotoxicity modeling illustrate how computational methodologies are revolutionizing the field of nanomaterials research. Ultimately, this paper addresses the existing challenges and prospects for the development of safe, effective, and personalized AgNP-based wound treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101014"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149199581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable wool dyeing using date seed extract: Interaction mechanisms, process enhancement, and performance assessment","authors":"Hamideh Mahmudabadi,&nbsp;Hossein Barani","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.101018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work examines date seed extract as a natural dye for wool fibers, detailing optimized dyeing conditions and assessing the resulting color properties and fastness performance. Morphological analysis using FESEM revealed surface modifications in the wool fibers after the dyeing process, with visible irregularities attributed to dye deposition and structural changes. Phenolic and flavonoid constituents in the date seed extract were identified by FTIR, and their interaction with wool fibers involves multiple non-covalent forces—hydrogen bonding, aromatic stacking, and electrostatic interactions—leading to enhanced dye attachment and stability, as supported by FTIR evidence. Temperature, dye concentration, mordant concentration, and pH significantly affected the color strength and appearance of the dyed samples. Although preliminary trials assessed mordants, the optimized dyeing procedure achieved high color strength and improved fastness without synthetic mordants, consistent with sustainable dyeing. The dyed wool samples exhibited excellent washing and light fastness properties, attributed to the tannin components in the date seed extract, which act as natural mordants. The study presents date seed extract as a green substitute for conventional dyes in wool, enabling sustainable and efficient natural dyeing of textiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101018"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149141036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}