South African Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"X-ray crystallographic diffraction study by whole powder pattern fitting (WPPF) method: Refinement of crystalline nanostructure polymorphs TiO2","authors":"Md. Ashraful Alam ,&nbsp;Shanawaz Ahmed ,&nbsp;Raton Kumar Bishwas ,&nbsp;Sabrina Mostofa ,&nbsp;Shirin Akter Jahan","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High crystalline preferred oriented low strain anatase utilizing a novel and unique approach employing the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is the prime focus of the investigation. This process effectively enhanced controlled crystalline phase growth with 86.70 % anatase and 13.30 % rutile confirmed through Rietveld refinement in the WPPF method. The prominent crystalline phase providing insights into lattice parameters <em>a</em> = <em>b</em> = 3.7882 Å, <em>c</em> = 9.5143 Å, α=β=γ= 90.0° where lattice strain 0.280 %, lattice volume 136.533 ų, specific surface area 84.69 m²/g, dislocation density 2.94 × 10^–3 nm⁻², morphology index 0.722, preference growth -0.087 and packing efficiency 70.13 %. The most intense diffraction was attributed to the (101) plane at 2θ= 25.288° The average crystallite size through various models was 18.45 nm (Scherrer equation), 34.08 nm (Williamson-Hall plot), 22.12 nm (Monshi-Scherrer model), 18.49 nm (Sahadat-Scherrer model), 22.44 nm (Size-strain plot model) and 17.87 nm (Halder-Wagner model) confirming the formation of nano-sized anatase phase of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The standard powder nanocrystals exhibit a crystallinity of 67.87 %, underscoring the efficacy of the highly oriented anatase with desirable structural and diffraction properties. `This reduction in crystal structure defects and strain, alongside a smaller lattice volume improved stability and high crystalline anatase predominant (101) was observed at low temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 68-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green technologies in food colorant extraction: A comprehensive review","authors":"Irianto Irianto ,&nbsp;Nicky Rahmana Putra ,&nbsp;Yustisia Yustisia ,&nbsp;Syahrial Abdullah ,&nbsp;Syafruddin Syafruddin ,&nbsp;Paesal Paesal ,&nbsp;Andi Irmadamayanti ,&nbsp;Herawati Herawati ,&nbsp;Budi Raharjo ,&nbsp;Sri Agustini ,&nbsp;Asmaliyah Asmaliyah ,&nbsp;Amik Krismawati ,&nbsp;Bramantyo Airlangga","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study explores the potential of green extraction techniques—Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)—for obtaining natural food colorants from various plant materials. These methods were assessed based on efficiency, yield, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. MAE, UAE, and SFE demonstrated higher extraction yields and purity levels of bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betacyanins compared to conventional methods. The environmental benefits of these green techniques include reduced energy consumption, minimal waste production, and the use of non-toxic solvents. However, technological barriers in scaling up, regulatory and safety considerations, and cost implications were identified as challenges. Future research opportunities lie in optimizing extraction conditions, improving scalability, ensuring regulatory compliance, and developing cost-effective solutions. The integration of these sustainable extraction methods into the food industry aligns with eco-friendly practices and meets the growing consumer demand for natural and safe food ingredients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 22-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transportation of 3D chemically reactive flow of Jeffrey nanofluid over a porous frame with variable thermal conductivity","authors":"Nahid Fatima ,&nbsp;Aaqib Majeed ,&nbsp;Taoufik Saidani ,&nbsp;Nouman Ijaz ,&nbsp;Kamal Barghout ,&nbsp;Nidal Abu-Libdeh","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluids with variable thermal conductivity can potentially bring about a transformative impact in various industries. They offer adaptive and efficient heat transfer solutions that can adjust to changing conditions and specific requirements. The insertion of nanoparticles into the base fluid significantly changes its properties, affecting thermal conductivity and viscosity. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze the heat transfer rate and three-dimensional bio-convective flow of a non-Newtonian Jeffrey nanofluid across a porous surface with variable thermal conductivity. The investigation also considers the impacts of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and the Lorentz force. The combine impact of thermal radiation and motile microbes also incorporated in the current study. To model these phenomena, we employ the boundary layer approximation to derive a system of partial differential equations (PDEs). These PDEs are subsequently simplified into more manageable ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using the similarity variables. The numerical analysis is performed via the finite difference approach, which consists of a three-stage Lobatto scheme using MATLAB package. Additionally, important engineering parameters under different constraints-like skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number—are given in a thorough manner using tabular and graphical representations. The results of this study demonstrate significant enhancements in various aspects, including thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and thermal boundary layer thickness are demonstrated through graphically and in the form of tables. As the thermal radiation parameter increases, the temperature profile rises accordingly. This enhancement in the temperature profile is directly attributable to the higher value of the radiation parameter, which results in a physical increase in temperature. These improvements are attributed to a reduction in viscous forces and an increase in the Brownian diffusion coefficient. This research advances the understanding of non-Newtonian thermally radiative flow with variable thermal conductivity, elucidating the complex behavior of such fluids and providing valuable insights for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 112-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molar enthalpy and heat capacity for symmetric trigonometric Rosen-Morse plus Pὂschl-Teller potential","authors":"C.A. Onate,&nbsp;J.A. Akinpelu,&nbsp;O.O. Ajani,&nbsp;B.B. Deji-Jinadu,&nbsp;F.O. Aweda,&nbsp;J.B. Fashae,&nbsp;O.O. Jegede","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Some potential models are only studied for open systems even though applied to certain models, the theoretical value cannot be justified by the observed data, such potential model includes the symmetric trigonometric Rosen-Morse potential and some certain types of Pὂschl-Teller potential. Their inability to reproduce the observed data is due to the potential parameters that lack physical meanings. To make these types of potentials more useful and interesting, the present study combined the symmetric trigonometric Rosen-Morse potential and a type of Pὂschl-Teller potential and transformed the potential parameters to spectroscopic parameters to suit molecular study. The energy of the modified potential is applied to the study of some thermodynamic properties (enthalpy and heat capacity at constant pressure) for some molecules. The numerical results of the various thermodynamic properties of the modified potential reproduced experimental data for some molecules for the four molecules studied. The predicted results for each of the four molecules has average percentage deviation of less than one percent justifying an excellent agreement with the experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 15-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal alkaline treatment of lignocellulosic biomass for microcrystalline cellulose generation at subcritical water","authors":"Siti Machmudah ,&nbsp;Wahyudiono ,&nbsp;Prida Novarita Trisanti ,&nbsp;Heru Setyawan ,&nbsp;Suci Madhania ,&nbsp;Kriyo Sambodho ,&nbsp;Sugeng Winardi ,&nbsp;Tadafumi Adschiri ,&nbsp;Motonobu Goto","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Like lignocellulosic biomass, wood waste sawdust is rich in cellulose and can potentially be used as a source of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) production via removal of hemicellulose and lignin constituents. Under hydrothermal alkaline treatment (100 to 140 °C), the breaking in the linkages of lignin and hemicellulose groups may happen, resulting in the solid residue, which is known as a cellulose-rich solid product. Results of FTIR analysis indicated that the removal of non-cellulosic constituents improved with increasing operating temperature and/or the prolonged treatment time. The XRD diffractogram pattern proved that improving the operating parameters (temperature and/or time) may also improve the crystallinity index of the solid product. On the contrary, the yield of the solid product decreases with increasing operating temperature and/or the prolonged treatment time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 45-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of mathematical and experimental modeling for sustainable phycobiliprotein production via fed-batch cultures","authors":"Jefferson E. Contreras-Ropero ,&nbsp;Janet B. García-Martínez ,&nbsp;Andrés F. Barajas-Solano","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production of phycobiliproteins, such as cyanobacterial phycocyanins, is a growing interest due to their diverse industrial and biotechnological applications. This study focuses on optimizing phycocyanin production using the strain <em>Potamosiphon</em> sp. through experimental techniques and mathematical modeling in fed-batch cultures. The methodology applied includes determining the kinetic constants by linearizing the Monod equation evaluating the concentrations of biomass, C-phycocyanin (C-PC), nitrates (NO₃), and phosphates (PO₄). A mathematical model of periodic fed-batch feeding was subsequently established, applying mass conservation principles and evaluating the accuracy of the Monod, Contois, Moser, and Tessier models. The results indicate that phycocyanin production is highly dependent on phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, with optimal conversion observed at specific levels of these elements (0.832 for phosphorus and 0.805 for nitrogen in terms of C-PC and biomass, respectively). The Tessier model demonstrated the highest accuracy in predicting production and optimizing operational conditions, with a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.005000 for biomass production, 0.200000 for C-PC production, and 0.000010 for substrate consumption. It also achieved high R² values of 0.980 for biomass, 0.999 for C-PC production, and 0.997 for substrate consumption. It presented the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) scores, indicating its robustness and reliability in modeling these processes and manipulating cultivation conditions and providing adequate nutrition allowed for achieving growth rates of 1.23 g/L and a C-PC concentration of 37 mg/L, which are essential for industrial applications such as natural colorants and antioxidants, among others.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 35-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of microwave-assisted hydrolysis of glucose from oil palm empty fruit bunch","authors":"Maya Sarah,&nbsp;Isti Madinah,&nbsp;Erni Misran,&nbsp;Fatimah","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using microwave as an energy source is carried out to produce sugar with mild operating conditions. One way to find the best conditions that can obtain high-quality sugar is to optimize the hydrolysis process. In this study, optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental design. Estimated variables to affect the hydrolysis process are the ratio of OPEFB to solvent (X₁: 1:20–4:20 g/ml), solvent concentration (X₂: 0.5–1.5 %), and hydrolysis time (X₃: 5–15 min). Hydrolysis success parameters were measured by hydrolysis temperature (Y₁), glucose (Y₂), fructose (Y₃), and total sugar (Y₄) concentration. The optimization results show that the three independent variables contribute 53.25 % to the hydrolysis temperature and 86.42 % to the sugar concentration. The recommended operating conditions were hydrolysis with the ratio of OPEFB to solvent of 4:20 g/ml, solvent concentration of 0.5 %, and carried out for 10 min. The hydrolysis temperature cannot be optimized because there is a mismatch in the temperature model analysis. The application of these conditions is predicted to produce glucose, fructose, and total sugar of 315.51; 258.24; 573.85 mg/L respectively. The last step is to validate these conditions in the laboratory to get the actual value. Actual glucose, fructose, and total sugar obtained were 300.40; 245.44; 545.84 mg/L respectively. The error in this study is less than 5 % which indicates the actual value is following the predicted value. © 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer characteristics of mixed convection inside a differentially heated square cavity containing an oscillating porous cylinder","authors":"Ananya Dipita Bhakta ,&nbsp;Nahid Hasan ,&nbsp;Ashfaq Raveed ,&nbsp;Niloy Deb ,&nbsp;Sumon Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study presents mixed convective flow inside a square chamber holding a centrally placed and thermally conductive oscillating porous circular cylinder. The left boundary's temperature is kept larger than that of the right edge, and the horizontal edges are preserved at adiabatic settings. The circumferential speed of the cylinder is sinusoidal and oscillating in nature. The fluid region within the chamber is modeled employing 2D Navier-Stokes and heat energy equations. Furthermore, the fluid circulation and heat transmission within the porous cylinder are modeled using the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer formulation. The leading equations are discretized utilizing the Galerkin finite element technique. The parametric study is undertaken considering three distinct diameters of the porous cylinder and three distinct oscillation frequencies. The instant Nusselt number is evaluated along the heated wall, which varies in an oscillatory pattern owing to the repeated contraction and enlargement of the thermal boundary layer. The Nusselt number is averaged over time once the value becomes statistically stationary. The study is conducted within a mixed convection region with Reynolds (<em>Re</em> = 100), Richardson (0.1 ≤ <em>Ri</em> ≤ 10), and Grashof (10³ ≤ <em>G</em>r ≤ 10⁵) numbers. Upon thorough examination, it becomes clear that the system's thermal performance shows promising improvement with the largest cylinder diameter and the lowest oscillation frequency. Specifically, the average Nusselt number shows a maximum improvement of 21.50 % at the largest cylinder diameter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Pages 477-488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan/CNDs coated Cu electrode surface has an electrical potential for electrical energy application","authors":"Muhammadin Hamid ,&nbsp;Indri Dayana ,&nbsp;Habib Satria ,&nbsp;Muhammad Fadlan Siregar ,&nbsp;Martha Rianna ,&nbsp;Hadi Wijoyo","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymers and nanomaterials had been widely applied at electrochemical chemosensor and biosensor. Developing technical energy is still much needed, especially using natural environmental friendly material. Both chitosan of biopolymer and carbon nanodots (CNDs) of nanomaterials are highly studied due to their extraordinary properties. The research focus on chitosan and chitosan/CNDs nanocomposite surface that was applied for electrical energy. Nanocomposite was coated on Cu electrode surface by using electroplating method. The coated electrode was dipped into oil samples. The dipped nanocomposite then was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and Chemosensor. Nanocomposite structure is still maintain its chemical compound, confirmed by FTIR and XRD, which still maintain amine group; hydroxyl group; and crystalinity of chitosan after CNDs intercoporation. Nanocomposite surface morphology show magnetite particle distribution that spreaded on the surface of electrode for both chitosan and CNDs nanocomposite, which is confirmed by SEM. The free dipping method is based on the sensitive material chitosan/CNDs as a chemosensor; the pressure process on the surface of the chitosan/CNDs sensitive material causes the interaction of metal ions and acid compounds, which involves an iontophoresis process where oil atoms that have been excited in the evaporation process will experience atomic vibrations due to electron transport which then the active groups on the Chemosensor directly absorb and bind metals and acids in oil use a chemisorption process which leads to the transfer of charge from the adsorption particles to the chemosensor surface to fill the holes so that a potential difference occurs in the form of electrical pulses which will then be captured by the Arduino system which will be converted into digital data. This process makes technological energy production in the form of electrical energy faster.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Pages 445-450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Furfural purification and production from prospective agricultural waste of oil palm empty fruit bunch: Simulation, design and economic assessments","authors":"Muryanto ,&nbsp;Fabio Carisma Handita ,&nbsp;Andre Fahriz Perdana Harahap ,&nbsp;Muhammad Sahlan ,&nbsp;Heri Hermansyah ,&nbsp;Muhammad Arif Darmawan ,&nbsp;Hens Saputra ,&nbsp;Sri Djangkung Sumbogo Murti ,&nbsp;Danang Tri Hartanto ,&nbsp;Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman Yuliansyah ,&nbsp;Meilana Dharma Putra ,&nbsp;Agus Mirwan ,&nbsp;Patrick Cognet ,&nbsp;Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua ,&nbsp;Misri Gozan","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Furfural is potentially produced from lignocellulose waste of biorefinery processes and is widely used as a value-added in various chemical industries. However, the purification of furfural should be conducted to obtain high purity. This work aims to synthesize, design, and optimize the furfural production using some alternative distillation processes by simulation using Super Pro and ASPEN software. The pretreatment process of producing crude furfural from empty fruit bunch waste is also evaluated. The production cost of $0.23/kg of crude furfural (5 %) was obtained in the preliminary process. In the purification process, the sequenced distillation process was less prospective than the extractive distillation based on the simulation basis and economic evaluation. The extractive distillation using n‑butyl chloride performed better than toluene and benzene as the furfural recovery, and the purity was 98.60 % and 99.94 %, respectively. The payback period (PBP), internal rate return (IRR), and net present value (NPV) also indicated the great performance of the extractive distillation process with values of 1.24 years, 36.04 %, and $14,591,500, respectively. Therefore, the simulation, design, and economic evaluation presented promising results that are feasible for plant establishment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Pages 466-476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}