Making healthy cooking oil from crude palm oil (CPO) by combination method microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) – Batchwise solvent extraction (BSE)

Q1 Social Sciences

South African Journal of Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI:10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.011

Hakun Wirawasista Aparamarta , Setiyo Gunawan , Roshita Ibrahim , Meidy Hariawan , Famy Bisyauqil Haq , Mohammad Farhan Supriadiputra

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Palm oil is a major plantation product that contributes significantly to Indonesia's economic development. The objective of this study was to refine palm oil to achieve a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), known for its beneficial effects on blood cholesterol levels, while also enhancing its oxidative stability. A combination of Batchwise Solvent Extraction (BSE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was also used. This MAE experiment also optimized variables that influence the best results, such as the purity of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TAG). This works utilized Full Factorial Design (FFD) models. The R² determination coefficient for FFA composition response is 99.38 %, while for TAG purity it is 99.55 %, confirming the model's reliability. This MAE works best with a changing 100 % polar solvent, a MAE power of 300 W, and an extraction time of 10 min. These parameters have the highest TAG purity (92.35 %) and lowest FFA content (2.18 %). MAE-BSE had the lowest levels of FFA (0.62 %) and TAG purity (98.42 %) throughout all seven stages. The relative intensity of ions was utilized to determine the cis and trans configurations of double bonds. TAG fatty acids discovered include palmitic acid (C_16:0, 47.32 %), stearic acid (C_18:0, 0.95 %), oleic acid (C_18:1c, 45.49 %), and linoleic acid (C_18:2c, 3.87 %). According to GC, GC–MS, and fragmentation analyses, this refined oil contains no trans fatty acids and has a higher composition of UFA compared to saturated fatty acids (SFA). This study reveals that the methods used can produce healthy oils.

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微波辅助萃取(MAE) -分批溶剂萃取（BSE）相结合的方法从粗棕榈油（CPO）中提取健康食用油

棕榈油是一种重要的种植产品，对印度尼西亚的经济发展做出了重大贡献。这项研究的目的是提炼棕榈油，以获得更高比例的不饱和脂肪酸（UFA），它对血液胆固醇水平有有益的影响，同时也增强了它的氧化稳定性。采用分批溶剂萃取（BSE）和微波辅助萃取（MAE）相结合的方法。本实验还优化了影响最佳结果的变量，如游离脂肪酸（FFA）纯度和甘油三酯（TAG）纯度。本研究采用全因子设计（FFD）模型。FFA组成响应的R2决定系数为99.38%，TAG纯度的R2决定系数为99.55%，验证了模型的可靠性。当溶剂极性为100%，MAE功率为300 W，提取时间为10 min时，该MAE效果最佳。这些参数使TAG纯度最高（92.35%），FFA含量最低（2.18%）。MAE-BSE在所有7个阶段中FFA（0.62%）和TAG（98.42%）的纯度最低。离子的相对强度被用来确定双键的顺式和反式构型。发现的TAG脂肪酸包括棕榈酸（C16:0, 47.32%）、硬脂酸（C18:0, 0.95%）、油酸（C18:1c, 45.49%）和亚油酸（C18:2c, 3.87%）。根据GC， GC - ms和碎片化分析，该成品油不含反式脂肪酸，与饱和脂肪酸（SFA）相比，UFA的组成更高。这项研究表明，使用的方法可以产生健康的油。

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来源期刊

South African Journal of Chemical Engineering Social Sciences-Education

CiteScore

8.40

自引率

0.00%

发文量

100

审稿时长

33 weeks

期刊介绍： The journal has a particular interest in publishing papers on the unique issues facing chemical engineering taking place in countries that are rich in resources but face specific technical and societal challenges, which require detailed knowledge of local conditions to address. Core topic areas are: Environmental process engineering • treatment and handling of waste and pollutants • the abatement of pollution, environmental process control • cleaner technologies • waste minimization • environmental chemical engineering • water treatment Reaction Engineering • modelling and simulation of reactors • transport phenomena within reacting systems • fluidization technology • reactor design Separation technologies • classic separations • novel separations Process and materials synthesis • novel synthesis of materials or processes, including but not limited to nanotechnology, ceramics, etc. Metallurgical process engineering and coal technology • novel developments related to the minerals beneficiation industry • coal technology Chemical engineering education • guides to good practice • novel approaches to learning • education beyond university.