Making healthy cooking oil from crude palm oil (CPO) by combination method microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) – Batchwise solvent extraction (BSE)

Q1 Social Sciences

South African Journal of Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI:10.1016/j.sajce.2025.03.011

Hakun Wirawasista Aparamarta , Setiyo Gunawan , Roshita Ibrahim , Meidy Hariawan , Famy Bisyauqil Haq , Mohammad Farhan Supriadiputra

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Palm oil is a major plantation product that contributes significantly to Indonesia's economic development. The objective of this study was to refine palm oil to achieve a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), known for its beneficial effects on blood cholesterol levels, while also enhancing its oxidative stability. A combination of Batchwise Solvent Extraction (BSE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was also used. This MAE experiment also optimized variables that influence the best results, such as the purity of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TAG). This works utilized Full Factorial Design (FFD) models. The R² determination coefficient for FFA composition response is 99.38 %, while for TAG purity it is 99.55 %, confirming the model's reliability. This MAE works best with a changing 100 % polar solvent, a MAE power of 300 W, and an extraction time of 10 min. These parameters have the highest TAG purity (92.35 %) and lowest FFA content (2.18 %). MAE-BSE had the lowest levels of FFA (0.62 %) and TAG purity (98.42 %) throughout all seven stages. The relative intensity of ions was utilized to determine the cis and trans configurations of double bonds. TAG fatty acids discovered include palmitic acid (C_16:0, 47.32 %), stearic acid (C_18:0, 0.95 %), oleic acid (C_18:1c, 45.49 %), and linoleic acid (C_18:2c, 3.87 %). According to GC, GC–MS, and fragmentation analyses, this refined oil contains no trans fatty acids and has a higher composition of UFA compared to saturated fatty acids (SFA). This study reveals that the methods used can produce healthy oils.

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来源期刊

South African Journal of Chemical Engineering Social Sciences-Education

CiteScore

8.40

自引率

0.00%

发文量

100

审稿时长

33 weeks

期刊介绍： The journal has a particular interest in publishing papers on the unique issues facing chemical engineering taking place in countries that are rich in resources but face specific technical and societal challenges, which require detailed knowledge of local conditions to address. Core topic areas are: Environmental process engineering • treatment and handling of waste and pollutants • the abatement of pollution, environmental process control • cleaner technologies • waste minimization • environmental chemical engineering • water treatment Reaction Engineering • modelling and simulation of reactors • transport phenomena within reacting systems • fluidization technology • reactor design Separation technologies • classic separations • novel separations Process and materials synthesis • novel synthesis of materials or processes, including but not limited to nanotechnology, ceramics, etc. Metallurgical process engineering and coal technology • novel developments related to the minerals beneficiation industry • coal technology Chemical engineering education • guides to good practice • novel approaches to learning • education beyond university.