Space Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"A Radiometric Correction Method and Performance Characteristics for PIXL’s Multispectral Analysis Using LEDs","authors":"J. Henneke, D. Klevang, Y. Liu, J. Jørgensen, T. Denver, M. Rice, S. VanBommel, C. Toldbo, J. Hurowitz, M. Tice, N. Tosca, J. Johnson, A. Winhold, A. Allwood, J. Bell","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01014-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01014-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) onboard the Perseverance rover, part of NASA’s Mars 2020 mission, has the first camera system that utilizes active light sources to generate multispectral data directly on a planetary surface. PIXL collects the multispectral data using three different components in the Optical Fiducial System (OFS): Micro Context Camera (MCC), Floodlight Illuminator (FLI), and Structure light illuminator (SLI). MCC captures images illuminated at different wavelengths by FLI while topography information is obtained by synchronously operating the MCC and SLI. A radiometric calibration for such a system has not been attempted before. Here we present a novel radiometric correction process and verify the output to a mean error of 0.4% by comparing it to calibrated spectral data from the Three Axis N-sample Automated Goniometer for Evaluation Reflectance (TANAGER). We demonstrate that the radiometrically corrected data can clearly discern different features in natural rock and mineral samples. We also conclude that the same radiometric correction process can be used on Mars as the optical system is designed to autonomously compensates for the effects of the Martian environment on the instrument. Having multispectral capabilities has proven to be very valuable for extrapolating the detailed mineral and crystallographic information produced by X-ray spectroscopy from the X-ray system of PIXL.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135267045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lunar Gravitational-Wave Detection","authors":"Marica Branchesi, Maurizio Falanga, Jan Harms, Karan Jani, Stavros Katsanevas, Philippe Lognonné, Francesca Badaracco, Luigi Cacciapuoti, Enrico Cappellaro, Simone Dell’Agnello, Sébastien de Raucourt, Alessandro Frigeri, Domenico Giardini, Oliver Jennrich, Taichi Kawamura, Valeriya Korol, Martin Landrø, Josipa Majstorović, Piyush Marmat, Paolo Mazzali, Marco Muccino, Ferdinando Patat, Elena Pian, Tsvi Piran, Severine Rosat, Sheila Rowan, Simon Stähler, Jacopo Tissino","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01015-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01015-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A new era of lunar exploration has begun bringing immense opportunities for science as well. It has been proposed to deploy a new generation of observatories on the lunar surface for deep studies of our Universe. This includes radio antennas, which would be protected on the far side of the Moon from terrestrial radio interference, and gravitational-wave (GW) detectors, which would profit from the extremely low level of seismic disturbances on the Moon. In recent years, novel concepts have been proposed for lunar GW detectors based on long-baseline laser interferometry or on compact sensors measuring the lunar surface vibrations caused by GWs. In this article, we review the concepts and science opportunities for such instruments on the Moon. In addition to promising breakthrough discoveries in astrophysics and cosmology, lunar GW detectors would also be formidable probes of the lunar internal structure and improve our understanding of the lunar geophysical environment.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foresail-2: Space Physics Mission in a Challenging Environment","authors":"Marius Anger, Petri Niemelä, Kiril Cheremetiev, Bruce Clayhills, Anton Fetzer, Ville Lundén, Markus Hiltunen, Tomi Kärkkäinen, M. Mayank, Lucile Turc, Adnane Osmane, Minna Palmroth, Emilia Kilpua, Philipp Oleynik, Rami Vainio, Pasi Virtanen, Petri Toivanen, Pekka Janhunen, David Fischer, Guillaume Le Bonhomme, Andris Slavinskis, Jaan Praks","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01012-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01012-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Earth’s radiation belts are extremely important for space weather because they can store and accelerate particles to relativistic energies, which can have a potential impact on satellite functionality, communications, and navigation systems. The FORESAIL consortium wants to measure these high-energy particle fluxes to understand the dynamics of the radiation belts with its satellite mission Foresail-2. The mission aims to measure magnetic ultra low frequency waves and the plasma environment in the magnetosphere around Earth. The captured data will help to improve our understanding of space weather, and in particular the dynamics of Earth’s radiation belts during periods of large disturbances inside the magnetosphere. A mission design analysis and several trade-off studies are conducted to find the requirements for the science payloads and spacecraft avionics design. Deducted from these requirements, four different payloads are proposed to gather science data in a highly elliptical orbit such as a geostationary transfer orbit. The precision magnetometer uses flux-gate technology to measure magnetic waves from 1 mHz to 10 Hz. The spin scanning particle telescope is built around a detector stack to measure electron spectra in the range of 30 keV to 10 MeV. Additionally, this mission serves as a technology demonstrator for the Coulomb drag experiment which proposes a new kind of electric solar wind sail utilising the Coulomb drag force imposed onto a 300 m long tether. The fourth payload investigates multilayer radiation shielding and single event effects. All payloads will be supported by a newly developed 6U platform using mostly commercial off-the-shelf components. Its proposed avionics face several unique design requirements rising from the payloads and the preferred highly elliptical orbit for this mission.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135666815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar Cycle Observations","authors":"Aimee Norton, Rachel Howe, Lisa Upton, Ilya Usoskin","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01008-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01008-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We describe the defining observations of the solar cycle that provide constraints for the dynamo processes operating within the Sun. Specifically, we report on the following topics: historical sunspot numbers and revisions; active region (AR) flux ranges and lifetimes; bipolar magnetic region tilt angles; Hale and Joy’s law; the impact of rogue ARs on cycle progression and the amplitude of the following cycle; the spatio-temporal emergence of ARs that creates the butterfly diagram; polar fields; large-scale flows including zonal, meridional, and AR in-flows; short-term cycle variability; and helioseismic results including mode parameter changes.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136032848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Active Region Origins and Emergence on the Sun and Other Cool Stars","authors":"Maria A. Weber, Hannah Schunker, Laurène Jouve, Emre Işık","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01006-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01006-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The emergence of active regions on the Sun is an integral feature of the solar dynamo mechanism. However, details about the generation of active-region-scale magnetism and the journey of this magnetic flux from the interior to the photosphere are still in question. Shifting paradigms are now developing for the source depth of the Sun’s large-scale magnetism, the organization of this magnetism into fibril flux tubes, and the role of convection in shaping active-region observables. Here we review the landscape of flux emergence theories and simulations, highlight the role flux emergence plays in the global dynamo process, and make connections between flux emergence on the Sun and other cool stars. As longer-term and higher fidelity observations of both solar active regions and their associated flows are amassed, it is now possible to place new constraints on models of emerging flux. We discuss the outcomes of statistical studies which provide observational evidence that flux emergence may be a more passive process (at least in the upper convection zone); dominated to a greater extent by the influence of convection and to a lesser extent by buoyancy and the Coriolis force acting on rising magnetic flux tubes than previously thought. We also discuss how the relationship between stellar rotation, fractional convection zone depth, and magnetic activity on other stars can help us better understand the flux emergence processes. Looking forward, we identify open questions regarding magnetic flux emergence that we anticipate can be addressed in the next decade with further observations and simulations.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135943958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) on the Europa Clipper Mission","authors":"J. H. Westlake, R. L. McNutt, J. C. Kasper, C. Battista, A. W. Case, C. Cochrane, M. Grey, X. Jia, M. Kivelson, C. Kim, H. Korth, K. K. Khurana, N. Krupp, C. S. Paty, E. Roussos, A. M. Rymer, M. L. Stevens, J. A. Slavin, H. T. Smith, J. Saur, D. Coren","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01002-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01002-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Characterizing Europa’s subsurface ocean is essential for assessing Europa’s habitability. The suite of instruments on the Europa Clipper spacecraft will, among others, magnetically sound Europa’s interior by measuring the ocean’s induced magnetic field. This magnetic field is generated in response to the Jovian time-varying magnetic environment in which Europa is immersed. However, the dynamic magnetized plasma flow of the Jovian magnetosphere creates electrical currents that give rise to magnetic perturbations near Europa. These perturbations complicate the interpretation of the induction signal, and hence the characterization and inferences on potential habitability. Thus, characterization of the ocean by magnetic sounding requires an accurate characterization of the plasma as it flows across Europa. We present the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS), the instrument for the Europa Clipper mission that will measure the plasma contribution to the magnetic field perturbations sensed by the Europa Clipper Magnetometer. PIMS is composed of four Faraday Cup plasma spectrometers that use voltage-biased gridded apertures to dissect the space plasmas that they encounter. The instrument uses sensitive preamplifiers and processing electronics to measure the current that results when charged particles strike the instrument’s metal collector plates, thus enabling a measure of the plasma characteristics near Europa to produce a more accurate magnetic sounding of Europa’s subsurface ocean. PIMS consists of two sensors: one placed near the top of the Europa Clipper spacecraft and one near the bottom. Each sensor contains two Faraday Cups with a 90° full-width field-of-view. The sensors were specifically designed to withstand the Europa environment, measure both ions and electrons, and have two separate voltage ranges intended to analyze the magnetospheric and ionospheric environments, respectively. In this paper, we describe the scientific motivation for this experiment, the design considerations for the PIMS instrument, the details of the ground calibration, and other details pertinent to understanding the scientific data retrieved by PIMS.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136077694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trojan Asteroid Satellites, Rings, and Activity","authors":"Keith S. Noll, Michael E. Brown, Marc W. Buie, William M. Grundy, Harold F. Levison, Simone Marchi, Catherine B. Olkin, S. Alan Stern, Harold A. Weaver","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01001-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01001-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Lucy mission will encounter five Jupiter Trojans during its mission with three of the five already known to be multiple systems. These include a near-equal-mass binary, a small and widely separated satellite, and one intermediate-size satellite system. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge of Trojan asteroid satellites in the context of similar satellite systems in other small body populations. The prospects for the detection of additional satellites as well as other near-body phenomena are considered. The scientific utility of satellites makes their observation with Lucy an important scientific priority for the mission.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135706314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Venus Evolution Through Time: Key Science Questions, Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations","authors":"Thomas Widemann, Suzanne E. Smrekar, James B. Garvin, Anne Grete Straume-Lindner, Adriana C. Ocampo, Mitchell D. Schulte, Thomas Voirin, Scott Hensley, M. Darby Dyar, Jennifer L. Whitten, Daniel C. Nunes, Stephanie A. Getty, Giada N. Arney, Natasha M. Johnson, Erika Kohler, Tilman Spohn, Joseph G. O’Rourke, Colin F. Wilson, Michael J. Way, Colby Ostberg, Frances Westall, Dennis Höning, Seth Jacobson, Arnaud Salvador, Guillaume Avice, Doris Breuer, Lynn Carter, Martha S. Gilmore, Richard Ghail, Jörn Helbert, Paul Byrne, Alison R. Santos, Robert R. Herrick, Noam Izenberg, Emmanuel Marcq, Tobias Rolf, Matt Weller, Cedric Gillmann, Oleg Korablev, Lev Zelenyi, Ludmila Zasova, Dmitry Gorinov, Gaurav Seth, C. V. Narasimha Rao, Nilesh Desai","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this work we discuss various selected mission concepts addressing Venus evolution through time. More specifically, we address investigations and payload instrument concepts supporting scientific goals and open questions presented in the companion articles of this volume. Also included are their related investigations (observations & modeling) and discussion of which measurements and future data products are needed to better constrain Venus’ atmosphere, climate, surface, interior and habitability evolution through time. A new fleet of Venus missions has been selected, and new mission concepts will continue to be considered for future selections. Missions under development include radar-equipped ESA-led EnVision M5 orbiter mission (European Space Agency 2021), NASA-JPL’s VERITAS orbiter mission (Smrekar et al. 2022a), NASA-GSFC’s DAVINCI entry probe/flyby mission (Garvin et al. 2022a). The data acquired with the VERITAS, DAVINCI, and EnVision from the end of this decade will fundamentally improve our understanding of the planet’s long term history, current activity and evolutionary path. We further describe future mission concepts and measurements beyond the current framework of selected missions, as well as the synergies between these mission concepts, ground-based and space-based observatories and facilities, laboratory measurements, and future algorithmic or modeling activities that pave the way for the development of a Venus program that extends into the 2040s (Wilson et al. 2022).","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136117795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor","authors":"Richard Meitzler, Insoo Jun, Ryan Blase, Timothy Cassidy, Roger Clark, Corey Cochrane, Sam Fix, Randy Gladstone, John Goldsten, Murthy Gudipati, Kevin Hand, Bryana Henderson, Xianzhe Jia, Joshua Kammer, Peter Kollmann, Alfred McEwen, Heather Meyer, Tom Nordheim, Chris Paranicas, Carol Paty, Kurt Retherford, Elias Roussos, Abigail Rymer, Todd Smith, Joe Westlake, Zach Yokley","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01003-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01003-8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We present an overview of the radiation environment monitoring program planned for the Europa Clipper mission. The harsh radiation environment of Jupiter will be measured by a dedicated Radiation Monitor (RadMon) subsystem, yielding mission accumulative Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and instantaneous electron flux measurements with a 1-Hz cadence. The radiation monitoring subsystem is comprised of a stand alone sensor assembly along with distributed TID assemblies at various locations on the spacecraft. The sensor assembly itself is made of a TID sensor stack using the Metal-Oxide Semiconducting Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) and a Charge Rate Monitor (CRM) that uses a stack of bulk charge collection plates. The TID measurements will provide the critical information about the overall radiation levels relevant to the degradation of electronics over time, and the electron flux data can serve as a proxy for the Internal ElectroStatic Discharge (IESD) environment by measuring the >∼1 MeV electron environment. In addition, the radiation monitoring subsystem data will be augmented by serendipitous radiation data from science instruments onboard. This will be enabled by careful modeling and analysis of opportunistic background data from potentially the following instruments: Europa Imaging System (EIS), Europa-Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS), Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE), MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration (MASPEX), Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS), and SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA). Based on the current analysis, these instruments will be most sensitive to >1 MeV electrons. As such, the high-energy electron data obtained by the radiation monitoring subsystem will be qualitatively and quantitatively enhanced by the high-energy electron data acquired by the instruments. The holistic radiation monitoring program for the mission will be an extensive collaboration among many teams across the flight and payload systems. Although the radiation monitoring subsystem itself is an engineering resource for the mission, the collective data from the mission can also be used to improve the scientific understanding of the Jovian magnetosphere and the high-energy electron environment near Europa, where the motion of charged particles is perturbed by the local electromagnetic environment. The data could also help in the understanding of the radiation modification of Europa surface compounds, which could subsequently help guide lab experiments to aid in understanding the origin and evolution of surface materials and in constraining the interpretation of observational data. To this end, the radiation monitoring subsystem is a useful resource for helping address the Europa Clipper mission’s primary goal of assessing the habitability of Europa.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135761525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observationally Guided Models for the Solar Dynamo and the Role of the Surface Field","authors":"Robert H. Cameron, Manfred Schüssler","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01004-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01004-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Theoretical models for the solar dynamo range from simple low-dimensional “toy models” to complex 3D-MHD simulations. Here we mainly discuss appproaches that are motivated and guided by solar (and stellar) observations. We give a brief overview of the evolution of solar dynamo models since 1950s, focussing upon the development of the Babcock–Leighton approach between its introduction in the 1960s and its revival in the 1990s after being long overshadowed by mean-field turbulent dynamo theory. We summarize observations and simple theoretical deliberations that demonstrate the crucial role of the surface fields in the dynamo process and give quantitative analyses of the generation and loss of toroidal flux in the convection zone as well as of the production of poloidal field resulting from flux emergence at the surface. Furthermore, we discuss possible nonlinearities in the dynamo process suggested by observational results and present models for the long-term variability of solar activity motivated by observations of magnetically active stars and the inherent randomness of the dynamo process.","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135948524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}