Space Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"The Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment (CoDICE) for the IMAP Mission.","authors":"S A Livi, M I Desai, K Ogasawara, L Kistler, E Möbius, M J Starkey, M A Dayeh, D Kataria, H A Elliott, S Hart, B Alterman, D J McComas, C J Pollock, J Mukherjee, J Trevino, S Ferrell, T Brenner, S E Pope, M Tapley, K Pavlas, J S Rankin, M M Shen, L Khoo, M Alimaganbetov, J Teifert, E M Roemer, M Shaw-Lecerf, J Escobar, E R Christian, N A Schwadron, M Gkioulidou, G Grubbs, M Brysch, M Epperly, D George, G Dunn, J Ford, C L Schwendeman, M Commons, S Persyn, S Jaskulek, S Weidner, C Bert, M Ferris, B Rodriguez, C Nunez, C Urdiales, S Cortinas, H Rodriguez","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01251-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01251-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stationed in an orbit about the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point, L1, NASA's Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission is designed to provide well-coordinated measurements of the in-situ solar wind (SW) plasma and interplanetary magnetic field, interstellar pickup ions (PUIs), suprathermal and energetic ions, interstellar and energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), interstellar dust, and 3-dimensional (3D) maps of the global solar wind structure. Together these measurements from ten instruments address two key Heliophysics objectives, namely, 1) the acceleration of charged particles and 2) the interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium. This paper describes one of the five in-situ instruments - the Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment (CoDICE) that provides comprehensive measurements of the source populations and the charged particles that are accelerated near the Sun and throughout the heliosphere and beyond. CoDICE also provides the 3D velocity distribution functions (3D VDFs) of interstellar PU He⁺ ions and the isotopic composition of interstellar He and Ne PUIs, thus enabling detailed studies of the properties of the local interstellar medium (LISM) and its interactions with the SW and our heliosphere. CoDICE is a next generation instrument that combines two measurement systems in a novel, compact design to provide 1) the 3D VDFs and mass, isotopic, and ionic charge state composition of the lower energy SW, suprathermal, and PUIs between ∼0.5-80 keV/q, and 2) the arrival directions, and mass and isotopic composition of higher energy H-Fe ions between ∼0.03-5 MeV/nuc. CoDICE also provides measurements of SW abundances and charge states, as well as the intensities of suprathermal protons in four different directions to the real-time I-ALiRT data stream for Space Weather research and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12708712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145782322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The IMAP Magnetometer.","authors":"T S Horbury, H L O'Brien, C Greenaway, A Roberts, A Crabtree, M Tomes, M Facchinelli, M Finlayson, M Bharatia, E Fauchon-Jones, M Tapley, S Pope, D Jones, I Richter, S Dalla, C Russell, N A Schwadron, M Gkioulidou, D J McComas","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01277-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-026-01277-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The magnetometer (MAG) is one of the ten scientific instruments on the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP), which will take in situ and remote measurements from a Sun-Earth L1 halo orbit. MAG contributes to IMAP science goals of investigating the acceleration and propagation of energetic particles, as well as providing real-time space weather monitoring data. The magnetometer is a conventional dual sensor fluxgate instrument with a noise floor under 10 pT at 1 Hz, taking science measurements continuously at 2 vectors/s as well as a burst mode of 64 vectors/s for at least 8 hours per day. It also provides a real-time space weather monitoring product at 4 second cadence. We describe the requirements, design and performance of the instrument, including a novel lossless compression algorithm. Data products, processing and calibration plans are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 4","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13139264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The High-Energy Ion Telescope (HIT) for the Interstellar Mapping And Acceleration Probe (IMAP) Mission.","authors":"E R Christian, J G Mitchell, A Bruno, D Albaijes, S Bailey Newman, R C Boggs, M K Choi, C M S Cohen, W R Cook, Y S Darwish, A J Davis, G A de Nolfo, J J Dumonthier, R D Garnett, M Gkioulidou, K J Gregory, D Guzman Garcia, J P Haas, C Hollenhorst, M Jeunon, M A Kaiser, S G Kanekal, B Kecman, R A Leske, J D Letzer, I Liceaga Indart, D J McComas, B McNeel, G D Muro, J T Nolan, M Ogindo, P Petrowich, W J Reaves, T P Rosnack, N Saghafi, C L Salerno, N A Schwadron, M A Silber, E S Smith, M T Smith, G Suárez, T Tatoli, C P Tiu, M E Wiedenbeck, M H Windhausen, Z Xu","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01279-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-026-01279-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP; McComas et al. in Space Sci Rev 214:116, 2018a; McComas et al. in Space Sci Rev 221:100, 2025) is a NASA mission designed to study two of the most important issues in heliophysics: the interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium and the acceleration of energetic particles. These two puzzles are surprisingly intertwined because particle acceleration in the inner heliosphere plays a large role in the interactions at the edge of the heliosphere. The ten instruments on IMAP, situated near the Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange point, include both in situ and remote-sensing observations and are designed to work together to explore these questions. The High-energy Ion Telescope (HIT), described herein, measures in situ ions from hydrogen through nickel at energies ranging from a few MeV/nucleon to some tens of MeV/nucleon, depending upon species. While the primary focus of HIT is Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs), HIT is also sensitive to Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) that are also present at these energies. Working with the other IMAP instruments, HIT studies how the variation in SEP intensities, spectra, anisotropies, and composition inform the acceleration processes that generate these particles, and, in turn, how these high-energy particles affect the outer heliosphere. This paper details the design and operation of the HIT instrument.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 2","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12948803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147327009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The IMAP Observatory Overview.","authors":"K P Hegarty, S Kubota, M Cully, D J McComas, E R Christian, N A Schwadron, M Gkioulidou, S Bushman, C Collura, M Dauberman, C Drabenstadt, A Driesman, A Dubill, B Duffy, E Coleman, D Eng, C J Ercol, A Gerger, R Hall, J Hahn, M Haque, S Hefter, D Jeong, D Jones, J Kelman, C Krupiarz, F Kujawa, C Lippe, D Matlin, C Monaco, D Myers, E Rivera Sepulveda, D Rodriguez, L Roufberg, J Scherrer, M Schwinger, A Shin, F Siddique, E Smith, R Smith, M Tapley, S Vernon, C Vigil, S Weidner","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01272-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01272-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NASA's Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission simultaneously investigates the acceleration of particles expelled from the Sun, and how the interaction of these particles with the local interstellar medium shapes our heliospheric boundary. The IMAP observatory makes critical measurements that facilitate this ground breaking science by incorporating a spin stabilized spacecraft orbiting around the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point, L1, with a payload comprised of ten unique instruments, making comprehensive and synergistic observations of solar wind, suprathermal, energetic particles and magnetic field, energetic neutral atoms mapping the boundary of our heliosphere, as well as interstellar neutral atoms and dust. This paper provides details on the design, integration, and testing of the IMAP observatory.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12855388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMAP's Role in Understanding Particle Injection and Energization Throughout the Heliosphere.","authors":"C M S Cohen, B L Alterman, D N Baker, A Bruno, M Bzowski, E R Christian, I J Cohen, S Dalla, M A Dayeh, M I Desai, H A Elliott, J Giacalone, M Gkioulidou, F Guo, T Horbury, S G Kanekal, I Kowalska-Leszczyńska, C O Lee, G I Livadiotis, J G Luhmann, W H Matthaeus, D J McComas, J G Mitchell, E Moebius, J Rankin, J D Richardson, N A Schwadron, R Skoug, D Turner, G Zank, E J Zirnstein","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01257-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01257-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The payload of the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) includes sophisticated in situ instruments to measure solar wind plasma and magnetic fields, suprathermal and energetic particles at 1 au as well as unprecedented remote sensing instruments to observe the energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the outer heliosphere and the ultraviolet glow of the interstellar neutral H interacting with the three-dimensional solar wind. This unique combination of sensors on a single platform allows connections to be made between the inner and outer heliosphere to an extent never before possible. This article focuses on the scientific theme of connecting the physics of particle acceleration and transport throughout the heliosphere. Such studies enabled by IMAP are organized into three broad categories: i) fundamental particle acceleration and transport processes, ii) heliospheric variability that affects those processes, and iii) inner heliospheric science.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12779750/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exo-Geoscience Perspectives Beyond Habitability.","authors":"Tilman Spohn, Aki Roberge, M J Way, João C Duarte, Francesca Miozzi, Philipp Baumeister, Paul Byrne, Charles H Lineweaver","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01265-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01265-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reviews the emerging field of exo-geoscience, focusing on the geological and geophysical processes thought to influence the evolution and (eu)habitability of rocky exoplanets. We examine the possible roles of planetary interiors, tectonic regimes, continental coverage, volatile cycling, magnetic fields, and atmospheric composition and evolution in shaping long-term climate stability and biospheric potential. Comparisons with Earth and other planets in the Solar System highlight the diversity of planetary conditions and the rarity of conditions relevant to life. We also discuss contingency and convergence in planetary and biological evolution as they relate to the spread of life in the universe. The observational limits of current and planned missions are assessed, emphasizing the need for models that connect internal dynamics to detectable atmospheric and surface signatures as well as the need for laboratory measurements of planetary properties under a wide range of conditions. The large number of exoplanets promises opportunities for empirical and statistical studies of processes that may have occurred earlier in Earth's history, as well as for the other pathways rocky planets and biospheres may take. Thus, exo-geoscience provides a framework for interpreting exoplanet diversity and refining strategies for detecting life beyond the Solar System.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12804257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Observations of Magnetospheric Particle Acceleration, Sources, and Sinks (COMPASS): A Mission Concept to Explore the Extremes of Jupiter's Magnetosphere.","authors":"George Clark, P Kollmann, J Kinnison, D Kelly, A Haapala, W Li, A N Jaynes, L Blum, R Marshall, D Turner, I Cohen, A Ukhorskiy, B H Mauk, E Roussos, Q Nénon, A Drozdov, E Woodfield, W Dunn, G Berland, R Kraft, P K G Williams, H T Smith, G Hospodarsky, X Wu, J Hulsman, T P O'Brien, M Looper, K Sorathia, A Sciola, A Sicard, M Donegan, B Clare, D Emmell, J Wirzburger, D Sepulveda, L Roufberg, J Perry, J Schellhase, D Pergosky, E Able, M O'Neill, C Fernandes, D Chattopadhyay, S Bibelhauser, S Kijewski, J Pulkowski, M Furrow, C Feldman, J Nichols, N Carr, H Verma, S Lindsay, E Bunce, B Parry, A Martindale","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01249-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01249-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the dawn of the space age in 1957, humanity has achieved the remarkable feat of exploring all the planets in our Solar System with robotic spacecraft. This glimpse into the diversity of space environments that make up our Solar System has revealed that no two planetary systems are identical; however, each planet harbors key clues in working toward a more unified and predictive understanding of the basic structure and dynamics of all planetary, and even exosolar, magnetospheres. A common feature found in all strongly magnetized planets are regions of trapped, high-energy charged particles called radiation belts. Dedicated missions studying the radiation belts encompassing Earth have led to major space physics discoveries over the past several decades, but Earth's magnetosphere exists in a relatively small swath of the parameter space found in our Solar System. To expand that parameter space, we present a mission concept that was reported in the recent National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) Decadal Survey to expand the frontiers of Heliophysics in the 2024-2033 decade. The mission concept is called COMPASS, short for Comprehensive Observations of Magnetospheric Particle Acceleration, Sources, and Sinks. COMPASS is a mission dedicated to the exploration of Jupiter's radiation belts, with an unprecedented suite of instruments covering i) particle species from thermal plasma to 10 tens of MeV electrons and relativistic protons and heavy ions; ii) comprehensive magnetic and electric fields and waves; and iii) dedicated X-ray imaging. COMPASS will enable the scientific community to test existing hypotheses and make new discoveries of how Jupiter's radiation belts are sourced, accelerated, and lost within such a complex system.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12847200/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146086792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geodetic Investigations of the Europa Clipper Mission.","authors":"G Steinbrügge, R S Park, J H Roberts, M Bland, S Brooks, J Castillo-Rogez, G Cascioli, A Genova, T Greathouse, H Hussmann, R Kirk, A Magnanini, E Mazarico, F Nimmo, M S Park, F Petricca, K Retherford, D M Schroeder, K M Soderlund, P Tortora, M Zannoni","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01250-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01250-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Europa Clipper mission will investigate the geophysical properties of Europa, one of Jupiter's Galilean moons, to assess its habitability. Geodetic measurements will play a critical role in determining Europa's internal structure, including the thickness of the ice shell, the presence and extent of a subsurface ocean, and the distribution of mass in the deeper interior. To build the necessary geodetic data set, the Geodesy Focus Group (GFG) coordinates cross-instrument efforts to measure Europa's global shape, rotational parameters, gravity field, and degree-2 tidal Love numbers ( <math><msub><mi>k</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> </math> and <math><msub><mi>h</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> </math> ). Here we summarize how data from the Gravity/Radio Science (G/RS) investigation, Europa Imaging System (EIS), Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding (REASON), and Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS) will be used to infer geodetic constraints on the interior structure and to establish a precise cartographic reference system for geophysical and geological interpretation. Together, the resulting geodetic information will contribute to a deeper understanding of Europa's internal dynamics and the potential habitability of its ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12868062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobilization of Unconsolidated Granular Material on Asteroid (101955) Bennu by Spacecraft Interaction.","authors":"Edward B Bierhaus, Jarvis T Songer, Courtney E Mario, Christopher D Norman, Curtis Miller, Ryan Olds, Angelica Martinez, Benton C Clark, Christine Hartzell, Bashar Rizk, Christian Drouet d'Aubigny, Jennifer Nolau, Alicia Allen, Maurizio Pajola, Dathon R Golish, Humberto Campins, Kevin J Walsh, Ronald-Louis Ballouz, C W V Wolner, Brent J Bos, Dante S Lauretta, Michael C Nolan, Daniella N DellaGiustina","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01285-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-026-01285-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission demonstrated the potential for robotic spacecraft to probe physical properties of planetary bodies. In 2020, the spacecraft autonomously collected granular material from Bennu, a small unconsolidated asteroid, leaving behind a region excavated by the combined effects of the gas-driven sampler and backaway thrusters. Disambiguating the physical responses to these two energy-injection events offers an opportunity to characterize a microgravity asteroid's near-surface properties and understand how thruster-surface interactions could be utilized by future missions. We do so here using data from the spacecraft's instruments and telemetry in conjunction with detailed modeling of the thrusters. The sampler initially formed a crater 0.5-0.7 meters in radius before thruster activation. The thrusters deposited four regions of high-pressure gas ∼1-6 meters from the contact location, with lower pressures inside and beyond this region. As a result, the crater expanded into a region undergoing active erosion from the thrusters, and its final dimensions were increased by thruster effects. The total erosion and redeposition depend on the pre-existing mass distribution and topography of the area. Varying erosion responses to the thrusters indicate variability in material properties laterally, and, combined with accelerometer data, as a function of depth. The efficacy of the thrusters to mobilize material over a broad area (>100 square meters), and at very small pressures (perhaps as low as 0.005 Pa), motivates their use to interrogate small-body surface properties, particularly in the spacecraft's planned 2029 encounter with asteroid Apophis.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11214-026-01285-8.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 3","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13043605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Samples of Interstellar and Interplanetary Material with IMAP.","authors":"J R Szalay, E Provornikova, E Ayari, M Bzowski, E R Christian, H O Funsten, A Galli, M Gkioulidou, M Horányi, S Livi, D J McComas, E Möbius, K Ogasawara, F Rahmanifard, J S Rankin, D B Reisenfeld, N A Schwadron, Z Sternovsky, P Swaczyna, D Turner, G P Zank, E J Zirnstein","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01291-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-026-01291-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration (IMAP) mission probes the interaction between our heliosphere and the interstellar medium (ISM) in unprecedented detail. The broad science that IMAP addresses has been organized into three distinct science themes: A) Acceleration and the broader context of the solar wind and space weather; B) Exploring the outer heliosphere through energetic neutral atoms, and C) Sampling of the interstellar and interplanetary material. This paper summarizes the scientific goals of the latter theme and identifies the key scientific opportunities for IMAP available due to its unique ability to directly sample the interstellar and interplanetary material from 1 au. It is organized into three broad scientific questions that directly relate to IMAP's science objectives: 1) What is the state of the pristine upstream LISM and how does it relate to its origins and evolution? 2) How does the VLISM interact with the heliosphere? 3) How does interstellar material, as well as interplanetary dust, affect the near-Sun environment?</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 3","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13046683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}