Space Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"The Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment (CoDICE) for the IMAP Mission.","authors":"S A Livi, M I Desai, K Ogasawara, L Kistler, E Möbius, M J Starkey, M A Dayeh, D Kataria, H A Elliott, S Hart, B Alterman, D J McComas, C J Pollock, J Mukherjee, J Trevino, S Ferrell, T Brenner, S E Pope, M Tapley, K Pavlas, J S Rankin, M M Shen, L Khoo, M Alimaganbetov, J Teifert, E M Roemer, M Shaw-Lecerf, J Escobar, E R Christian, N A Schwadron, M Gkioulidou, G Grubbs, M Brysch, M Epperly, D George, G Dunn, J Ford, C L Schwendeman, M Commons, S Persyn, S Jaskulek, S Weidner, C Bert, M Ferris, B Rodriguez, C Nunez, C Urdiales, S Cortinas, H Rodriguez","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01251-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01251-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stationed in an orbit about the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point, L1, NASA's Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission is designed to provide well-coordinated measurements of the in-situ solar wind (SW) plasma and interplanetary magnetic field, interstellar pickup ions (PUIs), suprathermal and energetic ions, interstellar and energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), interstellar dust, and 3-dimensional (3D) maps of the global solar wind structure. Together these measurements from ten instruments address two key Heliophysics objectives, namely, 1) the acceleration of charged particles and 2) the interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium. This paper describes one of the five in-situ instruments - the Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment (CoDICE) that provides comprehensive measurements of the source populations and the charged particles that are accelerated near the Sun and throughout the heliosphere and beyond. CoDICE also provides the 3D velocity distribution functions (3D VDFs) of interstellar PU He⁺ ions and the isotopic composition of interstellar He and Ne PUIs, thus enabling detailed studies of the properties of the local interstellar medium (LISM) and its interactions with the SW and our heliosphere. CoDICE is a next generation instrument that combines two measurement systems in a novel, compact design to provide 1) the 3D VDFs and mass, isotopic, and ionic charge state composition of the lower energy SW, suprathermal, and PUIs between ∼0.5-80 keV/q, and 2) the arrival directions, and mass and isotopic composition of higher energy H-Fe ions between ∼0.03-5 MeV/nuc. CoDICE also provides measurements of SW abundances and charge states, as well as the intensities of suprathermal protons in four different directions to the real-time I-ALiRT data stream for Space Weather research and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12708712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145782322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The IMAP Magnetometer.","authors":"T S Horbury, H L O'Brien, C Greenaway, A Roberts, A Crabtree, M Tomes, M Facchinelli, M Finlayson, M Bharatia, E Fauchon-Jones, M Tapley, S Pope, D Jones, I Richter, S Dalla, C Russell, N A Schwadron, M Gkioulidou, D J McComas","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01277-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01277-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The magnetometer (MAG) is one of the ten scientific instruments on the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP), which will take in situ and remote measurements from a Sun-Earth L1 halo orbit. MAG contributes to IMAP science goals of investigating the acceleration and propagation of energetic particles, as well as providing real-time space weather monitoring data. The magnetometer is a conventional dual sensor fluxgate instrument with a noise floor under 10 pT at 1 Hz, taking science measurements continuously at 2 vectors/s as well as a burst mode of 64 vectors/s for at least 8 hours per day. It also provides a real-time space weather monitoring product at 4 second cadence. We describe the requirements, design and performance of the instrument, including a novel lossless compression algorithm. Data products, processing and calibration plans are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 4","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13139264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin and Evolution of the Galilean Satellites Within the Jovian System.","authors":"Francis Nimmo, Robin Canup, Yuri Fujii, André Izidoro, Jianghui Ji, William McKinnon, Olivier Mousis, Chris Ormel, Masahiro Ogihara, Dave Stevenson, Michel Blanc","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01295-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01295-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We review the key observations and theories relevant to the origin and evolution of the Galilean satellites. Key observations include: the potentially undifferentiated nature of Callisto; the increasing ice fraction with semi-major axis; the present-day existence of the Laplace resonance; the potential resurfacing of Ganymede mid-way through its evolution; and the metal-enriched nature of Jupiter's envelope. The most widely accepted theory for the formation of the satellites is the so-called \"starved disk\" model, although newer alternatives including decretion disks and pebble accretion have also been proposed. Models that allow slow satellite formation in a cold disk are preferred, based on the density progression and Callisto's apparent differentiation state. Major model uncertainties include the angular momentum distribution of the material infalling to the circumplanetary disk, the source of the solids, and the thermal and viscosity structure of the disk. We identify six outstanding questions, some of which will be answered by JUICE, Europa Clipper and Tianwen-4. A major difficulty in answering some questions is overprinting of primordial characteristics by later events.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 4","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ShortSCOPE: An Optical Short-Period Seismic Sensor for Planetary Exploration.","authors":"Daniella N DellaGiustina, Bradley D Avenson, Donghwan Kim, Angela G Marusiak, Veronica J Bray, Daniel Hofstadter, Steven Meyer, Scott E Otterbacher, Dathon R Golish, Carina A Bennett, Nicholas C Schmerr, Mehdi Benna, Erin C Pettit, Ronald-Louis Ballouz, Renee C Weber, S Hop Bailey","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01320-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01320-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seismology offers a window into the formation, structure, and dynamical processes of solar system bodies. Seismic data from Earth, the near side of the Moon, and Elysium Planitia on Mars have transformed our understanding of planetary interiors. Expanding these insights to new targets-such as ocean worlds and asteroids-requires seismometers with enhanced sensitivity, low power consumption, and robustness in extreme environments. We present the performance and environmental qualification of the Short-Period Seismic Characterization using Optics for Planetary Exploration (\"ShortSCOPE\") sensor, a novel force-balanced device tailored for future missions. Originally developed under the Europa Lander mission concept, the ShortSCOPE sensor has since been adapted for lunar deployment, achieving Technology Readiness Level 6. The ShortSCOPE sensor operates at low noise (targeting [Formula: see text] at 10 Hz) with a flat response across a wide frequency band (0.0095 to 150 Hz), and survives shock (up to 500 <math><mi>g</mi></math> ), random vibration (14.1 <math><mi>g</mi></math> RMS), and thermal vacuum cycling from -55 °C to +70 °C, surviving at housing temperatures as low as -170 °C. It is compact (3.2 cm × 4 cm), lightweight (115 grams per sensor), and consumes little power (40 mW per sensor). The design offers exceptional tilt tolerance (at least ± 30° in Europan or lunar gravity), allowing deployment without leveling mechanisms. ShortSCOPE sensors will be integrated into the candidate Artemis-deployed Lunar Environment Monitoring Station, providing the first long-duration seismic observations from the lunar south pole, and new constraints on seismic activity from the Moon at frequencies >20 Hz.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 6","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13506575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and Observable Properties of Rocky Planet Atmospheres.","authors":"Marie-Luise Steinmeyer, Lena Noack, Philipp Baumeister, Keiko Hamano, M J Way, Doris Breuer, Kanako Seki, Caroline Brachmann, Fabrice Gaillard, Manuel Scherf, Svetlana V Berdyugina, Brice-Olivier Demory","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01308-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01308-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The atmospheric composition of rocky exoplanets offers an important tool for constraining the properties of the interior of this type of planet, beyond what is possible from measurements of their mass and radius alone. However, the interpretation of these observations requires an understanding of the complex interplay of a larger number of coupled planetary and atmospheric processes. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding rocky exoplanet atmospheres, beginning with their formation and escape mechanisms. We specifically highlight the importance of long-term interaction between the atmosphere, the surface, and the interior on rocky planets. Furthermore, this review addresses the influence of biological activity and photochemical reactions on the atmospheric compositions. Consequently, establishing how these different processes contribute to shaping the atmospheres of rocky exoplanets during their evolution is fundamental for the characterization of these planets with future space missions and ground-based surveys.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 5","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13350138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148424360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and Dynamics in the Magnetotails of Unmagnetized and Weakly Magnetized Bodies.","authors":"Katerina Stergiopoulou, David J Andrews, Shannon M Curry, Niklas J T Edberg, Mark Lester, Moa Persson, Norberto Romanelli, Shaosui Xu, Sae Aizawa, Christopher M Fowler, Konstantin Kim, Yingjuan Ma, Robin Ramstad, Beatriz Sánchez-Cano","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01307-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01307-5","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The plasma environment of our neighboring planets, Venus and Mars, differs significantly from Earth's. Although neither of them possesses a dominant intrinsic dipolar magnetic field, there are still induced magnetospheres forming around the two planets, due to the interaction of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with their conductive ionospheres, exospheres, and the localized crustal magnetic fields in the case of Mars. Induced magnetospheres, their associated plasma environments, and the physical processes within them are particularly susceptible to the changing upstream conditions. The increasing number of successful and long-lived missions during the last few decades has been key for describing the fundamental structures and processes comprising the induced magnetospheres of the two planets. Nevertheless, their induced magnetotails have been more challenging to probe, due to the restrictions of the orbital geometry of planetary missions. Here, we present the latest discoveries and a comprehensive comparison between the Venusian and Martian induced magnetotails, and we highlight the need for further exploration of these regions. Atmospheric escape and energy transfer processes and paths are inextricably linked with the climate history and the disappearance of water at Mars, though there are many unknowns still in the case of Venus. Past and current missions utilizing particle and fields instruments have explored a great part of the plasma environments of Venus and Mars. Several plasma boundaries, shaped by both internal and external factors, divide the planetary environments and magnetospheres into different plasma regimes and have been described by observations and models. Simulations and observations have also been utilized to investigate the magnetotail structure of the two planets, which appears to be governed mainly by the IMF, the solar wind dynamic pressure, and the crustal magnetic fields in the case of Mars. At Mars, the presence of the crustal magnetic fields, which are regions of crustal magnetization on the surface of the planet clustered mostly in the southern hemisphere, further complicates the interaction of the solar wind and the IMF with the planet's plasma environment, thus justifying the term 'hybrid' - instead of induced - that is often used to describe the Martian magnetosphere. The existence of a magnetotail twist, as well as a first approach on mapping the structure of the current systems, has been reported at Mars, whereas different types of magnetotail current sheet flapping motion have been observed at both Mars and Venus. The magnetic topology, which describes the morphology of closed, open, and draped magnetic field lines over a planet, has also been inferred and explained for both planets. Escape processes, escape rates and their response to space weather have been reported, and we now have a better idea of the differences between the two planets. Escaping structures, contributing with","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 5","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-comparison of Mars Upper Atmosphere Neutral Density and Temperature Datasets from MAVEN.","authors":"Nicholas Jones, J Scott Evans, Sumedha Gupta, Sonal Jain, Marcin Pilinski, Shane W Stone, Edward M B Thiemann, Nick Schneider, Shannon Curry","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01302-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01302-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft carries an extensive suite of instruments for characterizing the Mars upper atmosphere. Of these, the NGIMS, IUVS, and EUVM instruments produce datasets for CO₂ density and neutral atmosphere temperature. The different instruments and retrieval methods utilized provide an expansive view of the Mars upper atmosphere. To make full use of the geophysical coverage offered by these datasets, we undertake a systematic comparison of the datasets to understand where they are different and how any biases between datasets can be removed. We conduct pairwise comparisons between datasets, binning the data by geophysical and forcing parameters, to develop adjustment factors that can be used to adjust the measured CO₂ density and neutral temperature of one dataset to nominal agreement with another. The determined adjustment factors are reported for use by the wider Mars aeronomy community.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 4","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13152912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The High-Energy Ion Telescope (HIT) for the Interstellar Mapping And Acceleration Probe (IMAP) Mission.","authors":"E R Christian, J G Mitchell, A Bruno, D Albaijes, S Bailey Newman, R C Boggs, M K Choi, C M S Cohen, W R Cook, Y S Darwish, A J Davis, G A de Nolfo, J J Dumonthier, R D Garnett, M Gkioulidou, K J Gregory, D Guzman Garcia, J P Haas, C Hollenhorst, M Jeunon, M A Kaiser, S G Kanekal, B Kecman, R A Leske, J D Letzer, I Liceaga Indart, D J McComas, B McNeel, G D Muro, J T Nolan, M Ogindo, P Petrowich, W J Reaves, T P Rosnack, N Saghafi, C L Salerno, N A Schwadron, M A Silber, E S Smith, M T Smith, G Suárez, T Tatoli, C P Tiu, M E Wiedenbeck, M H Windhausen, Z Xu","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01279-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01279-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP; McComas et al. in Space Sci Rev 214:116, 2018a; McComas et al. in Space Sci Rev 221:100, 2025) is a NASA mission designed to study two of the most important issues in heliophysics: the interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium and the acceleration of energetic particles. These two puzzles are surprisingly intertwined because particle acceleration in the inner heliosphere plays a large role in the interactions at the edge of the heliosphere. The ten instruments on IMAP, situated near the Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange point, include both in situ and remote-sensing observations and are designed to work together to explore these questions. The High-energy Ion Telescope (HIT), described herein, measures in situ ions from hydrogen through nickel at energies ranging from a few MeV/nucleon to some tens of MeV/nucleon, depending upon species. While the primary focus of HIT is Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs), HIT is also sensitive to Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) that are also present at these energies. Working with the other IMAP instruments, HIT studies how the variation in SEP intensities, spectra, anisotropies, and composition inform the acceleration processes that generate these particles, and, in turn, how these high-energy particles affect the outer heliosphere. This paper details the design and operation of the HIT instrument.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 2","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12948803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147327009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The IMAP Observatory Overview.","authors":"K P Hegarty, S Kubota, M Cully, D J McComas, E R Christian, N A Schwadron, M Gkioulidou, S Bushman, C Collura, M Dauberman, C Drabenstadt, A Driesman, A Dubill, B Duffy, E Coleman, D Eng, C J Ercol, A Gerger, R Hall, J Hahn, M Haque, S Hefter, D Jeong, D Jones, J Kelman, C Krupiarz, F Kujawa, C Lippe, D Matlin, C Monaco, D Myers, E Rivera Sepulveda, D Rodriguez, L Roufberg, J Scherrer, M Schwinger, A Shin, F Siddique, E Smith, R Smith, M Tapley, S Vernon, C Vigil, S Weidner","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01272-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01272-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NASA's Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission simultaneously investigates the acceleration of particles expelled from the Sun, and how the interaction of these particles with the local interstellar medium shapes our heliospheric boundary. The IMAP observatory makes critical measurements that facilitate this ground breaking science by incorporating a spin stabilized spacecraft orbiting around the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point, L1, with a payload comprised of ten unique instruments, making comprehensive and synergistic observations of solar wind, suprathermal, energetic particles and magnetic field, energetic neutral atoms mapping the boundary of our heliosphere, as well as interstellar neutral atoms and dust. This paper provides details on the design, integration, and testing of the IMAP observatory.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12855388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Solar Wind Electron (SWE) Instrument for the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe Mission.","authors":"R M Skoug, T B Schultz, D M Venhaus, C E Amaya, T Choedon, E R Christian, R D Crosier, A De Los Santos, P A Fernandes, J J Ford, M Gkioulidou, J J Hanley, D S Harvey, P J Hoeper, P W Kubeczka, Y Liu, J P Martinez, D J McComas, H D Mohr, C Nunez, T R Pacheco, S E Pope, H Rodriguez, B F Sandoval, C M Schiferl, N A Schwadron, L C Spalsbury, D N Seitz, R M Smith, J T Steinberg, S A Storms, W Toczynski, Y D Tyler, V J Vigil","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01299-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01299-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Solar Wind Electron (SWE) instrument of the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission is designed to measure the in situ solar wind thermal and suprathermal electrons at the spacecraft. SWE contributes to the IMAP science objective to understand particle injection and acceleration processes near the Sun and in the heliosphere and heliosheath, and provides context for the IMAP measurements of energetic neutral atoms from the outer heliosphere. SWE measures the solar wind thermal and suprathermal electron distribution from 1-5000 eV in 24 log-spaced steps with energy resolution <math><mi>Δ</mi></math> E/E of 14%. Electrons are measured at 7 polar angles relative to the spacecraft spin axis using 7 CEM detectors, and in 30 spin angle bins, giving coverage over ∼95% of phase space as the spacecraft spins. A subset of SWE measurements are transmitted in near real time as part of the IMAP I-ALiRT system, providing the first real time identification of counterstreaming solar wind electrons. We describe the SWE instrument design and performance, and SWE operations and data processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 4","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}