Space Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Water Versus Land on Temperate Rocky Planets.","authors":"Claire Marie Guimond, Tilman Spohn, Svetlana Berdyugina, Paul K Byrne, Nicolas Coltice, Donald M Glaser, Manasvi Lingam, Charles H Lineweaver, Peter A Cawood","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01264-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01264-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water and land surfaces on a planet interact in particular ways with gases in the atmosphere and with radiation from the star. These interactions define the environments that prevail on the planet, some of which may be more amenable to prebiotic chemistry, some to the evolution of more complex life. This review article covers (i) the physical conditions that determine the ratio of land to sea on a rocky planet, (ii) how this ratio would affect climatic and biologic processes, and (iii) whether future astronomical observations might constrain this ratio on exoplanets. Water can be delivered in multiple ways to a growing rocky planet - and although we may not agree on the contribution of different mechanism(s) to Earth's bulk water, hydrated building blocks and nebular ingassing could at least in principle supply several oceans' worth. The water that planets can sequester over eons in their solid deep mantles is limited by the water concentration at water saturation of nominally anhydrous mantle minerals, being in sum likely less than 2000 ppm of the planet mass. Water is cycled between mantle and surface through outgassing and ingassing mechanisms that, while tightly linked to tectonics, do not necessarily require plate tectonics in every case. The actual water/land ratio at a given time then emerges from the balance between the volume of surface water on the one hand, and on the other hand, the shape of the planet (its ocean basin volume) that is carved out by dynamic topography, the petrologic evolution of continents, impact cratering, and other surface-sculpting processes. By leveraging the contrast in reflectance properties of water and land surfaces, spatially resolved 2D maps of Earth-as-an-exoplanet have been retrieved from models using real Earth observations, demonstrating that water/land ratios of rocky exoplanets may be determined from data delivered by large-aperture, high-contrast imaging telescopes in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12783251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties of Magnetic Switchbacks in the Near-Sun Solar Wind.","authors":"Samuel T Badman, Naïs Fargette, Lorenzo Matteini, Oleksiy V Agapitov, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Stuart D Bale, Srijan Bharati Das, Nina Bizien, Trevor A Bowen, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Clara Froment, Timothy Horbury, Jia Huang, Vamsee Krishna Jagarlamudi, Andrea Larosa, Maria S Madjarska, Olga Panasenco, Etienne Pariat, Nour E Raouafi, Alexis P Rouillard, David Ruffolo, Nikos Sioulas, Shirsh Lata Soni, Luca Sorriso-Valvo, Gabriel Ho Hin Suen, Marco Velli, Jaye Verniero","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01267-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01267-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic switchbacks are fluctuations in the solar wind in which the interplanetary magnetic field sharply deflects away from its background direction so as to create folds in magnetic field lines while remaining of roughly constant magnitude. The magnetic field and velocity fluctuations are extremely well correlated in a way corresponding to Alfvénic fluctuations propagating away from the Sun. For a background field which is nearly radial this causes an outwardly propagating jet to form. Switchbacks and their characteristic velocity jets have recently been observed to be nearly ubiquitous by Parker Solar Probe with <i>in situ</i> measurements in the inner heliosphere within 0.3 AU. Their prevalence, substantial energy content, and potentially fundamental role in the dynamics of the outer corona and solar wind motivate the significant research efforts into their understanding. Here we review the <i>in situ</i> measurements of these structures (primarily by Parker Solar Probe). We discuss how they are identified and measured, and present an overview of the primary observational properties of these structures, both in terms of individual switchbacks and their collective arrangement into \"patches\". We identify both properties for which there is a strong consensus and those that have limited or qualified support and require further investigation. We identify and collate several open questions and recommendations for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12847248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146086854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Drivers of Volatiles Loss from Terrestrial-Type (Exo)Planets.","authors":"Daria Kubyshkina, M J Way, Iannis Dandouras, Helmut Lammer, Antonino Francesco Lanza, Manasvi Lingam, Rumi Nakamura, Moa Persson, Manuel Scherf, Kanako Seki","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01283-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01283-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Volatile loss from exoplanetary atmospheres and its possible implications for the longevity of habitable surface conditions is a topic of vigorous debate currently. The vast majority of the habitable zone terrestrial-like exoplanets known to date orbit low-mass M- and K-dwarf stars and are subject to the conditions drastically different to those of terrestrial planets in the Solar System. In particular, they orbit far closer to their host stars than similar planets around G-dwarfs similar to the Sun. Therefore they receive higher X-ray and UV fluxes, even though luminosities of M- and K-dwarfs are lower than those of heavier stars. Furthermore, due to their slower evolution, M-dwarfs retain high activity on the gigayear timescales. The combination of these two effects has led to claims that most terrestrial planets orbiting M-dwarfs may have their atmospheres stripped from the higher X-ray and UV fluxes of their host stars. Opposing this are researchers who point out that volatile inventories for terrestrial exoplanets are ill-constrained, and hence, they may be able to \"weather the storm\" of these higher X-ray and UV fluxes. In this article, we focus on exploring volatile loss in the upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets in our solar system and applications to those in exoplanetary systems around stars of different types.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 3","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12999714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147499956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accreting White Dwarfs: An Unreview.","authors":"Simone Scaringi, Christian Knigge, Domitilla de Martino","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01290-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-026-01290-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accreting white dwarfs (AWDs) are among the best natural laboratories for understanding disk accretion. Their proximity, brightness, and purely classical nature make them ideal systems in which to probe the fundamental physics that governs the transport of angular momentum, the generation of outflows, and the coupling between disks, magnetospheres, and accretors. Yet despite decades of study, many critical questions remain unresolved. In this \"unreview\", we therefore focus not on what is known, but on what is unknown. What drives viscosity and sustains accretion in largely neutral disks? How are powerful winds launched, and how do they feed back on the disk and binary evolution? Why do so many systems show persistent retrograde precession, and what drives bursts in magnetic AWDs? By identifying these open problems - and suggesting ways to resolve them - we aim to motivate new observational, numerical, and theoretical efforts that will advance our understanding of accretion physics across all mass scales, from white dwarfs to black holes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 3","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13013232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147521935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The IMAP-Ultra Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Imager.","authors":"Matina Gkioulidou, G B Clark, D G Mitchell, A R Dupont, K L Anderson, S Begley, M Bzowski, E R Christian, C E Cook, A B Crew, M J Cully, R DeMajistre, T J Diaz, R J Drexler, N T Dutton, C J Gingrich, J R Hayes, C M Huber, J Hutcheson, S E Jaskulek, P Kollmann, M T LeBlanc, J Lees, D J McComas, K S Nelson, C W Parker, D B Reisenfeld, E A Rollend, C E Schlemm, N A Schwadron, R Verrill, J Yen, J Yin","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01256-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01256-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NASA's Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP), a spinner spacecraft in orbit around L1, is taking in situ observations of thermal, pickup, and energetic particles, while simultaneously remotely sensing the effects that these particles have in the outer heliosphere, by measuring Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENA) emissions produced by neutralized energetic ions when they charge exchange with interstellar neutral particles in that region. The IMAP-Ultra instrument (Ultra), one of the three ENA imagers on IMAP, measures the emission of the highest energy ENAs produced in the heliosheath and beyond. Ultra consists of two sensors with one sensor angled at 90° (Ultra₉₀) and the other at 45° (Ultra₄₅) from the spacecraft's spin axis. Ultra was designed and optimized to measure hydrogen (H) ENAs from 5 - 40 keV, but the sensors have been demonstrated to measure H from ∼3 - 300 keV. Additionally, Ultra's large ∼96° × 120° field of view (FoV) is capable of achieving angular resolutions ≤ 6° FWHM for ≥ 10 keV for H ENAs. Ultra provides high spatial resolution, full heliosphere maps, detecting changes in the spatial distribution of ENAs, on time scales sufficient to track both solar cycle as well as other major variations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12738616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145850732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of Exocomets.","authors":"Judith Korth, Azib Norazman, Raphaël Bendahan-West, Grant Kennedy, Cristina Madurga Favieres, Daniela Iglesias, Olena Shubina, Siyi Xu, Nathan X Roth","doi":"10.1007/s11214-026-01300-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-026-01300-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Active small bodies in extrasolar systems, the extrasolar analogues of Solar System comets, provide insights into the orbital evolution and physical processes shaping planetary systems. Since the discovery of exocomets around <math><mi>β</mi></math>  Pictoris, these small, icy bodies have shown the potential to become key probes for understanding planetary formation and migration. This review presents an overview of current observational techniques used to detect exocomets, focusing on individual systems and large-scale searches. We discuss photometric methods that identify exocomet transits through asymmetric light curves and spectroscopic techniques revealing cometary gases via time-variable absorption lines. Despite progress, significant open questions remain regarding the physical properties, occurrence rates, and similarities between exocomets and their Solar System counterparts. This review explores future opportunities in observational exocomet research, highlighting advancements required to further our understanding of these active small bodies and their role in the context of planetary system evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"222 4","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13128715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147820953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Reconnection in Space: An Introduction.","authors":"J L Burch, Rumi Nakamura","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01145-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01145-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An International Space Science Institute (ISSI) workshop was convened to assess recent rapid advances in studies of magnetic reconnection made possible by the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission and to place them in context with concurrent advances in solar physics by the Parker Solar Probe, astrophysics, planetary science and laboratory plasma physics. The review papers resulting from this study focus primarily on results obtained by MMS, and these papers are complemented by reports of advances in magnetic reconnection physics in these other plasma environments. This paper introduces the topical collection \"Magnetic Reconnection: Explosive Energy Conversion in Space Plasmas\", in particular introducing the new capabilities of the MMS mission used in majority of the articles in the collection and briefly summarizing the advances obtained from MMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"221 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11821752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric Fields and Waves in the Venus Nightside Magnetosphere.","authors":"F S Mozer, A V Agapitov, S D Bale, J W Bonnell, M Pulupa, T Quinn, A Voshchepynets","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01242-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01242-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On November 6, 2024, the Parker Solar Probe flew past Venus to make the first accurate electric field measurement in the nightside Venusian magnetosphere. To achieve this result, the electric field antennas were current biased in a way never before experienced by an electric field detector at Venus. This biasing requirement, that the positive bias current in the Venus shadow be about equal to the electron thermal current, is discussed and illustrated. About one minute of useful electric field data in the eight minute nightside magnetosphere crossing was obtained, during which the only feature observed was a few Hz signal. This result, along with the magnetic field measurements, showed that there were few if any electromagnetic waves, such as low frequency electromagnetic turbulence or whistlers, in the nightside crossing. Instead, a few Hertz, purely electrostatic signal was found. This suggests that the interaction of the solar wind with an unmagnetized body having an ionosphere may be different from that of previously studied magnetized bodies. In the sunlit flanks, many electromagnetic wave modes were observed. An additional result of this research is development of an improved algorithm for biasing electric field antennas in the Sun's shadow which improves on guessing the bias current as done in this research.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"221 8","pages":"107"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12605464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145514032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale Perspectives on Solid-Phase Astrochemistry: Laboratory, Computation, and Open Questions.","authors":"Matthew D Dickers, Duncan V Mifsud, Nigel J Mason, Felipe Fantuzzi","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01228-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01228-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review provides an outline of the key processes behind the formation of dust grains in the interstellar medium, the growth of thin ice mantles upon their surface, and their impact on the chemistry that can take place at the centre of cold molecular clouds. These dust grains provide a vital surface to catalyse complex chemistry, without which many of the complex molecules now observed in the interstellar medium could not form. We highlight the experimental methodology by which ice analogues may be grown and analysed in a laboratory setting, as well as their shortcomings; in particular, the limitations on experimental deposition timescales that present a particular problem when compared to the accretion rates in the interstellar medium. Potential solutions to these constraints are underscored through computational simulations, with particular emphasis on the impact that newly emerging multiscale methods may have on future models of ice mantle formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"221 8","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12589280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamentals of Interior Modelling and Challenges in the Interpretation of Observed Rocky Exoplanets.","authors":"Philipp Baumeister, Francesca Miozzi, Claire Marie Guimond, Marie-Luise Steinmeyer, Caroline Dorn, Shun-Ichiro Karato, Émeline Bolmont, Alexandre Revol, Alexander Thamm, Lena Noack","doi":"10.1007/s11214-025-01248-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-025-01248-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most our knowledge about rocky exoplanets is based on their measure of mass and radius. These two parameters are routinely measured and are used to categorise different populations of observed exoplanets. They are also tightly linked to the planet's properties, in particular those of the interior. As such they offer the unique opportunity to interpret the observations and potentially infer the planet's chemistry and structure. Required for the interpretation are models of planetary interiors, calculated a priori, constrained using other available data, and based on the physiochemical properties of mineralogical phases. This article offers an overview of the current knowledge about exoplanet interiors, the fundamental aspects and tools for interior modelling and how to improve the contraints on the models, along with a discussion on the sources of uncertainty. The origin and fate of volatiles, and their role in planetary evolution is discussed. The chemistry and structure of planetary interiors have a pivotal role in the thermal evolution of planets and the development of large scale properties that might become observables with future space missions and ground-based surveys. As such, having reliable and well constrained interior models is of the utmost importance for the advancement of the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"221 8","pages":"123"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12675577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}