Space Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Astronomical Observations in Support of Planetary Entry-Probes to the Outer Planets.","authors":"Bonnie J Buratti, Glenn S Orton, Michael T Roman, Thomas Momary, James M Bauer","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01080-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01080-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A team of Earth-based astronomical observers supporting a giant planet entry-probe event substantially enhances the scientific return of the mission. An observers' team provides spatial and temporal context, additional spectral coverage and resolution, viewing geometries that are not available from the probe or the main spacecraft, tracking, supporting data in case of a failure, calibration benchmarks, and additional opportunities for education and outreach. The capabilities of the support program can be extended by utilizing archived data. The existence of a standing group of observers facilitates the path towards acquiring Director's Discretionary Time at major telescopes, if, for example, the probe's entry date moves. The benefits of a team convened for a probe release provides enhanced scientific return throughout the mission. Finally, the types of observations and the organization of the teams described in this paper could serve as a model for flight projects in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 4","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11166823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-Surface (REASON).","authors":"Donald D Blankenship, Alina Moussessian, Elaine Chapin, Duncan A Young, G Wesley Patterson, Jeffrey J Plaut, Adam P Freedman, Dustin M Schroeder, Cyril Grima, Gregor Steinbrügge, Krista M Soderlund, Trina Ray, Thomas G Richter, Laura Jones-Wilson, Natalie S Wolfenbarger, Kirk M Scanlan, Christopher Gerekos, Kristian Chan, Ilgin Seker, Mark S Haynes, Amy C Barr Mlinar, Lorenzo Bruzzone, Bruce A Campbell, Lynn M Carter, Charles Elachi, Yonggyu Gim, Alain Hérique, Hauke Hussmann, Wlodek Kofman, William S Kurth, Marco Mastrogiuseppe, William B McKinnon, Jeffrey M Moore, Francis Nimmo, Carol Paty, Dirk Plettemeier, Britney E Schmidt, Mikhail Y Zolotov, Paul M Schenk, Simon Collins, Harry Figueroa, Mark Fischman, Eric Tardiff, Andy Berkun, Mimi Paller, James P Hoffman, Andy Kurum, Gregory A Sadowy, Kevin B Wheeler, Emmanuel Decrossas, Yasser Hussein, Curtis Jin, Frank Boldissar, Neil Chamberlain, Brenda Hernandez, Elham Maghsoudi, Jonathan Mihaly, Shana Worel, Vik Singh, Kyung Pak, Jordan Tanabe, Robert Johnson, Mohammad Ashtijou, Tafesse Alemu, Michael Burke, Brian Custodero, Michael C Tope, David Hawkins, Kim Aaron, Gregory T Delory, Paul S Turin, Donald L Kirchner, Karthik Srinivasan, Julie Xie, Brad Ortloff, Ian Tan, Tim Noh, Duane Clark, Vu Duong, Shivani Joshi, Jeng Lee, Elvis Merida, Ruzbeh Akbar, Xueyang Duan, Ines Fenni, Mauricio Sanchez-Barbetty, Chaitali Parashare, Duane C Howard, Julie Newman, Marvin G Cruz, Neil J Barabas, Ahmadreza Amirahmadi, Brendon Palmer, Rohit S Gawande, Grace Milroy, Rick Roberti, Frank E Leader, Richard D West, Jan Martin, Vijay Venkatesh, Virgil Adumitroaie, Christine Rains, Cuong Quach, Jordi E Turner, Colleen M O'Shea, Scott D Kempf, Gregory Ng, Dillon P Buhl, Timothy J Urban","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01072-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01072-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa Clipper mission. REASON is designed to probe Europa from exosphere to subsurface ocean, contributing the third dimension to observations of this enigmatic world. The hypotheses REASON will test are that (1) the ice shell of Europa hosts liquid water, (2) the ice shell overlies an ocean and is subject to tidal flexing, and (3) the exosphere, near-surface, ice shell, and ocean participate in material exchange essential to the habitability of this moon. REASON will investigate processes governing this material exchange by characterizing the distribution of putative non-ice material (e.g., brines, salts) in the subsurface, searching for an ice-ocean interface, characterizing the ice shell's global structure, and constraining the amplitude of Europa's radial tidal deformations. REASON will accomplish these science objectives using a combination of radar measurement techniques including <i>altimetry</i>, <i>reflectometry</i>, <i>sounding</i>, <i>interferometry</i>, <i>plasma characterization</i>, and <i>ranging</i>. Building on a rich heritage from Earth, the moon, and Mars, REASON will be the first ice-penetrating radar to explore the outer solar system. Because these radars are untested for the icy worlds in the outer solar system, a novel approach to measurement quality assessment was developed to represent uncertainties in key properties of Europa that affect REASON performance and ensure robustness across a range of plausible parameters suggested for the icy moon. REASON will shed light on a never-before-seen dimension of Europa and - in concert with other instruments on Europa Clipper - help to investigate whether Europa is a habitable world.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 5","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11211191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141470729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Probe Measurements at Uranus Motivated by Spatial Variability.","authors":"Michael H Wong, Naomi Rowe-Gurney, Stephen Markham, Kunio M Sayanagi","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01050-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01050-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A major motivation for multiple atmospheric probe measurements at Uranus is the understanding of dynamic processes that create and maintain spatial variation in thermal structure, composition, and horizontal winds. But origin questions-regarding the planet's formation and evolution, and conditions in the protoplanetary disk-are also major science drivers for multiprobe exploration. Spatial variation in thermal structure reveals how the atmosphere transports heat from the interior, and measuring compositional variability in the atmosphere is key to ultimately gaining an understanding of the bulk abundances of several heavy elements. We review the current knowledge of spatial variability in Uranus' atmosphere, and we outline how multiple probe exploration would advance our understanding of this variability. The other giant planets are discussed, both to connect multiprobe exploration of those atmospheres to open questions at Uranus, and to demonstrate how multiprobe exploration of Uranus itself is motivated by lessons learned about the spatial variation at Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune. We outline the measurements of highest value from miniature secondary probes (which would complement more detailed investigation by a larger flagship probe), and present the path toward overcoming current challenges and uncertainties in areas including mission design, cost, trajectory, instrument maturity, power, and timeline.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10858001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139724018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE).","authors":"Diana L Blaney, Karl Hibbitts, Serina Diniega, Ashley Gerard Davies, Roger N Clark, Robert O Green, Matthew Hedman, Yves Langevin, Jonathan Lunine, Thomas B McCord, Scott Murchie, Chris Paranicas, Frank Seelos, Jason M Soderblom, Morgan L Cable, Regina Eckert, David R Thompson, Samantha K Trumbo, Carl Bruce, Sarah R Lundeen, Holly A Bender, Mark C Helmlinger, Lori B Moore, Pantazis Mouroulis, Zachary Small, Hong Tang, Byron Van Gorp, Peter W Sullivan, Shannon Zareh, Jose I Rodriquez, Ian McKinley, Daniel V Hahn, Matthew Bowers, Ramsey Hourani, Brian A Bryce, Danielle Nuding, Zachery Bailey, Alessandro Rettura, Evan D Zarate","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) is an infrared compositional instrument that will fly on NASA's Europa Clipper mission to the Jupiter system. MISE is designed to meet the Level-1 science requirements related to the mission's composition science objective to \"understand the habitability of Europa's ocean through composition and chemistry\" and to contribute to the geology science and ice shell and ocean objectives, thereby helping Europa Clipper achieve its mission goal to \"explore Europa to investigate its habitability.\" MISE has a mass of 65 kg and uses an energy per flyby of 75.2 W-h. MISE will detect illumination from 0.8 to 5 μm with 10 nm spectral resolution, a spatial sampling of 25 m per pixel at 100 km altitude, and 300 cross-track pixels, enabling discrimination among the two principal states of water ice on Europa, identification of the main non-ice components of interest: salts, acids, and organics, and detection of trace materials as well as some thermal signatures. Furthermore, the spatial resolution and global coverage that MISE will achieve will be complemented by the higher spectral resolution of some Earth-based assets. MISE, combined with observations collected by the rest of the Europa Clipper payload, will enable significant advances in our understanding of how the large-scale structure of Europa's surface is shaped by geological processes and inform our understanding of the surface at microscale. This paper describes the planned MISE science investigations, instrument design, concept of operations, and data products.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 7","pages":"80"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interplay Between Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection and Turbulence.","authors":"J E Stawarz, P A Muñoz, N Bessho, R Bandyopadhyay, T K M Nakamura, S Eriksson, D B Graham, J Büchner, A Chasapis, J F Drake, M A Shay, R E Ergun, H Hasegawa, Yu V Khotyaintsev, M Swisdak, F D Wilder","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01124-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01124-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alongside magnetic reconnection, turbulence is another fundamental nonlinear plasma phenomenon that plays a key role in energy transport and conversion in space and astrophysical plasmas. From a numerical, theoretical, and observational point of view there is a long history of exploring the interplay between these two phenomena in space plasma environments; however, recent high-resolution, multi-spacecraft observations have ushered in a new era of understanding this complex topic. The interplay between reconnection and turbulence is both complex and multifaceted, and can be viewed through a number of different interrelated lenses - including turbulence acting to generate current sheets that undergo magnetic reconnection (<i>turbulence-driven reconnection</i>), magnetic reconnection driving turbulent dynamics in an environment (<i>reconnection-driven turbulence</i>) or acting as an intermediate step in the excitation of turbulence, and the random diffusive/dispersive nature of the magnetic field lines embedded in turbulent fluctuations enabling so-called <i>stochastic reconnection</i>. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge on these different facets of the interplay between turbulence and reconnection in the context of collisionless plasmas, such as those found in many near-Earth astrophysical environments, from a theoretical, numerical, and observational perspective. Particular focus is given to several key regions in Earth's magnetosphere - namely, Earth's magnetosheath, magnetotail, and Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices on the magnetopause flanks - where NASA's <i>Magnetospheric Multiscale</i> mission has been providing new insights into the topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 8","pages":"90"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11589065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142740496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Comet Interceptor Mission.","authors":"Geraint H Jones, Colin Snodgrass, Cecilia Tubiana, Michael Küppers, Hideyo Kawakita, Luisa M Lara, Jessica Agarwal, Nicolas André, Nicholas Attree, Uli Auster, Stefano Bagnulo, Michele Bannister, Arnaud Beth, Neil Bowles, Andrew Coates, Luigi Colangeli, Carlos Corral van Damme, Vania Da Deppo, Johan De Keyser, Vincenzo Della Corte, Niklas Edberg, Mohamed Ramy El-Maarry, Sara Faggi, Marco Fulle, Ryu Funase, Marina Galand, Charlotte Goetz, Olivier Groussin, Aurélie Guilbert-Lepoutre, Pierre Henri, Satoshi Kasahara, Akos Kereszturi, Mark Kidger, Matthew Knight, Rosita Kokotanekova, Ivana Kolmasova, Konrad Kossacki, Ekkehard Kührt, Yuna Kwon, Fiorangela La Forgia, Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, Manuela Lippi, Andrea Longobardo, Raphael Marschall, Marek Morawski, Olga Muñoz, Antti Näsilä, Hans Nilsson, Cyrielle Opitom, Mihkel Pajusalu, Antoine Pommerol, Lubomir Prech, Nicola Rando, Francesco Ratti, Hanna Rothkaehl, Alessandra Rotundi, Martin Rubin, Naoya Sakatani, Joan Pau Sánchez, Cyril Simon Wedlund, Anamarija Stankov, Nicolas Thomas, Imre Toth, Geronimo Villanueva, Jean-Baptiste Vincent, Martin Volwerk, Peter Wurz, Arno Wielders, Kazuo Yoshioka, Konrad Aleksiejuk, Fernando Alvarez, Carine Amoros, Shahid Aslam, Barbara Atamaniuk, Jędrzej Baran, Tomasz Barciński, Thomas Beck, Thomas Behnke, Martin Berglund, Ivano Bertini, Marcin Bieda, Piotr Binczyk, Martin-Diego Busch, Andrei Cacovean, Maria Teresa Capria, Chris Carr, José María Castro Marín, Matteo Ceriotti, Paolo Chioetto, Agata Chuchra-Konrad, Lorenzo Cocola, Fabrice Colin, Chiaki Crews, Victoria Cripps, Emanuele Cupido, Alberto Dassatti, Björn J R Davidsson, Thierry De Roche, Jan Deca, Simone Del Togno, Frederik Dhooghe, Kerri Donaldson Hanna, Anders Eriksson, Andrey Fedorov, Estela Fernández-Valenzuela, Stefano Ferretti, Johan Floriot, Fabio Frassetto, Jesper Fredriksson, Philippe Garnier, Dorota Gaweł, Vincent Génot, Thomas Gerber, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Mikael Granvik, Benjamin Grison, Herbert Gunell, Tedjani Hachemi, Christian Hagen, Rajkumar Hajra, Yuki Harada, Johann Hasiba, Nico Haslebacher, Miguel Luis Herranz De La Revilla, Daniel Hestroffer, Tilak Hewagama, Carrie Holt, Stubbe Hviid, Iaroslav Iakubivskyi, Laura Inno, Patrick Irwin, Stavro Ivanovski, Jiri Jansky, Irmgard Jernej, Harald Jeszenszky, Jaime Jimenéz, Laurent Jorda, Mihkel Kama, Shingo Kameda, Michael S P Kelley, Kamil Klepacki, Tomáš Kohout, Hirotsugu Kojima, Tomasz Kowalski, Masaki Kuwabara, Michal Ladno, Gunter Laky, Helmut Lammer, Radek Lan, Benoit Lavraud, Monica Lazzarin, Olivier Le Duff, Qiu-Mei Lee, Cezary Lesniak, Zoe Lewis, Zhong-Yi Lin, Tim Lister, Stephen Lowry, Werner Magnes, Johannes Markkanen, Ignacio Martinez Navajas, Zita Martins, Ayako Matsuoka, Barbara Matyjasiak, Christian Mazelle, Elena Mazzotta Epifani, Mirko Meier, Harald Michaelis, Marco Micheli, Alessandra Migliorini, Aude-Lyse Millet, Fernando Moreno, Stefano Mottola, Bruno Moutounaick, Karri Muinonen, Daniel R Müller, Go Murakami, Naofumi Murata, Kamil Myszka, Shintaro Nakajima, Zoltan Nemeth, Artiom Nikolajev, Simone Nordera, Dan Ohlsson, Aire Olesk, Harald Ottacher, Naoya Ozaki, Christophe Oziol, Manish Patel, Aditya Savio Paul, Antti Penttilä, Claudio Pernechele, Joakim Peterson, Enrico Petraglio, Alice Maria Piccirillo, Ferdinand Plaschke, Szymon Polak, Frank Postberg, Herman Proosa, Silvia Protopapa, Walter Puccio, Sylvain Ranvier, Sean Raymond, Ingo Richter, Martin Rieder, Roberto Rigamonti, Irene Ruiz Rodriguez, Ondrej Santolik, Takahiro Sasaki, Rolf Schrödter, Katherine Shirley, Andris Slavinskis, Balint Sodor, Jan Soucek, Peter Stephenson, Linus Stöckli, Paweł Szewczyk, Gabor Troznai, Ludek Uhlir, Naoto Usami, Aris Valavanoglou, Jakub Vaverka, Wei Wang, Xiao-Dong Wang, Gaëtan Wattieaux, Martin Wieser, Sebastian Wolf, Hajime Yano, Ichiro Yoshikawa, Vladimir Zakharov, Tomasz Zawistowski, Paola Zuppella, Giovanna Rinaldi, Hantao Ji","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01035-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-023-01035-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA's F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum <math><mi>Δ</mi></math>V capability of <math><mn>600</mn><msup><mtext> ms</mtext><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>. Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes - B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 - that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission's science background leading to these objectives, as well as an overview of the scientific instruments, mission design, and schedule.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10808369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139571374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Europa Imaging System (EIS) Investigation.","authors":"E P Turtle, A S McEwen, G W Patterson, C M Ernst, C M Elder, K A Slack, S E Hawkins, J McDermott, H Meyer, R DeMajistre, R Espiritu, H Seifert, J Niewola, M Bland, M Becker, J Centurelli, G C Collins, P Corlies, H Darlington, I J Daubar, C Derr, C Detelich, E Donald, W Edens, L Fletcher, C Gardner, F Graham, C J Hansen, C Haslebacher, A G Hayes, D Humm, T A Hurford, R L Kirk, N Kutsop, W J Lees, D Lewis, S London, A Magner, M Mills, A C Barr Mlinar, F Morgan, F Nimmo, A Ocasio Milanes, S Osterman, C B Phillips, A Pommerol, L Prockter, L C Quick, G Robbins, J M Soderblom, B Stewart, A Stickle, S S Sutton, N Thomas, I Torres, O J Tucker, R B Van Auken, K A Wilk","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01115-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01115-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Europa Imaging System (EIS) consists of a Narrow-Angle Camera (NAC) and a Wide-Angle Camera (WAC) that are designed to work together to address high-priority science objectives regarding Europa's geology, composition, and the nature of its ice shell. EIS accommodates variable geometry and illumination during rapid, low-altitude flybys with both framing and pushbroom imaging capability using rapid-readout, 8-megapixel (4k × 2k) detectors. Color observations are acquired using pushbroom imaging with up to six broadband filters. The data processing units (DPUs) perform digital time delay integration (TDI) to enhance signal-to-noise ratios and use readout strategies to measure and correct spacecraft jitter. The NAC has a 2.3° × 1.2° field of view (FOV) with a 10-μrad instantaneous FOV (IFOV), thus achieving 0.5-m pixel scale over a swath that is 2 km wide and several km long from a range of 50 km. The NAC is mounted on a 2-axis gimbal, ±30° cross- and along-track, that enables independent targeting and near-global (≥90%) mapping of Europa at ≤100-m pixel scale (to date, only ∼15% of Europa has been imaged at ≤900 m/pixel), as well as stereo imaging from as close as 50-km altitude to generate digital terrain models (DTMs) with ≤4-m ground sample distance (GSD) and ≤0.5-m vertical precision. The NAC will also perform observations at long range to search for potential erupting plumes, achieving 10-km pixel scale at a distance of one million kilometers. The WAC has a 48° × 24° FOV with a 218-μrad IFOV, achieving 11-m pixel scale at the center of a 44-km-wide swath from a range of 50 km, and generating DTMs with 32-m GSD and ≤4-m vertical precision. The WAC is designed to acquire three-line pushbroom stereo and color swaths along flyby ground-tracks.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 8","pages":"91"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11618168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the Surfaces and Near-Surface Atmospheres of Ganymede, Europa and Callisto by JUICE.","authors":"Federico Tosi, Thomas Roatsch, André Galli, Ernst Hauber, Alice Lucchetti, Philippa Molyneux, Katrin Stephan, Nicholas Achilleos, Francesca Bovolo, John Carter, Thibault Cavalié, Giuseppe Cimò, Emiliano D'Aversa, Klaus Gwinner, Paul Hartogh, Hans Huybrighs, Yves Langevin, Emmanuel Lellouch, Alessandra Migliorini, Pasquale Palumbo, Giuseppe Piccioni, Jeffrey J Plaut, Frank Postberg, François Poulet, Kurt Retherford, Ladislav Rezac, Lorenz Roth, Anezina Solomonidou, Gabriel Tobie, Paolo Tortora, Cecilia Tubiana, Roland Wagner, Eva Wirström, Peter Wurz, Francesca Zambon, Marco Zannoni, Stas Barabash, Lorenzo Bruzzone, Michele Dougherty, Randy Gladstone, Leonid I Gurvits, Hauke Hussmann, Luciano Iess, Jan-Erik Wahlund, Olivier Witasse, Claire Vallat, Rosario Lorente","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01089-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01089-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present the state of the art on the study of surfaces and tenuous atmospheres of the icy Galilean satellites Ganymede, Europa and Callisto, from past and ongoing space exploration conducted with several spacecraft to recent telescopic observations, and we show how the ESA JUICE mission plans to explore these surfaces and atmospheres in detail with its scientific payload. The surface geology of the moons is the main evidence of their evolution and reflects the internal heating provided by tidal interactions. Surface composition is the result of endogenous and exogenous processes, with the former providing valuable information about the potential composition of shallow subsurface liquid pockets, possibly connected to deeper oceans. Finally, the icy Galilean moons have tenuous atmospheres that arise from charged particle sputtering affecting their surfaces. In the case of Europa, plumes of water vapour have also been reported, whose phenomenology at present is poorly understood and requires future close exploration. In the three main sections of the article, we discuss these topics, highlighting the key scientific objectives and investigations to be achieved by JUICE. Based on a recent predicted trajectory, we also show potential coverage maps and other examples of reference measurements. The scientific discussion and observation planning presented here are the outcome of the JUICE Working Group 2 (WG2): \"<i>Surfaces and Near-surface Exospheres of the Satellites, dust and rings</i>\".</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 5","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11310297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141917449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Need for Near-Earth Multi-Spacecraft Heliospheric Measurements and an Explorer Mission to Investigate Interplanetary Structures and Transients in the Near-Earth Heliosphere.","authors":"Noé Lugaz, Christina O Lee, Nada Al-Haddad, Robert J Lillis, Lan K Jian, David W Curtis, Antoinette B Galvin, Phyllis L Whittlesey, Ali Rahmati, Eftyhia Zesta, Mark Moldwin, Errol J Summerlin, Davin E Larson, Sasha Courtade, Richard French, Richard Hunter, Federico Covitti, Daniel Cosgrove, J D Prall, Robert C Allen, Bin Zhuang, Réka M Winslow, Camilla Scolini, Benjamin J Lynch, Rachael J Filwett, Erika Palmerio, Charles J Farrugia, Charles W Smith, Christian Möstl, Eva Weiler, Miho Janvier, Florian Regnault, Roberto Livi, Teresa Nieves-Chinchilla","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01108-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01108-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on decades of single-spacecraft measurements near 1 au as well as data from heliospheric and planetary missions, multi-spacecraft simultaneous measurements in the inner heliosphere on separations of 0.05-0.2 au are required to close existing gaps in our knowledge of solar wind structures, transients, and energetic particles, especially coronal mass ejections (CMEs), stream interaction regions (SIRs), high speed solar wind streams (HSS), and energetic storm particle (ESP) events. The Mission to Investigate Interplanetary Structures and Transients (MIIST) is a concept for a small multi-spacecraft mission to explore the near-Earth heliosphere on these critical scales. It is designed to advance two goals: (a) to determine the spatiotemporal variations and the variability of solar wind structures, transients, and energetic particle fluxes in near-Earth interplanetary (IP) space, and (b) to advance our fundamental knowledge necessary to improve space weather forecasting from <i>in situ</i> data. We present the scientific rationale for this proposed mission, the science requirements, payload, implementation, and concept of mission operation that address a key gap in our knowledge of IP structures and transients within the cost, launch, and schedule limitations of the NASA Heliophysics Small Explorers program.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 7","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11415466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142295964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Methods for Analyzing in-Situ Observations of Magnetic Reconnection.","authors":"H Hasegawa, M R Argall, N Aunai, R Bandyopadhyay, N Bessho, I J Cohen, R E Denton, J C Dorelli, J Egedal, S A Fuselier, P Garnier, V Génot, D B Graham, K J Hwang, Y V Khotyaintsev, D B Korovinskiy, B Lavraud, Q Lenouvel, T C Li, Y-H Liu, B Michotte de Welle, T K M Nakamura, D S Payne, S M Petrinec, Y Qi, A C Rager, P H Reiff, J M Schroeder, J R Shuster, M I Sitnov, G K Stephens, M Swisdak, A M Tian, R B Torbert, K J Trattner, S Zenitani","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01095-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01095-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is ample evidence for magnetic reconnection in the solar system, but it is a nontrivial task to visualize, to determine the proper approaches and frames to study, and in turn to elucidate the physical processes at work in reconnection regions from in-situ measurements of plasma particles and electromagnetic fields. Here an overview is given of a variety of single- and multi-spacecraft data analysis techniques that are key to revealing the context of in-situ observations of magnetic reconnection in space and for detecting and analyzing the diffusion regions where ions and/or electrons are demagnetized. We focus on recent advances in the era of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, which has made electron-scale, multi-point measurements of magnetic reconnection in and around Earth's magnetosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 6","pages":"68"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11369046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}