Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-02-21eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.29399/npa.28377
Börte Gürbüz Özgür, Kamil Vural, Mehmet İbrahim Tuğlu
{"title":"Effects of Oxytocin on Glutamate Mediated Neurotoxicity in Neuroblastoma Cell Culture.","authors":"Börte Gürbüz Özgür, Kamil Vural, Mehmet İbrahim Tuğlu","doi":"10.29399/npa.28377","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.28377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We aimed to investigate the effects of oxytocin on neurite growth, cell viability, cell proliferation and apoptosis to demonstrate its neuroprotective effect on glutamate induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell culture.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The effect of oxytocin on the toxic effects of glutamate in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line with the Neurotoxicity Screening Test (NTT), apoptotic effects by Terminal Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) method and cell viability test by 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. In the NTT test; Neurotoxicity was induced by adding glutamate at a concentration of 32 μM to the cell culture. Oxytocin was added at 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 μM concentrations and its effect on neurite elongation was investigated. It was demonstrated by TUNEL method that application of glutamate caused apoptosis. Afterwards, when glutamate and different doses of oxytocin were given, antiapoptotic effect was evaluated with the apoptotic index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Glutamate was found to have a dose-dependent neurotoxic effect and reduced neurite elongation by 50% at a concentration of 32 μM. It was shown that the inhibition of neurite elongation caused by glutamate decreased in a dose-dependent manner by applying oxytocin. Especially oxytocin was found to significantly reduce neurite inhibition and show a neuroprotective effect starting from 10 μM concentrations. The concentration at which glutamate reduces cell proliferation by 50% was determined as 54 μM in MTT. Subsequently, it was observed that the adverse effect of glutamate on cell proliferation significantly decreased with oxytocin administration, depending on the dose.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was found that different concentrations of glutamate have a significant toxic effect on cell proliferation and viability, glutamate inhibits neurite elongation in a dose-dependent manner; oxytocin reduces neurite inhibition caused by glutamate, has a neuroprotective effect, increases cell viability and has antiapoptotic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"187 1","pages":"24-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10943934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74735295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01122-w
Nan Liu, Maria Lugaro, Jan Leitner, Bradley S Meyer, Maria Schönbächler
{"title":"Presolar Grains as Probes of Supernova Nucleosynthesis.","authors":"Nan Liu, Maria Lugaro, Jan Leitner, Bradley S Meyer, Maria Schönbächler","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01122-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01122-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We provide an overview of the isotopic signatures of presolar supernova grains, specifically focusing on <sup>44</sup>Ti-containing grains with robustly inferred supernova origins and their implications for nucleosynthesis and mixing mechanisms in supernovae. Recent technique advancements have enabled the differentiation between radiogenic (from <sup>44</sup>Ti decay) and nonradiogenic <sup>44</sup>Ca excesses in presolar grains, made possible by enhanced spatial resolution of Ca-Ti isotope analyses with the Cameca NanoSIMS (Nano-scale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer) instrument. Within the context of presolar supernova grain data, we discuss (<i>i</i>) the production of <sup>44</sup>Ti in supernovae and the impact of interstellar medium heterogeneities on the galactic chemical evolution of <sup>44</sup>Ca/<sup>40</sup>Ca, (<i>ii</i>) the nucleosynthesis processes of neutron bursts and explosive H-burning in Type II supernovae, and (<i>iii</i>) challenges in identifying the progenitor supernovae for <sup>54</sup>Cr-rich presolar nanospinel grains. Drawing on constraints and insights derived from presolar supernova grain data, we also provide an overview of our current understanding of the roles played by various supernova types - including Type II, Type Ia, and electron capture supernovae - in accounting for the diverse array of nucleosynthetic isotopic variations identified in bulk meteorites and meteoritic components. We briefly overview the potential mechanisms that have been proposed to explain these nucleosynthetic variations by describing the transport and distribution of presolar dust carriers in the protoplanetary disk. We highlight existing controversies in the interpretation of presolar grain data and meteoritic nucleosynthetic isotopic variations, while also outlining potential directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 8","pages":"88"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7
Sherry H Suyu, Ariel Goobar, Thomas Collett, Anupreeta More, Giorgos Vernardos
{"title":"Strong Gravitational Lensing and Microlensing of Supernovae.","authors":"Sherry H Suyu, Ariel Goobar, Thomas Collett, Anupreeta More, Giorgos Vernardos","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Strong gravitational lensing and microlensing of supernovae (SNe) are emerging as a new probe of cosmology and astrophysics in recent years. We provide an overview of this nascent research field, starting with a summary of the first discoveries of strongly lensed SNe. We describe the use of the time delays between multiple SN images as a way to measure cosmological distances and thus constrain cosmological parameters, particularly the Hubble constant, whose value is currently under heated debates. New methods for measuring the time delays in lensed SNe have been developed, and the sample of lensed SNe from the upcoming Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) is expected to provide competitive cosmological constraints. Lensed SNe are also powerful astrophysical probes. We review the usage of lensed SNe to constrain SN progenitors, acquire high-z SN spectra through lensing magnifications, infer SN sizes via microlensing, and measure properties of dust in galaxies. The current challenge in the field is the rarity and difficulty in finding lensed SNe. We describe various methods and ongoing efforts to find these spectacular explosions, forecast the properties of the expected sample of lensed SNe from upcoming surveys particularly the LSST, and summarize the observational follow-up requirements to enable the various scientific studies. We anticipate the upcoming years to be exciting with a boom in lensed SN discoveries.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11297109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01094-x
C K Shearer, F M McCubbin, S Eckley, S B Simon, A Meshik, F McDonald, H H Schmitt, R A Zeigler, J Gross, J Mitchell, C Krysher, R V Morris, R Parai, B L Jolliff, J J Gillis-Davis, K H Joy, S K Bell, P G Lucey, L Sun, Z D Sharp, C Dukes, A Sehlke, A Mosie, J Allton, C Amick, J I Simon, T M Erickson, J J Barnes, M D Dyar, K Burgess, N Petro, D Moriarty, N M Curran, J E Elsila, R A Colina-Ruiz, T Kroll, D Sokaras, H A Ishii, J P Bradley, D Sears, B Cohen, O Pravdivseva, M S Thompson, C R Neal, R Hana, R Ketcham, K Welten
{"title":"Apollo Next Generation Sample Analysis (ANGSA): an Apollo Participating Scientist Program to Prepare the Lunar Sample Community for Artemis.","authors":"C K Shearer, F M McCubbin, S Eckley, S B Simon, A Meshik, F McDonald, H H Schmitt, R A Zeigler, J Gross, J Mitchell, C Krysher, R V Morris, R Parai, B L Jolliff, J J Gillis-Davis, K H Joy, S K Bell, P G Lucey, L Sun, Z D Sharp, C Dukes, A Sehlke, A Mosie, J Allton, C Amick, J I Simon, T M Erickson, J J Barnes, M D Dyar, K Burgess, N Petro, D Moriarty, N M Curran, J E Elsila, R A Colina-Ruiz, T Kroll, D Sokaras, H A Ishii, J P Bradley, D Sears, B Cohen, O Pravdivseva, M S Thompson, C R Neal, R Hana, R Ketcham, K Welten","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01094-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01094-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a first step in preparing for the return of samples from the Moon by the Artemis Program, NASA initiated the Apollo Next Generation Sample Analysis Program (ANGSA). ANGSA was designed to function as a low-cost sample return mission and involved the curation and analysis of samples previously returned by the Apollo 17 mission that remained unopened or stored under unique conditions for 50 years. These samples include the lower portion of a double drive tube previously sealed on the lunar surface, the upper portion of that drive tube that had remained unopened, and a variety of Apollo 17 samples that had remained stored at -27 °C for approximately 50 years. ANGSA constitutes the first preliminary examination phase of a lunar \"sample return mission\" in over 50 years. It also mimics that same phase of an Artemis surface exploration mission, its design included placing samples within the context of local and regional geology through new orbital observations collected since Apollo and additional new \"boots-on-the-ground\" observations, data synthesis, and interpretations provided by Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt. ANGSA used new curation techniques to prepare, document, and allocate these new lunar samples, developed new tools to open and extract gases from their containers, and applied new analytical instrumentation previously unavailable during the Apollo Program to reveal new information about these samples. Most of the 90 scientists, engineers, and curators involved in this mission were not alive during the Apollo Program, and it had been 30 years since the last Apollo core sample was processed in the Apollo curation facility at NASA JSC. There are many firsts associated with ANGSA that have direct relevance to Artemis. ANGSA is the first to open a core sample previously sealed on the surface of the Moon, the first to extract and analyze lunar gases collected <i>in situ</i>, the first to examine a core that penetrated a lunar landslide deposit, and the first to process pristine Apollo samples in a glovebox at -20 °C. All the ANGSA activities have helped to prepare the Artemis generation for what is to come. The timing of this program, the composition of the team, and the preservation of unopened Apollo samples facilitated this generational handoff from Apollo to Artemis that sets up Artemis and the lunar sample science community for additional successes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 6","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11335912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142037012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01063-4
B M Walsh, K D Kuntz, S Busk, T Cameron, D Chornay, A Chuchra, M R Collier, C Connor, H K Connor, T E Cravens, N Dobson, M Galeazzi, H Kim, J Kujawski, C K Paw U, F S Porter, V Naldoza, R Nutter, R Qudsi, D G Sibeck, S Sembay, M Shoemaker, K Simms, N E Thomas, E Atz, G Winkert
{"title":"The Lunar Environment Heliophysics X-ray Imager (LEXI) Mission.","authors":"B M Walsh, K D Kuntz, S Busk, T Cameron, D Chornay, A Chuchra, M R Collier, C Connor, H K Connor, T E Cravens, N Dobson, M Galeazzi, H Kim, J Kujawski, C K Paw U, F S Porter, V Naldoza, R Nutter, R Qudsi, D G Sibeck, S Sembay, M Shoemaker, K Simms, N E Thomas, E Atz, G Winkert","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01063-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01063-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager (LEXI) is a wide field-of-view soft X-ray telescope developed to study solar wind-magnetosphere coupling. LEXI is part of the Blue Ghost 1 mission comprised of 10 payloads to be deployed on the lunar surface. LEXI monitors the dayside magnetopause position and shape as a function of time by observing soft X-rays (0.1-2 keV) emitted from solar wind charge-exchange between exospheric neutrals and high charge-state solar wind plasma in the dayside magnetosheath. Measurements of the shape and position of the magnetopause are used to test temporal models of meso- and macro-scale magnetic reconnection. To image the boundary, LEXI employs lobster-eye optics to focus X-rays to a microchannel plate detector with a 9.1<math><mmultiscripts><mo>×</mo><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mo>∘</mo></mmultiscripts><msup><mn>9.1</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></math> field of view.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 4","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11093736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140959508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-06-17DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01079-w
S Birrer, M Millon, D Sluse, A J Shajib, F Courbin, S Erickson, L V E Koopmans, S H Suyu, T Treu
{"title":"Time-Delay Cosmography: Measuring the Hubble Constant and Other Cosmological Parameters with Strong Gravitational Lensing.","authors":"S Birrer, M Millon, D Sluse, A J Shajib, F Courbin, S Erickson, L V E Koopmans, S H Suyu, T Treu","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01079-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01079-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiply lensed images of a same source experience a relative time delay in the arrival of photons due to the path length difference and the different gravitational potentials the photons travel through. This effect can be used to measure absolute distances and the Hubble constant ( <math><msub><mi>H</mi> <mn>0</mn></msub> </math> ) and is known as time-delay cosmography. The method is independent of the local distance ladder and early-universe physics and provides a precise and competitive measurement of <math><msub><mi>H</mi> <mn>0</mn></msub> </math> . With upcoming observatories, time-delay cosmography can provide a 1% precision measurement of <math><msub><mi>H</mi> <mn>0</mn></msub> </math> and can decisively shed light on the current reported 'Hubble tension'. This manuscript details the general methodology developed over the past decades in time-delay cosmography, discusses recent advances and results, and, foremost, provides a foundation and outlook for the next decade in providing accurate and ever more precise measurements with increased sample size and improved observational techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 5","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11182856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141427666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-01029-y
P R Christensen, V E Hamilton, G L Mehall, S Anwar, H Bowles, S Chase, Z Farkas, T Fisher, A Holmes, I Kubik, I Lazbin, W O'Donnell, C Ortiz, D Pelham, S Rogers, K Shamordola, T Tourville, R Woodward
{"title":"The Lucy Thermal Emission Spectrometer (L'TES) Instrument.","authors":"P R Christensen, V E Hamilton, G L Mehall, S Anwar, H Bowles, S Chase, Z Farkas, T Fisher, A Holmes, I Kubik, I Lazbin, W O'Donnell, C Ortiz, D Pelham, S Rogers, K Shamordola, T Tourville, R Woodward","doi":"10.1007/s11214-023-01029-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-023-01029-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Lucy Thermal Emission Spectrometer (L'TES) will provide remote measurements of the thermophysical properties of the Trojan asteroids studied by the Lucy mission. L'TES is build-to-print hardware copy of the OTES instrument flown on OSIRIS-REx. It is a Fourier Transform spectrometer covering the spectral range 5.71-100 μm (1750-100 cm<sup>-1</sup>) with spectral sampling intervals of 8.64, 17.3, and 34.6 cm<sup>-1</sup> and a 7.3-mrad field of view. The L'TES telescope is a 15.2-cm diameter Cassegrain telescope that feeds a flat-plate Michelson moving mirror mounted on a linear voice-coil motor assembly to a single uncooled deuterated l-alanine doped triglycine sulfate (DLATGS) pyroelectric detector. A significant firmware change from OTES is the ability to acquire interferograms of different length and spectral resolution with acquisition times of 0.5, 1, and 2 seconds. A single ∼0.851 μm laser diode is used in a metrology interferometer to provide precise moving mirror control and IR sampling at 772 Hz. The beamsplitter is a 38-mm diameter, 1-mm thick chemical vapor deposited diamond with an antireflection microstructure to minimize surface reflection. An internal calibration cone blackbody target, together with observations of space, provides radiometric calibration. The radiometric precision in a single spectrum is ≤2.2 × 10<sup>-8</sup> W cm<sup>-2</sup> sr<sup>-1</sup> /cm<sup>-1</sup> between 300 and 1350 cm<sup>-1</sup>. The absolute temperature error is <2 K for scene temperatures >75 K. The overall L'TES envelope size is 37.6 × 29.0 × 30.4 cm, and the mass is 6.47 kg. The power consumption is 12.6 W average. L'TES was developed by Arizona State University with AZ Space Technologies developing the electronics. L'TES was integrated, tested, and radiometrically calibrated on the Arizona State University campus in Tempe, AZ. Initial data from space have verified the instrument's radiometric and spatial performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10730683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138831556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01080-3
Bonnie J Buratti, Glenn S Orton, Michael T Roman, Thomas Momary, James M Bauer
{"title":"Astronomical Observations in Support of Planetary Entry-Probes to the Outer Planets.","authors":"Bonnie J Buratti, Glenn S Orton, Michael T Roman, Thomas Momary, James M Bauer","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01080-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01080-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A team of Earth-based astronomical observers supporting a giant planet entry-probe event substantially enhances the scientific return of the mission. An observers' team provides spatial and temporal context, additional spectral coverage and resolution, viewing geometries that are not available from the probe or the main spacecraft, tracking, supporting data in case of a failure, calibration benchmarks, and additional opportunities for education and outreach. The capabilities of the support program can be extended by utilizing archived data. The existence of a standing group of observers facilitates the path towards acquiring Director's Discretionary Time at major telescopes, if, for example, the probe's entry date moves. The benefits of a team convened for a probe release provides enhanced scientific return throughout the mission. Finally, the types of observations and the organization of the teams described in this paper could serve as a model for flight projects in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 4","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11166823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01072-3
Donald D Blankenship, Alina Moussessian, Elaine Chapin, Duncan A Young, G Wesley Patterson, Jeffrey J Plaut, Adam P Freedman, Dustin M Schroeder, Cyril Grima, Gregor Steinbrügge, Krista M Soderlund, Trina Ray, Thomas G Richter, Laura Jones-Wilson, Natalie S Wolfenbarger, Kirk M Scanlan, Christopher Gerekos, Kristian Chan, Ilgin Seker, Mark S Haynes, Amy C Barr Mlinar, Lorenzo Bruzzone, Bruce A Campbell, Lynn M Carter, Charles Elachi, Yonggyu Gim, Alain Hérique, Hauke Hussmann, Wlodek Kofman, William S Kurth, Marco Mastrogiuseppe, William B McKinnon, Jeffrey M Moore, Francis Nimmo, Carol Paty, Dirk Plettemeier, Britney E Schmidt, Mikhail Y Zolotov, Paul M Schenk, Simon Collins, Harry Figueroa, Mark Fischman, Eric Tardiff, Andy Berkun, Mimi Paller, James P Hoffman, Andy Kurum, Gregory A Sadowy, Kevin B Wheeler, Emmanuel Decrossas, Yasser Hussein, Curtis Jin, Frank Boldissar, Neil Chamberlain, Brenda Hernandez, Elham Maghsoudi, Jonathan Mihaly, Shana Worel, Vik Singh, Kyung Pak, Jordan Tanabe, Robert Johnson, Mohammad Ashtijou, Tafesse Alemu, Michael Burke, Brian Custodero, Michael C Tope, David Hawkins, Kim Aaron, Gregory T Delory, Paul S Turin, Donald L Kirchner, Karthik Srinivasan, Julie Xie, Brad Ortloff, Ian Tan, Tim Noh, Duane Clark, Vu Duong, Shivani Joshi, Jeng Lee, Elvis Merida, Ruzbeh Akbar, Xueyang Duan, Ines Fenni, Mauricio Sanchez-Barbetty, Chaitali Parashare, Duane C Howard, Julie Newman, Marvin G Cruz, Neil J Barabas, Ahmadreza Amirahmadi, Brendon Palmer, Rohit S Gawande, Grace Milroy, Rick Roberti, Frank E Leader, Richard D West, Jan Martin, Vijay Venkatesh, Virgil Adumitroaie, Christine Rains, Cuong Quach, Jordi E Turner, Colleen M O'Shea, Scott D Kempf, Gregory Ng, Dillon P Buhl, Timothy J Urban
{"title":"Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-Surface (REASON).","authors":"Donald D Blankenship, Alina Moussessian, Elaine Chapin, Duncan A Young, G Wesley Patterson, Jeffrey J Plaut, Adam P Freedman, Dustin M Schroeder, Cyril Grima, Gregor Steinbrügge, Krista M Soderlund, Trina Ray, Thomas G Richter, Laura Jones-Wilson, Natalie S Wolfenbarger, Kirk M Scanlan, Christopher Gerekos, Kristian Chan, Ilgin Seker, Mark S Haynes, Amy C Barr Mlinar, Lorenzo Bruzzone, Bruce A Campbell, Lynn M Carter, Charles Elachi, Yonggyu Gim, Alain Hérique, Hauke Hussmann, Wlodek Kofman, William S Kurth, Marco Mastrogiuseppe, William B McKinnon, Jeffrey M Moore, Francis Nimmo, Carol Paty, Dirk Plettemeier, Britney E Schmidt, Mikhail Y Zolotov, Paul M Schenk, Simon Collins, Harry Figueroa, Mark Fischman, Eric Tardiff, Andy Berkun, Mimi Paller, James P Hoffman, Andy Kurum, Gregory A Sadowy, Kevin B Wheeler, Emmanuel Decrossas, Yasser Hussein, Curtis Jin, Frank Boldissar, Neil Chamberlain, Brenda Hernandez, Elham Maghsoudi, Jonathan Mihaly, Shana Worel, Vik Singh, Kyung Pak, Jordan Tanabe, Robert Johnson, Mohammad Ashtijou, Tafesse Alemu, Michael Burke, Brian Custodero, Michael C Tope, David Hawkins, Kim Aaron, Gregory T Delory, Paul S Turin, Donald L Kirchner, Karthik Srinivasan, Julie Xie, Brad Ortloff, Ian Tan, Tim Noh, Duane Clark, Vu Duong, Shivani Joshi, Jeng Lee, Elvis Merida, Ruzbeh Akbar, Xueyang Duan, Ines Fenni, Mauricio Sanchez-Barbetty, Chaitali Parashare, Duane C Howard, Julie Newman, Marvin G Cruz, Neil J Barabas, Ahmadreza Amirahmadi, Brendon Palmer, Rohit S Gawande, Grace Milroy, Rick Roberti, Frank E Leader, Richard D West, Jan Martin, Vijay Venkatesh, Virgil Adumitroaie, Christine Rains, Cuong Quach, Jordi E Turner, Colleen M O'Shea, Scott D Kempf, Gregory Ng, Dillon P Buhl, Timothy J Urban","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01072-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01072-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa Clipper mission. REASON is designed to probe Europa from exosphere to subsurface ocean, contributing the third dimension to observations of this enigmatic world. The hypotheses REASON will test are that (1) the ice shell of Europa hosts liquid water, (2) the ice shell overlies an ocean and is subject to tidal flexing, and (3) the exosphere, near-surface, ice shell, and ocean participate in material exchange essential to the habitability of this moon. REASON will investigate processes governing this material exchange by characterizing the distribution of putative non-ice material (e.g., brines, salts) in the subsurface, searching for an ice-ocean interface, characterizing the ice shell's global structure, and constraining the amplitude of Europa's radial tidal deformations. REASON will accomplish these science objectives using a combination of radar measurement techniques including <i>altimetry</i>, <i>reflectometry</i>, <i>sounding</i>, <i>interferometry</i>, <i>plasma characterization</i>, and <i>ranging</i>. Building on a rich heritage from Earth, the moon, and Mars, REASON will be the first ice-penetrating radar to explore the outer solar system. Because these radars are untested for the icy worlds in the outer solar system, a novel approach to measurement quality assessment was developed to represent uncertainties in key properties of Europa that affect REASON performance and ensure robustness across a range of plausible parameters suggested for the icy moon. REASON will shed light on a never-before-seen dimension of Europa and - in concert with other instruments on Europa Clipper - help to investigate whether Europa is a habitable world.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 5","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11211191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141470729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space Science ReviewsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-02-09DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01050-9
Michael H Wong, Naomi Rowe-Gurney, Stephen Markham, Kunio M Sayanagi
{"title":"Multiple Probe Measurements at Uranus Motivated by Spatial Variability.","authors":"Michael H Wong, Naomi Rowe-Gurney, Stephen Markham, Kunio M Sayanagi","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01050-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11214-024-01050-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A major motivation for multiple atmospheric probe measurements at Uranus is the understanding of dynamic processes that create and maintain spatial variation in thermal structure, composition, and horizontal winds. But origin questions-regarding the planet's formation and evolution, and conditions in the protoplanetary disk-are also major science drivers for multiprobe exploration. Spatial variation in thermal structure reveals how the atmosphere transports heat from the interior, and measuring compositional variability in the atmosphere is key to ultimately gaining an understanding of the bulk abundances of several heavy elements. We review the current knowledge of spatial variability in Uranus' atmosphere, and we outline how multiple probe exploration would advance our understanding of this variability. The other giant planets are discussed, both to connect multiprobe exploration of those atmospheres to open questions at Uranus, and to demonstrate how multiprobe exploration of Uranus itself is motivated by lessons learned about the spatial variation at Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune. We outline the measurements of highest value from miniature secondary probes (which would complement more detailed investigation by a larger flagship probe), and present the path toward overcoming current challenges and uncertainties in areas including mission design, cost, trajectory, instrument maturity, power, and timeline.</p>","PeriodicalId":21902,"journal":{"name":"Space Science Reviews","volume":"220 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10858001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139724018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}