Soils and Foundations最新文献

{"title":"Seepage pressure distribution of gas jet flow in loess","authors":"Changhui Gao ,&nbsp;Songyu Liu ,&nbsp;Guangyin Du ,&nbsp;Mei Bai ,&nbsp;Yankai Wu ,&nbsp;Runmin Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to investigate the permeation mechanisms and pressure distribution of gas jets in collapsible loess during pneumatic-vibratory probe compaction (PVPC). Indoor model tests were performed to analyze the behavior of continuous gas jet injection, and a seepage pressure distribution model was developed to characterize gas flow in unsaturated loess. The results show that pulsating gas jets disrupt the soil structure near the nozzle, enabling gas penetration driven by internal pressure differentials and leading to the gradual formation of continuous fractures. Gas pressure measurements at the opposite end of the soil layer indicate an initial pressure rise that stabilizes over time, with thinner soil layers showing more pronounced responses. The proposed model effectively captures the dynamic behavior of gas flow, illustrating a rapid decline in seepage pressure over time and a slow increase in seepage distance. These findings enhance the understanding of gas jet permeation and provide practical guidance for optimizing PVPC parameters, further advancing its application in loess foundation improvement within geotechnical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sandpile experiments and statistical analysis for slope failure, failure shape, and frequency distribution","authors":"W.S.G. Fernando ,&nbsp;Yota Togashi ,&nbsp;Teppei Kato ,&nbsp;Masahiko Osada","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural slopes, which occur without human intervention, are susceptible to failure triggered by events such as earthquakes and heavy rainfall. The characteristics of these failures, including the shape of the slip surface and the magnitude of collapse, vary significantly due to factors like the direction of seismic motion, ground heterogeneity, and unsteady rainfall infiltration. Despite numerous experimental studies, the probabilistic nature of slope failure phenomena remains insufficiently understood. This study employs experimental and statistical analysis using the sandpile model to elucidate slope failures and their magnitudes. The sandpile model involves gradually adding sand to a pile and repeatedly observing its collapse. Experiments were conducted using silica sand No. 8 (fine sand) on base plates with diameters ranging from 5 cm to 12 cm. Shape variations were captured using a depth camera. The results indicate significant geometric changes predominantly at the apex of the sandpile, where the initial breach of stability occurs. The metastable slope angle at the apex of the sandpile induces hysteresis behavior in slope failure. The frequency of occurrence and failure mass deviates from a normal distribution, with smaller magnitudes occurring more frequently and a sharp decrease in frequency for larger magnitudes. This pattern mirrors the frequency-magnitude relationship observed in earthquakes, with the study’s results aligning with the Gutenberg-Richter law, confirming the hypothesis. The <em>b</em>-value obtained from this study falls within the range of frequency-size landslide statistics available in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of acting load and mechanical characteristics of shield tunnel lining in upper-soft and lower-hard stratum","authors":"Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yufeng Shi ,&nbsp;Shuying Wang ,&nbsp;Menghao Hu ,&nbsp;Sijin He","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When shield tunnels traverse the upper-soft and lower-hard stratum, the pronounced geological differences lead to uneven stress distribution on the segmental lining, thereby intensifying both construction challenges and safety risks. Investigating the loading conditions and mechanical characteristics of tunnel linings in such strata is imperative. Therefore, field measurements were conducted at two shield tunnel construction sites along Nanchang Metro Line 1, specifically within a silty clay-gravel layer and a homogeneous sand layer. The acting load and internal forces of the segmental lining were monitored over an extended period. By analyzing the monitoring data, the variation patterns of the loads acting on the segmental lining in the upper-soft and lower-hard stratum during the construction stage were summarized. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was carried out between the measured loading conditions and the theoretical analytical solutions. Subsequently, a refined numerical simulation incorporating bolt joints and bolt preload on the segment was performed to further explore the mechanical behavior of the segmental lining, with a comparison to the measured internal force data. The results indicate that synchronous grouting at the shield tail significantly affects the earth pressure in the upper soft soil layer, with the maximum earth pressure induced by synchronous grouting being approximately 1.9 times the final stable value. The vertical earth pressure in the upper part of the segmental lining exhibits a characteristic pattern of being “large in the middle and small at both ends”, with the measured maximum value after stabilization corresponding to approximately 72% of the theoretical value predicted by Terzaghi’s theory. Notably, a sudden change in lateral earth pressure is observed at the stratum interface. The bending moment and axial force at the invert of the tunnel segment are comparatively smaller than those at the vault. Additionally, the development of internal forces within the segment is fairly constrained in the lower hard stratum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101647"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of fines contents on uplift behavior of underground structures in liquefiable ground","authors":"Fernaldy Sebastian Santoso ,&nbsp;Kenji Watanabe","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on liquefaction began decades ago, with clean sand being the main material . Recently, as it has been proven that fines-containing materials are also suspected to be liquefied, additional studies, mainly elementary tests, have been conducted. However, few liquefaction model experiments have been conducted in which the fines content is varied. This is because it is difficult to completely saturate a model ground with fines and conduct highly reproducible model experiments. In the present study, therefore, a modified vacuum container sand box and large-size vacuum saturation method were adopted to perfectly saturate model grounds with different non-plastic fines contents. A pipe model was placed in the ground to investigate the uplift behavior of an underground structure induced by liquefaction.</div><div>The experiments revealed that a ground with a higher fines content induced a lower total uplift displacement in the pipe model than grounds with a lower or no fines content. Interestingly, these results differ from the liquefaction properties of the fines-mixed sand observed in previous elementary tests. The discrepancy is probably due to the effects of the strength recovery of the ground, low void ratio, low permeability, and high viscous resistance of such a soil with fines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation, resistance characteristics, and scale effects of rockfall protection soil embankments under static loading","authors":"Yoshiyuki Oguri ,&nbsp;Kenichi Maeda ,&nbsp;Keisuke Kondo ,&nbsp;Takuro Nakamura ,&nbsp;Yuji Ushiwatari ,&nbsp;Naoto Naito ,&nbsp;Masato Komuro","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rockfall protection soil embankments are structures that can effectively reduce rockfall hazards along roads. They are economical and easy to construct and maintain by using locally available soil. However, a performance design method for rockfall protection soil embankments has not yet been established, and is the goal of this study. In the present study, static loading tests were conducted using two different weight shapes to clarify the influence of the weight shape on the deformation behavior of soil embankments. Based on these tests, the punching shear failure mechanism of the soil embankments was investigated. The influence of the model scale (the scale effect) on the deformation failure behavior of the soil embankments was clarified through static loading tests on reduced models at three different scales. From these model experiments, the surface deformation, internal deformation, and load–penetration relationships of the soil embankments were summarized. The results indicated that the spherical weight damaged a wider area than the polyhedral weight, and the maximum and ultimate loads exhibited a constant relationship with the deformation of the soil embankment extension between the model scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening the subgrade clay soil using nano chemical stabilisation","authors":"Kodi Rangaswamy,&nbsp;Regi P. Mohan","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, non-traditional eco-friendly nanomaterial additives are widely utilized in the geotechnical stabilization of soft soils. The application of materials developed using nanotechnology in stabilizing soils effectively reduces or replaces the utility of cementation products like cement and lime, which leads to environmental pollution. This article evaluates the efficacy of organosilane nano-chemical additive with 1 % cement binder in improving the strength properties of soft soil used for road-based applications. A series of experimental tests were conducted to characterize the geotechnical properties of soft clay and nano-chemical-treated soft soils with 1 % cement binder, including soil gradation, consistency limits, compaction, unconfined compression, and California bearing ratio (CBR) strength, and microstructural and chemical analysis. A small dosage of 1 % cement was added to the parent clay to accelerate the cementitious reactions in soil treated with a nano-chemical additive. The dosage of nano-chemical additives used was varied from 0.03 to 0.05 % for the present study. The treated clayey soil is examined for the optimum dosage corresponding to the highest unconfined compression strength of soil samples cured up to 28 days. Test results show that the soft clay treated with organosilane-based nano-chemical at an optimum dosage of 0.045 % and 1 % cement binder has attained the maximum unconfined compression and CBR strengths. SEM and FTIR results postulate the microstructural and chemical interactions involved in supporting the mechanism of improvement in the strength of treated soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory tests of measurement systems in pile shafts","authors":"Adam Jabłonowski ,&nbsp;Adam Krasiński ,&nbsp;Piotr Kanty","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article describes the results of laboratory tests of reinforced concrete pile sections instrumented with several measurement systems. Compression tests were carried out on three 300-mm-by-1.2-m cylindrical pile elements, reinforced with an IPE140 steel profiles. The elements were equipped with vibrating wire sensors for measuring strains and stresses in concrete, and two elements had additional fibre optic cables installed for measuring strains. During the tests, external measurements were also made for axial force and longitudinal deformations of the elements. The aim of the research was to compare the measured values of all the internal and external systems and to evaluate the reliability of internal systems. The analysis of the measurement results showed generally good reliability of strain measurements using local vibrating wire sensors and extensometers and especially fibre optic sensors. Measurements of stresses in concrete using an internal vibrating wire sensor were unfortunately much less reliable. The reasons for the reduced reliability of the stress measurements are discussed and a correction coefficient is proposed. The conclusions state that the research and its results are valuable and useful for measuring and monitoring of foundation piles and columns purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behaviour of a sandy silt gold tailings under drained simple shear loading in a torsional shear hollow cylinder apparatus","authors":"Riccardo Fanni ,&nbsp;David Reid ,&nbsp;Andy Fourie","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental results are presented in this technical paper to investigate the mechanisms of plane strain consolidation and drained shearing typical of below slope conditions. Five torsional shear hollow cylinder tests were conducted on a sandy silt gold tailings, where consolidation was performed under at-rest (<em>K₀</em>) conditions, and by applying a horizontal shear stress, while maintaining plane strain conditions. The tests were carried out under drained simple shear conditions (strain controlled) on tailings specimens prepared in loose and dense states and along a constant shear stress drained stress path (stress controlled) on a loose specimen, using an automated computer-controlled testing procedure. The evolution of static stresses in the loose and dense specimens during principal stress rotation, while maintaining plane strain conditions, were examined. These tests provide valuable insights into the behavior of tailings under plane strain conditions, contributing to the calibration of numerical models for slope analysis and more broadly for plane strain problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embankment vibration characteristics using ground motion records and ambient noise measurements, Briones Dam, California","authors":"Makbule Ilgac ,&nbsp;Adda Athanasopoulos-Zekkos ,&nbsp;Chukwuebuka Chukwuemeka Nweke ,&nbsp;Olga-Joan Ktenidou ,&nbsp;Kyle Peterson ,&nbsp;Robert E. Kayen","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating the seismic response of earth embankment dams is crucial for assessing the safety of existing dams and guiding new design procedures. The dam fundamental frequency (<em>f₀</em>) is a critical parameter in the dynamic response of dams and can be evaluated using seismic recordings through Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) and Standard Spectral Ratio (SSR) methods. This study focuses on assessing the vibration characteristics of Briones Dam, a <em>78 m-tall</em> earth embankment dam located in the Bay Area in Northern California. First, earthquake-based Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (eHVSR) was estimated by dividing the horizontal records by the vertical components, and the SSR was determined by comparing crest recordings with those from the abutment. Additionally, a field test program was conducted to collect ambient noise measurements at Briones Dam, allowing for the calculation of microtremor-based HVSR. The fundamental frequency was estimated using three empirical methods: mHVSR (<em>0.7</em>–<em>1 Hz</em>), eHVSR (<em>0.9</em>–<em>1.1 Hz</em>), and SSR (<em>1.2 Hz</em>). The median fundamental frequency of the dam is estimated to be approximately <em>1 Hz</em> at the center of the dam crest. The slight variations among these three methods suggest the need for further investigations that consider the geological and geotechnical conditions of the dam.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct shear testing of frozen soil-structure interface under high normal stress and frozen-thawing conditions","authors":"Bo Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi-qiang Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By using an improved DRS-1 high pressure direct shear test system, a series direct shear tests have been carried out under high normal stress and frozen-thawing conditions. Basic shear mechanical characteristics of the interface between the frozen soil and structure are summarized. Effects of normal stress and thawing temperature on the peak shear stress and the initial shear modulus are discussed. The results show that patterns of shear stress-displacement curve will transform gradually from strain softening to strain hardening as the thawing temperature increases. The peak shear strength of frozen soil-structure interface increases significantly with the increase of the normal stress, but decreases with the thawing temperature increases. High normal stress results in larger effective stress in the soil and hinders movement of soil particles on the interface. Increasing of the thawing temperature reduces the adfreezing force on the frozen soil-structure interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}