Soils and Foundations最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing compaction of low-grade embankment soils with non-plastic fines under cyclic traffic loading and seasonal moisture variations","authors":"Bhargavi Chowdepalli ,&nbsp;Kenji Watanabe ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Kyokawa","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many developing countries in Asia, the scarcity of high-quality natural sands poses a major challenge to the cost-effective construction of road and railway embankments. As a result, there is an increasing need to utilize locally available sandy soils with higher fines contents. These embankments are typically compacted under unsaturated conditions and subsequently subjected to vehicle-induced cyclic loading and saturation fluctuations over time due to seasonal rainfall. However, the long-term performance of such materials under these combined effects remains insufficiently understood.</div><div>The cyclic and post-cyclic behavior of compacted sandy soils with varying fines contents was investigated in this study to better understand the soils’ mechanical response and suitability for embankment applications, specifically when subjected to seasonal rainfall and long-term cyclic loading. A comprehensive testing program was conducted, including suction-controlled drained cyclic triaxial tests followed by post-cyclic monotonic loading under both unsaturated and soaked conditions. The results showed that, under unsaturated conditions, increasing compaction significantly reduces the accumulated axial strain while enhancing post-cyclic strength and stiffness. Lower saturation levels lead to higher initial suction, which improves stiffness and post-cyclic strength, especially in soils with higher fines. While soils with higher fines contents display increased post-cyclic strength due to improved suction and interparticle friction, they also experience greater axial strain during cyclic loading, particularly when compacted at low saturation levels due to reduced skeletal stability.</div><div>Soaking leads to a notable reduction in post-cyclic strength, especially in soils initially compacted at low saturation levels with high fines contents, despite having higher initial stiffness and suction. This highlights the critical role of suction and fabric stability in maintaining a long-term soil performance. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing compaction and moisture control in the field, and for supporting the sustainable use of locally available fine-grained soils for embankment construction under cyclic loading and environmental changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 3","pages":"Article 101729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shallow ground improvement by log piles for liquefaction mitigation of small residential buildings: experimental study by 1-g shaking table tests","authors":"Nikolay Milev ,&nbsp;Takashi Kiyota ,&nbsp;Masataka Shiga ,&nbsp;Rana Ito ,&nbsp;Takumi Murata ,&nbsp;Toshihiko Katagiri","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the application of the log-piling method as an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy for mitigating the risk of soil liquefaction during seismic events, with a particular focus on shallow ground improvement. Timber piling itself is a well-established foundation technique; however, its systematic application as a shallow ground improvement measure for liquefaction mitigation has received limited experimental attention. While log-piling has been commonly applied in Japan for deeper soil stabilization, its cost-effectiveness becomes debatable in such cases. This research explores the effectiveness of applying log-piling to shallow soil layers, making it an economically viable option for small residential buildings where conventional soil improvement methods are often prohibitively expensive. The primary aim is to determine how shallow the soil improvement can be while still maintaining seismic resilience and reducing structural damage. A series of small-scale and medium-scale 1-<em>g</em> shaking table experiments, as well as needle penetration tests (NPT), were conducted to investigate the “ideal” proportions of the modified soil region. The small-scale experiments examine key parameters such as improvement width, distance between piles, ratio of improvement depth to thickness of the liquefiable layer, as well as the ratio of improvement width to structure width. Medium-scale experiments focus on the absolute pile length and its influence on liquefaction mitigation. The proposed set of geometric parameters offers engineers a practical guide for applying log-piling in the construction of small residential buildings while effectively improving the superstructure’s seismic response and reducing damage. The results demonstrate that a traditional timber piling technique, when applied to the new engineering purpose of shallow ground improvement, can effectively mitigate liquefaction-induced hazards and represents a practical and economical option for improving earthquake resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 3","pages":"Article 101791"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sinkage analysis of a full-scale deep-sea mining vehicle track considering dynamic coupling between grouser assemblies and a heterogeneous seabed","authors":"Zongxiang Xiu ,&nbsp;Yifeng Zeng ,&nbsp;Weiwei Wu ,&nbsp;Wen Gao ,&nbsp;Lejun Liu ,&nbsp;Qiuhong Xie ,&nbsp;Jianghui Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Xingsen Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sinkage depth of deep-sea mining vehicles (DSMVs) on soft seabeds is key to traction and efficiency, yet small-scale tests and single-plate numerical models inadequately capture full-scale vehicle–seabed dynamics. In this study, a three-dimensional large deformation numerical model was developed to investigate the sinking characteristics and mechanisms of a full-scale DSMV track in deep-sea soft sediment. The interaction between the full-scale unilateral DSMV track and the soft seabed was analyzed using the coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) method, with a user defined Fortran subroutine used to account for the strain softening and strain-rate dependent effects of the seabed. Using the validated numerical model, the effects of the track dynamic parameters and track plate structure on the sinking behavior are analyzed in detail, the mechanism of the sinking behavior of different large deformation shear characteristics of the seabed is clarified, and the important influences of sediment strain softening and strain rate dependence effects on the dynamic sinking process of a DSMV are revealed. Finally, on the basis of the energy method and the numerical simulation results, a new empirical formula is proposed for the sinkage depth prediction of full-scale DSMVs. The results provide new insights into the design and safe operation of DSMVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 3","pages":"Article 101802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scour assessment around offshore wind monopile using EFA testing and Delft-3D numerical modeling","authors":"Suhyuk Park ,&nbsp;Dongcheon Lee ,&nbsp;Jinwoo Park ,&nbsp;Ilhan Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to the increasing demand for offshore wind energy, the use of monopiles, which are vulnerable to the scouring caused by hydrodynamic forces, has rapidly increased. The stability against scour around offshore structures becomes important, whilst research focusing on the surface erosion mechanism of sandy and silty in-situ offshore seabed is limited. This study used an erosion function apparatus (EFA) to assess the erosion mechanism of Japanese offshore seabed soils followed by Delft-3D numerical modeling to predict the scour depth around a monopile structure (diameter = 10 m). Additionally, empirical equations were applied under the same soil characteristics and fluid dynamic conditions to derive the predicted values. The estimations based on the empirical studies were compared with the numerical results, and the relationship between the soil characteristics and the erosion parameters was analyzed. The EFA test results showed that the uppermost layer of the sandy soil layers had the critical shear stress of 10.11 Pa, whereas the over-consolidated silty soil layers showed no erosion even at an extreme hydraulic shear stress of 106.47 Pa. The numerical results indicated that even under typhoon-simulating conditions, no scouring was observed under the considered hydrodynamic conditions because the bed shear stress remained below the critical shear stress of the upper layer. However, empirical formulas tended to overestimate scouring in the offshore environment; the estimated scour depth varied widely from 1.33 to 23.48 m. Correlation analysis showed that the mean diameter, percentage finer, and water content of soil affected the critical shear stress, and the erosion behavior changed when the boundary mean diameter was 0.156 mm. These results provide experimental and numerical evidence for understanding the erosion behavior of sandy and silty seabed and offer practical insights for a more reliable scour assessment and monopile foundation design in offshore environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 3","pages":"Article 101804"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale observations of the behavior of composite soil containing biogenic crushable carbonate gravel from ring shear test","authors":"Xianwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Liu ,&nbsp;Lei Yan ,&nbsp;Qingzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Leyu Gou ,&nbsp;Hualiang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coral gravel soil (CGS) is widely encountered in civil and coastal engineering in coastal areas but receives significantly less attention than its counterpart, carbonate sand, which has similar mineral compositions. The unique behavior of this soil results from its complex particle composition (coral gravel and fines), highly irregular particle shape, and high potential for particle crushing. However, the shear behavior of this soil subjected to large deformation remains poorly understood. This study investigates the soil responses using a ring shear test, which enables the attainment of unlimited shear strain levels. It clarifies the effects of effective vertical stress (50–400 kPa), shear rate (0.1–50 mm/min), and ultimate shear strain (exceeding 2500%), with the latter two parameters scarcely addressed in the literature. In addition, this study quantifies the particle crushing characteristics under various shear conditions and correlates this information with the soil’s shear behavior, including stress–strain and dilatancy-strain relationships, as well as the shear strength parameters. The most novel contribution of this study over previous investigations is the establishment of the microstructural evolution of CGS during shear, which is utilized to interpret the soil behavior. These findings improve the current understanding of this soil and provide an important data set for further studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 3","pages":"Article 101799"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of water immersion on the mechanical properties and hydrochemical characteristics of cemented calcareous soil","authors":"Peng Feng ,&nbsp;Juntao Li ,&nbsp;Pan Cao ,&nbsp;Jin Ren ,&nbsp;Yuanfeng Dong ,&nbsp;Guanzhong Wu ,&nbsp;Ran Tang ,&nbsp;Xuanmei Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical response of cemented calcareous soils to water immersion is critically influenced by the complex architecture of their particulate framework and cementing materials. Understanding the mechanical and hydrochemical properties of these soils under saturated conditions is crucial for assessing the stability of geoengineering structures. The research detailed in this manuscript evaluates the influences of water immersion on the mechanical and hydrochemical characteristics of cemented calcareous soil collected near the Jinsha River. Additionally, the study discusses the implications of these soil properties for geological phenomena located in proximity to the sampling area. The results showed that prolonged immersion precipitates substantial alterations in the hydraulic conductivity of cemented calcareous soil, accompanied by extensive ion dissolution that modifies its hydrochemical properties. The soaking solution exhibits alkalinity with high concentrations of Ca²⁺ and HCO₃⁻. Initial short-term immersion augments the strength of cemented calcareous soil, while a progressive decline in strength occurs as the immersion period extends, with the natural state displaying markedly greater strength relative to the dried state. Long-term immersion facilitates the moisture infiltration into the interstitial spaces between particles, dissolving the cementing material and undermining the interparticle bonds, which critically impairs the mechanical properties and stability of the soil. Furthermore, localized seepage facilitates the migration and precipitation of soluble salts in moisture-prone environments, exacerbating the weathering and degradation processes. Such long-term immersion results in structural transformations within the soil, undermining the cementation structure and potentially precipitating soil collapse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 3","pages":"Article 101759"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging effects of liquefied ground for over a decade estimated from in-situ sounding tests and geophysical exploration","authors":"Hirofumi Toyota ,&nbsp;Susumu Takada ,&nbsp;Tadashi Hara ,&nbsp;Chisato Konishi ,&nbsp;Misko Cubrinovski","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ground liquefaction has been observed often in reclaimed ground during earthquakes. The extents of liquefaction damage have differed according to the reclaimed ground age since construction. However, the aging effect mechanism has not been elucidated adequately. Therefore, the Swedish weight sounding (SWS) test, portable dynamic cone penetration (PDCP) test, and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) surveys were conducted multiple times in this study over about a decade for liquefied ground. The data indicate that liquefaction resistance increased 30% in the repeated liquefied area, but it increased less than 10% in single liquefied areas during the observation period. Findings indicate that the aging effects of liquefaction resistance estimated from cyclic undrained triaxial testing were much greater than those estimated using other methods. Therefore, in-situ tests evaluating liquefaction resistance indirectly might underestimate the actual ground aging effects related to liquefaction resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 3","pages":"Article 101797"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of spatial variations in physical properties of reclaimed ground consisting of rock debris on seismic behavior of embankment","authors":"Makoto Ishimaru ,&nbsp;Masahiro Sawatsubashi ,&nbsp;Junichi Hyodo ,&nbsp;Yuki Takada ,&nbsp;Kenji Hiraga ,&nbsp;Hitoshi Tokunaga","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock debris is considered a stable material suitable for use as a structural foundation. Therefore, embankments had been constructed on reclaimed ground composed of rock debris as seawalls against tsunamis at a Japanese nuclear power plant. Despite this perceived stability, the recent strengthening of seismic design requirements for Japanese nuclear power plants has made it necessary to evaluate the liquefaction potential of reclaimed grounds, including those constructed with rock debris. Moreover, because reclaimed grounds consisting of rock debris frequently exhibit heterogeneity, seismic evaluations of the seawall must account for effects of spatial variability in the liquefaction resistance of the reclaimed ground consisting of rock debris more appropriately. This study investigated the effects of this spatial variability on the geotechnical properties of reclaimed ground composed of rock debris beneath an embankment using centrifuge model tests and corresponding numerical simulations. The centrifuge models incorporated 29.3% weak zones characterized by reduced liquefaction resistance. Constitutive model parameters were derived from laboratory test results. Consistent with the centrifuge test outcomes, the numerical simulations demonstrated that variations in the spatial arrangement of weak zones had a limited effect on overall embankment settlement. Furthermore, employing weighted average ground properties based on the volumetric proportion of weak zones in the simulations effectively reproduced the observed settlement behavior. Although the centrifuge model tests were conducted under controlled conditions with the proportion of weak and normal zones known in advance, the results of this study contribute to more rational setting of input parameters in numerical analyses for reclaimed ground consisting of heterogeneous rock debris.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 3","pages":"Article 101795"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on creep mechanical properties and damage mechanisms of water-saturated coal-bearing sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Peng Wu ,&nbsp;Lianying Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuai Guo ,&nbsp;Yiwen Mao ,&nbsp;Fuqiang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To reveal the long-term instability mechanism of rock slopes in open-pit coal mines in cold regions, this study takes water-saturated coal-bearing sandstone from the Antaibao Open-pit Coal Mine as the research object. Systematic uniaxial compression creep tests were conducted under different freezing temperatures (−5°C, −10°C, −15°C, −20°C) and freeze–thaw cycles (5, 10, 15, 20 times). Combined with longitudinal wave velocity measurements, porosity tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) <em>meso</em>-analysis, the coupled damage evolution law under freeze–thaw-creep conditions was elucidated. The results show that: With decreasing freezing temperature and increasing freeze–thaw cycles, the reduction rate of longitudinal wave velocity and the increment of porosity significantly increase (e.g., wave velocity reduction rate reached 29.58% at −20°C/20 cycles). The number of freeze–thaw cycles exhibits higher sensitivity to damage than freezing temperature. The creep failure stress significantly attenuates (decreased by 21.8% at −20°C compared to −5°C, and by 53.0% after 20 cycles compared to 5 cycles). The ratio of long-term strength to peak strength remained stable at approximately 80%. Microscopically, a sequential damage mechanism is identified, initiating with ice-expansion cracking, progressing to thermal fatigue accumulation, followed by pore networking, and culminating in particle spalling. This process leads to a transition in the macroscopic failure mode from pure shear to a tensile-shear composite. This study provides a theoretical basis for stability assessment and prevention of coal mine slopes in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 101743"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-model feature-importance analysis of soil properties for predicting optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight of fine-grained soils","authors":"Harish Paneru,&nbsp;Netra Prakash Bhandary","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the influence of routine soil index properties on the prediction of optimum moisture content (w_opt) and maximum dry unit weight (γ_dmax), which are the primary outcomes of the Proctor compaction test, using machine learning (ML) methods. A curated database of fine-grained soils (n = 465, drawn from 15 sources) included gravel content (GC), sand content (SC), fines content (FC), liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), plasticity index (PI), specific gravity (Gs), w_opt, and γ_dmax. After correlation-based feature filtering, three models were developed: Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The training used nested cross-validation with Bayesian optimization, corresponding to an overall 80–20 train-test split. The model performance was evaluated using R², RMSE, MAE, MAPE, r, and the overfitting ratio calculated for the test set. For w_opt, the best GAM model achieved R² = 0.84 and RMSE = 2.16%, outperforming RF and XGBoost. For γ_dmax, the best GAM and XGBoost models reached R² = 0.79 and RMSE = 0.76 kN/m³, respectively. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), model-based importance scores, and single ablation analyses consistently identified LL and PL as the most influential predictors, and FC provided secondary contributions, while GC and Gs added little once LL and PL had been included. Moreover, paired-feature ablation confirmed the joint influence of LL and PL on the prediction. Overall, all three models predicted compaction parameters with good accuracy; however, GAM models achieved comparable or better predictive metric values than the ensembles (RF and XGBoost) while offering interpretability through plots linking soil indices with the predicted outcomes. This balance of accuracy and interpretability supports GAM as the preferred model for prediction modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"66 2","pages":"Article 101728"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}