Soils and Foundations最新文献

{"title":"Bayesian network based probabilistic approach for uncertainty analysis of earthquake induced landslides","authors":"Tanmoy Das,&nbsp;Deepankar Choudhury","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a unique approach is used to calculate the likelihood of the safety factor and permanent displacement of natural slopes under earthquake shaking. The proposed approach was constructed using probabilistic modeling of landslide instability based on the Bayesian Network technique. First, the pseudo-static factor of safety was computed, considering it an uncertain parameter. Then, the permanent displacement of failure mass was estimated through probabilistic analysis considering the effect of critical and peak horizontal acceleration. In the process of probabilistic analysis, soil and slope properties (cohesion, friction angle, unit weight, slope angle, and failure depth) and peak horizontal acceleration were considered as random variables distributed as normal and exponential functions, respectively. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach, a hypothetical infinite slope was adopted from past literature. The results showed that due to the event of an earthquake, the slope might experience permanent displacement. Finally, based on the variation of permanent displacement, the likelihood of landslide occurrences was estimated. Validation of the study was established by comparing the outcomes with the results obtained from the multivariate probabilistic approach, first-order reliability method, and Monte Carlo simulation. To demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed framework, a case study of earthquake-induced landslides was taken to estimate the factors of safety and permanent displacement probabilistically. The methodology presented in this study would lead to an estimation of landslide failures by taking uncertainties into account, which would increase the safety of city dwellers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial distribution estimation by considering the cross-correlation between components with indirect data using Gaussian process regression","authors":"Yuto Tsuda ,&nbsp;Ikumasa Yoshida ,&nbsp;Shinichi Nishimura","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generally, soil properties are measured only at limited locations. To rationally estimate the spatial distribution of soil properties, it is preferable to effectively use all available measurement data, including indirect data. We propose a Gaussian process regression with multiple random fields that considers the cross-correlation between one of the random fields of direct data and indirect data, and show the application to simulated data and actual measured data. In the application, the direct data are of CPT tip resistance (<em>qc</em>), which was obtained within a narrow area, and the indirect data are of shear wave velocity (<em>Vs</em>) obtained by surface wave exploration, which were obtained over a wide area. We estimate the spatial distribution of <em>qc</em> from the limited <em>qc</em> and wide area <em>Vs</em> data. The estimation accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated by cross-validation, and its effectiveness is discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101624"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-distance flow mechanism of gentle slopes under seepage due to liquefaction-induced water film during 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, Indonesia","authors":"T. Kokusho ,&nbsp;T. Sawada ,&nbsp;H. Hazarika ,&nbsp;Y. Isobe","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unprecedented liquefaction-induced slope failure occurred during the 2018 Indonesian Sulawesi earthquake in which more than 2000 people were killed by sliding debris flows in very gentle slopes with a 2 % gradient. In order to clarify the mysterious mechanism of how long-distance debris flows could occur on such gentle slopes, transient seepage analyses were conducted focusing on the impact of a thin water film of a limited horizontal length which was supposed to emerge during liquefaction in a layered soil profile beneath a low-permeability cap layer of the slope influenced by stationary seepage. Consequently, the water film was found to play a key role in transmitting higher pressure head to the tip at a lower elevation with a marginal head loss, leading to the downslope extension of the water film and associated boiling failure in the cap layer. The water film that formed during liquefaction was significant in realizing the long-distance flows down the gentle slopes during and even after liquefaction as long as the water film was sustained. This mechanism should be newly recognized as a serious threat to a society due to liquefaction in gentle slopes during strong earthquakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollutant transport and performance evaluation in defective composite cutoff walls: centrifuge test and numerical simulation","authors":"Bo Huang,&nbsp;Lin-Feng Cao,&nbsp;Yu-Chao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The composite geomembrane-soil-bentonite (CGSB) cutoff wall is one of the most effective barriers to prevent pollutant transport in groundwater. However, geomembranes may have defects during construction, significantly increasing the risk of pollutant leakage. Currently, little is known about pollutant transport at the interface between defective geomembranes and soil-bentonite (SB) cutoff walls. This paper presents the results from centrifuge experiments modelling pollutants transport within a defective CGSB wall to investigate interface transport behavior and its performance. Additionally, a parallel test on the SB wall is performed simultaneously to evaluate the enhancement effect of a defective geomembrane on the performance of SB walls. The results show that although the proportion of defect areas on the geomembrane is minimal, the lateral fluid flow at the interface significantly increases both the leakage and pollution area of the CGSB wall. The breakthrough points of pollutants in the SB and CGSB walls differ, with one occurring in the shallow part of the wall and the other at the center of the geomembrane defect. Numerical simulations are conducted at the centrifuge model scale, and the calculated results are consistent with the experiments. Simulation results suggest that although the CGSB wall with geomembrane defects does not significantly prolong breakthrough time compared to the SB wall, it markedly reduces pollutant flux.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical evaluation of heavy metal desorption process from contaminated soil under chelator leaching","authors":"Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Peng Zhu ,&nbsp;Jian Zheng ,&nbsp;Guan-Nian Chen ,&nbsp;Xin-Xin Li ,&nbsp;Wan-Lu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Analytical solutions elucidating the desorption process of soil flushing aided with chelating agent were established based on advection-domination assumption. The proposed analytical models are feasible for the simulation of eluent leaching tests, which is validated by the numerical analyses as well as column leaching tests of heavy metal contaminated silty soil using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) chelating agents. Based on the fittings using the proposed model, the desorption mode of heavy metals aided by EDTA-2Na in the column flushing tests more accords with the pseudo-first-order model comparing to the pseudo-second-order model. The desorption rates calibrated from the column tests are 3∼10 times slower than those from batch tests while the equilibrium desorption ratios are consistent. Limited reaction space and insufficient contacting of chelating agents are supposed to be the major cause of this phenomenon. The proposed analytical model aids deeper understanding for the soil flushing assisted with chelating agents, and can help to provide theoretical basis for soil flushing remediations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Torsional dynamic response of a floating pile in radially inhomogeneous saturated soils","authors":"Hiep Toan Luong ,&nbsp;Hien Manh Nghiem","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pile construction process may disturb the soil adjacent to the pile shaft that significantly influences the torsional dynamic response of the floating pile. To consider this problem, the disturbed soil is divided into series of annular zones and a varying-parameter dimensionless function represents the tangential displacement in the radial direction is proposed. The energy principles and variational approach are employed to establish the governing equations of the pile-soil system subjected to dynamic torque applied at the pile head in the frequency domain. The proposed method has the capability to consider the radially inhomogeneous soil as well as the soil behavior beneath the pile base and the vertical shear strain that were ignored or not fully accounted in the existing solutions. The accuracy of this approach is also verified through comparisons of analysis results with those of established analytical solutions. Parametric studies are also performed to investigate the influence of the soil properties and the excitation frequencies on the pile head dynamic stiffness and damping of the pile-soil system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101621"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of diatom-amorphous silica on strength and durability of steel slag and cement-treated clays","authors":"Joyce Nakayenga ,&nbsp;Nozomi Omaki ,&nbsp;Daehyun Kim ,&nbsp;Toshiro Hata","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel slag, a by-product of steel making, is increasingly used in geotechnical construction due to its reactivity with silica and alumina in clays. Volcanic and diatom silica have various effects on the strength development of steel slag. As the effects of amorphous silica and the diatom density on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and seawater durability of steel slag-treated clays have not been established, this study addressed them. The relationship was confirmed using six steel slag-treated clay samples, air-dried at 20 °C for 28 and 56 days, and three cement- or steel slag-treated clay samples, exposed to seawater for 0, 28, and 90 days. The amorphous silica showed a weak correlation with the UCS, while the diatom density showed a strong relationship with it. No correlation at all was found between the diatom density and the loss on ignition, implicating cyanobacteria as the potential cause of the UCS reduction. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of seawater exposure on the durability of both cement-treated and steel slag-treated clays, given that a correlation has been found between a decrease in UCS with a lower diatom density in cement-treated clays, but not in steel slag-treated clays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic behaviour of shallow cut-and-cover tunnels","authors":"Zhengyao He,&nbsp;Nicolas G.L.H. Lee,&nbsp;S.P. Gopal Madabhushi","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increased demand for urban space, there is a growing propensity to move urban lifeline systems such as Metro systems and utilities to shallow, cut-and-cover tunnels. The seismic behaviour of such rectangular tunnels is important as these systems need to remain operational in the period after the earthquake for emergency rescue &amp; recovery operations. In this paper, the main focus will be on determining the seismic response of shallow, rectangular tunnels that are buried in loose dry or saturated sand layers, and clay layers with different undrained shear strengths. The results from four centrifuge testing campaigns will be presented. The dynamic responses of the tunnel and soil will be compared to the input motion. The tunnel movements and soil deformations during seismic loading were obtained using high-resolution, high-speed imaging in combination with GeoPIV-RG software. Finally, conclusions will be drawn on the effects of the soil strata through which the tunnel passes, based on these centrifuge data that simulate the most critical geological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic modulus and damping ratio of organic-matter-disseminated sand under cyclic triaxial condition","authors":"Juan Du ,&nbsp;Xingfei Jiang ,&nbsp;Bingyang Liu ,&nbsp;Tao Li ,&nbsp;Ningjun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Hainan Province, China, the unique geographical location presents significant challenges to the safety of coastal infrastructure due to complex dynamic loads such as waves, sea breeze and earthquake. A type of organic matter-rich and poorly graded organic-matter-disseminated sand (OMDS) is commonly found in this region. The existence of OMDS can reduce the bearing capacity of composite foundation and may even lead to structural failure. Currently, there is insufficient understanding regarding this type of sand. This article characterizes the dynamic parameters of OMDS through dynamic elastic modulus (<em>E</em>_d) and damping ratio (<em>λ</em>). A series of undrained cyclic triaxial shear tests were carried out on OMDS specimens with varying compaction energy, initial confining pressure and consolidation ratios. Based on these experiments, a modified Hardin-Drnevich model is presented to explain the dynamic constitutive relation. Furthermore, the impacts of compaction energy, initial confining pressure, and consolidation ratio on skeleton curve, <em>E</em>_d, normalized dynamic elastic modulus (<em>E</em>_d/<em>E</em>_dmax) and <em>λ</em> are systematically discussed. The results show that dynamic axial stress (<em>σ</em>_d), <em>E</em>_d, <em>E</em>_d/<em>E</em>_dmax and <em>λ</em> are all proportional to the compaction energy; lower compaction energy results in earlier stiffness deterioration. As confining pressure increases, <em>σ</em>_d and <em>E</em>_d rise, while <em>λ</em> decreases, with <em>E</em>_d /<em>E</em>_dmax being less affected. Finally, empirical models with respect of the varied parameters are proposed to estimate the maximum dynamic elastic modulus (<em>E</em>_dmax) and maximum damping ratio (<em>λ</em> _max), yielding relatively accurate estimation results. This study provides new insights into the dynamic properties of bay facies sand enriched with organic matter, which may facilitate the design and application of this type of sand in coastal projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101616"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study for modeling the unloading swelling behavior of Ariake clay","authors":"Zheng Fan ,&nbsp;Yoichi Watabe","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to economic and demographic growth, there is a rising demand for land reclamation in coastal cities of East and Southeast Asia. Marine clays typically play a critical role in these projects, and the deformation characteristics of marine clays become a crucial problem in terms of the quality of the subsoil conditions. The long-term loading behavior of marine clays has been studied by many researchers. However, relatively few studies have been done on the unloading behavior of these clays after preloading; and thus, the strain rate dependency on the unloading behavior of marine clays remains unclear. The aim of this study was to accumulate experimental data on the unloading behavior of marine clays and to develop a strain rate-based model for improving the accuracy of the predictions of the swelling behavior of marine clays during unloading. The authors conducted a series of constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation tests from loading to unloading, and long-term unloading oedometer tests on Ariake clay, which is a well-known sensitive marine clay, to observe the swelling behavior during in unloading. The preloading time, corresponding to different strain rates at the end of preloading, was controlled to elucidate the effect of the stress history. Moreover, instead of parameter <em>σ′</em>_p (preconsolidation pressure) for the normal consolidation visco-plastic behavior, the authors developed and proposed a new visco-plastic model by introducing the concept of a plastic rebound boundary and a new parameter <em>R</em> for swelling behavior during unloading. Parameter <em>R</em> represents the normalized distance from the current stress state to the plastic rebound boundary in logarithmic effective consolidation stress. Therefore, the visco-plastic model for the behavior in the loading stage was developed into the swelling visco-plastic behavior in the unloading stage for Ariake clay. Comparing the simulation and test results, the simplified visco-plastic swelling model was found to agree well with the test results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}