Scientific Reports最新文献

{"title":"Computer vision-based laser communication system for robust optical beam tracking and alignment.","authors":"Shuai Li","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-17695-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17695-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free-space optical (FSO) communication is a promising technology for high-speed data transmission, but its effectiveness is highly dependent on precise beam alignment. In this work, we present a computer vision-assisted tracking system designed to maintain robust optical alignment in real time. By combining a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) with a Kalman filter, the system can detect the laser spot accurately and adjust the beam direction through a closed-loop feedback mechanism. Our experimental results show 98.5% tracking accuracy and reliable data transmission at 1 Gbps over distances up to 2 km. The system performs consistently in a variety of conditions, including fog, wind, motion blur, and glare. It significantly reduces bit error rates and improves signal stability compared to conventional tracking approaches. Running on an embedded Jetson Xavier NX platform, the system achieves low-latency operation and efficient power consumption, making it suitable for UAV and satellite applications. These results demonstrate the practical advantages of integrating computer vision into optical communication systems, especially where fast, accurate, and adaptive beam alignment is required. Future work will explore predictive tracking, multi-sensor fusion, and adaptive modulation to further improve performance in extreme conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: A universal color curve for roasted arabica coffee.","authors":"Laudia Anokye-Bempah, Timothy Styczynski, William D Ristenpart, Irwin R Donis-González","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-23127-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-23127-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inverse solution of process parameters in gear grinding using hierarchical bayesian physics informed neural network (HBPINN).","authors":"Qi Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Yongsheng Zhao, Yanming Liu, Zhi Wang, Yali Ma","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-18005-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18005-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate inverse solution of process parameters by surface roughness is crucial for precision gear grinding processes. When inversely solving process parameters, model parameters are typically obtained by fitting experimental data. However, model parameters exhibit complex correlations and uncertainties, posing significant challenges to the inverse solution of process parameters. To address these challenges, the study proposes a hierarchical Bayesian physics-informed neural network (HBPINN) for the inverse solution of gear-grinding process parameters. An innovative global-group-individual level hierarchical structure is constructed for model parameters. Correlation analysis among model parameters is conducted through group effects within a hierarchical Bayesian framework, followed by uncertainty analysis. Then, multivariate regression functions describing the relationship between process parameters and surface roughness are constructed to form the physics loss function. The regularization incorporates the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence of model parameters, integrating with the empirical loss function. Furthermore, datasets of different scales were established through Gaussian process regression (GPR) algorithms. Compared with Bayesian physics-informed neural network (BPINN), variational inference Bayesian physics-informed neural network (VI-BPINN), and physics-informed neural network (PINN), HBPINN demonstrates superior performance in terms of both efficiency and accuracy. With a training set size of 200, HBPINN reduced prediction time by 4-10 times and achieved an average R² of 0.9629. The model demonstrates excellent uncertainty quantification capabilities and robustness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward fatty liver disease in patients with hepatitis B combined fatty liver disease.","authors":"Qian Li, Yongping Qiu, Lang Xiao, Lijian Ran, Hongli Deng, Xin Lu, Shilian Li, Yan Guo, Maolan Fu, Xuqing Zhang, Jie Xia, Huimin Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19369-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19369-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) combined with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) toward fatty liver disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November 2024 across multiple centers in the Chongqing region. Data collection and KAP score assessment were performed through questionnaire. The analysis included 477 valid questionnaires. The average knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 8.24 ± 5.05 (possible range: 0-18, 45.78%), 34.87 ± 2.93 (possible range: 9-45, 77.49%), and 32.02 ± 4.67 (possible range: 8-40, 80.05%), indicating poor knowledge, moderately positive attitudes, and relatively proactive practices. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that knowledge score (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05-1.16), attitude score (OR = 1.27, 95% CI:1.16-1.39), body mass index (OR = 0.91,95% CI: 0.84-0.99), obesity/overweight (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.60-4.97), diabetes (OR = 4.55, 95% CI: 2.14-9.70), hypertension (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.21-0.81), hyperlipidemia (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.17-0.73), hyperuricemia (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.44-6.25), coronary heart disease (OR = 27.60, 95% CI:4.92-155), exercising (OR = 0.21-0.43, 95% CI:0.10-0.70) were independently associated with the practice scores. In the structural equation model, knowledge influenced attitude (β = 0.23, P < 0.001) and practices (β = 0.23, P < 0.001), and attitudes influenced practices (β = 0.41, P < 0.001). Patients with CHB and MAFLD display poor knowledge, positive attitudes, and proactive practices toward fatty liver. Although patients already demonstrated relatively proactive practices, further improvements could be achieved through education aimed at enhancing knowledge and attitudes. In clinical practice, healthcare providers should integrate structured patient education, such as individualized counseling during outpatient visits, educational materials on CHB-MAFLD interactions, and multidisciplinary lifestyle support including diet, exercise, and psychological guidance, into routine management. These targeted interventions could help close key knowledge gaps, strengthen attitudes, and reinforce sustainable health behaviors in this high-risk population.Registry: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, TRN: ChiCTR2400095024, Registration date: 31 December 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35448"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pincer ligand mesoporous material in heavy metal adsorption for environmental purposes.","authors":"Afaf Oulmidi, Smaail Radi, Khalid Karrouchi, Luca Fusaro, Carmela Aprile, Aurelian Rotaru, Yann Garcia","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19467-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19467-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on our previous results obtained on the coordination of bis-pyrazolyl bis-acetate pincer ligand towards heavy metals, mesoporous silica (pore size: 60 Å) was functionalized with a new NNN pincer ligand prepared through three surface modification steps to obtain a novel mesoporous material @SiA₃. This study reports the synthesis and the application of @SiA₃ for the removal of heavy metal ions (Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺) from aqueous media. The obtained material @SiA₃ was characterized by a series of analytical techniques including FT-IR, solid-state NMR ¹³C and ²⁹Si, BET, EA, SEM and BJH which all confirmed the successful grafting. Following the characterization, batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the influence and the effect of various parameters: initial ions concentration, pH solution, equilibrium time, kinetics, temperature, thermodynamic properties and selectivity toward Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺. The main findings from batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that @SiA₃ has a remarkable affinity and high selectivity toward Cu²⁺ achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 127 mg/g in less than 15 min with stable efficiency after 5 cycles of regeneration/reusability maintaining over 98% of its initial efficiency. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo second order (PSO) model, while the equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir isotherm model, confirming a chemisorption mechanism involving monolayer adsorption onto a homogenous surface. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies revealed the adsorption to be spontaneous and endothermic with increased efficiency at higher temperatures. @SiA₃ practical applicability could be used for the adsorption of copper in real river water sample from the Oued Za river in Morocco without interferences of other transition metal ions. To further understand this performance, the mechanism of metal ion adsorption is discussed in detail, highlighting the role of ligand structure in driving selectivity. The proposed removal mechanism is chelation, where the nitrogen cavity NNN of the rigid pincer ligand selectively coordinate with Cu²⁺ ions, as supported by Hard-Soft-Acid-Base (HSAB) theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of recurrence using hematologic and urinary markers in intravesical Bacillus calmette Guerin treated bladder cancer.","authors":"Mecit Celik, Muhammed Emin Polat, Mustafa Karaaslan, Öner Odabas, Fatma Meric Yilmaz","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-14974-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14974-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy reduces recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Various scoring models have been developed to predict recurrence, and this study aims to improve them by analyzing hematologic parameters and urinary immune cells. This study involved 88 bladder cancer patients treated with BCG between January 2022 and January 2023. Preoperative hematological parameters were recorded from two separate blood samples. Urine samples were collected before and after the first and sixth BCG instillations and analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the proportions of T cells, neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Results were compared based on recurrence status and within-group changes. Six patients died from non-cancer causes, and five were excluded due to irregular follow-ups or external monitoring. Of the remaining 77 patients, followed for an average of 30 months, 12 experienced recurrence, and 65 did not. No significant differences were found in clinical or histopathological factors. Urine analysis revealed a higher Neutrophil/T cell ratio in patients with recurrence, while the T/MDSCs ratio increased significantly in the non-recurrent group post-BCG. Additionally, the MDSCs/Total Cell ratio significantly decreased post-treatment in the non-recurrent group. Peripheral blood analysis showed no significant differences in Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio (LMR). The results suggest a T cell-dominant immune response may prevent recurrence, while an MDSCs-dominant environment increases the risk. Changes in urinary T/MDSCs, MDSCs/Total Cell, and Neutrophil/T cell ratios may serve as potential biomarkers for predicting recurrence risk shortly after induction therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-pressure bioreactor system for the cultivation of Methanothermobacter marburgensis on advanced growth media for sustainable energy applications.","authors":"Marco Orthofer, Walter Hofmann, Simon K-M R Rittmann, Christian Paulik","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19544-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19544-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global transition towards sustainable energy necessitates rapid innovations in renewable technology, with biomethanation emerging as a promising approach. Methanogenic archaea, notably Methanothermobacter marburgensis, play a pivotal role in the biogenesis of biomethane as a renewable energy vector. This research introduces a new second-generation Simultaneous Bioreactor System (SBRS-II), a high-pressure cultivation platform engineered to optimize microbial gas fermentation. A novel sulfate-based growth medium (MM-CF-S) was formulated to substitute conventional chloride salts, thereby minimizing corrosion risks in steel reactors and eliminating the toxic compound NiCl₂·6 H₂O, which enhances safety during large-scale deployment. Comparative analyses indicate that the new medium markedly boosts methane production rates, attaining a maximum of 285.86 ± 22.94 mmol L^-1 h^-1, approximately doubling the baseline. Additionally, metrics of biomass accumulation and specific methane productivity observed improvements, with [Formula: see text] reaching 216.85 ± 17.54 mmol g^-1 h^-1. The sulfate medium also preserved pH stability under high-pressure conditions, ensuring physiological viability essential for M. marburgensis proliferation. Integration of the SBRS-II platform with the MM-CF-S medium signifies a significant advancement toward scalable, efficient biomethanation technologies, highlighting the potential of methanogenic archaea in renewable energy applications and establishing a foundation for further process optimization to meet industrial-scale demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35519"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic changes in neutrophil activation and metabolic profile during pregnancy are associated with gingival inflammation.","authors":"Guillermina Calo, Fátima Merech, Florencia Sabbione, Luciana D Eramo, Luciana Doga, Brenda Lara, Vanesa Hauk, Laura Gliosca, Sofía Novoa, Ariana Santillán, Pablo Fabiano, Rosanna Ramhorst, Aldo Squassi, Daiana Vota, Claudia Pérez Leirós","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19672-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19672-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neutrophils are key players in both periodontal and placental immunity, undergoing profound immunometabolic and functional changes during pregnancy. Their excessive activation has been linked to gestational complications. Gingivitis, and even more so periodontitis, the advanced stage of this condition, are chronic inflammatory diseases that frequently worsen during pregnancy and have been associated with adverse outcomes such as fetal growth restriction and placental dysfunction. Although bacterial dissemination and inflammation are thought to mediate this link, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. How neutrophil activation and metabolism evolve throughout pregnancy-and how this relates to the exacerbation of periodontal inflammation-remains largely unexplored. We analyzed the immunometabolic and activation profiles of circulating neutrophils from pregnant women at 16-20 weeks and term, alongside their gingival inflammatory status. Our findings show that pregnancy reprograms neutrophil metabolism, promoting a progressive shift towards enhanced glucose utilization and increased lipid droplet accumulation at term. Basal reactive oxygen species production increased throughout pregnancy and correlated with gingival inflammation. Basal and PMA-induced neutrophil extracellular trap release also increased with gestation. Gingival crevicular fluid samples further stimulated neutrophil activation, particularly those enriched in P. gingivalis. These results reveal a dynamic immunometabolic rewiring in maternal circulating neutrophils throughout pregnancy, suggesting its modulatory role in the interplay between systemic immunity and oral inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rituximab-induced long-term remission in childhood-onset, uncomplicated, frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial and a follow-up study.","authors":"Kazumoto Iijima, Mayumi Sako, Tomoko Horinouchi, Tomoyuki Sakai, Tomohiko Yamamura, Riku Hamada, Yasufumi Ohtsuka, Seiji Tanaka, Koichi Kamei, Ryojiro Tanaka, Yuji Kano, Takuo Kubota, Yuko Shima, Tamaki Morohashi, Aya Inaba, Shuichiro Fujinaga, Masafumi Oka, Hiroshi Kaito, Akihide Konishi, China Nagano, Koichi Nakanishi, Kenji Ishikura, Shuichi Ito, Hidefumi Nakamura, Gian Marco Ghiggeri, Rintaro Mori, Takashi Omori, Kandai Nozu","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19214-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19214-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rituximab maintains remission of complicated frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (FRNS/SDNS) by depleting peripheral B cells, but most patients eventually experience relapses after B cell recovery. We performed a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess rituximab's efficacy and safety for childhood-onset uncomplicated FRNS/SDNS (without prior treatment with glucocorticoid-sparing immunosuppressive agents) with a follow-up study to assess rituximab's long-term effect after B cell recovery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either rituximab (375 mg/m², maximum 500 mg, once weekly for 2 weeks) or placebo. The primary endpoint was the relapse-free period. Of 43 randomized patients, 40 received the intervention (18 rituximab, 22 placebo). The relapse-free period during the 1-year trial was significantly longer in the rituximab vs. placebo groups (median: 285 vs. 81 days; p < 0.001). Infusion reactions were more frequent in the rituximab group (p < 0.001), with no difference in adverse events incidence between the groups. Interestingly, the follow-up study demonstrated markedly higher 3-year cumulative relapse-free survival probability without further treatments in the rituximab vs. placebo groups (38% vs. 9%). A mini-systematic review with meta-analyses supported the findings. Rituximab is effective and well-tolerated, potentially leading to long-term remission with substantially high rates after B cell recovery for childhood-onset uncomplicated FRNS/SDNS.Trial registration JSKDC10, Clinical Trials Registry ID: jRCT1091220380; JSKDC10 follow-up study, Clinical Trials Registry ID: jRCT1050230024.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"34306"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of biomarkers and immune microenvironment of gestational diabetes mellitus evidence from omics data and machine learning.","authors":"Ming Chen, Xueyan Cao, Sijia Huang, Jiaqi Yang, Junze Bao, Min Su","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19645-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19645-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to identify core genes of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and explore its immune microenvironment. Using the limma package, we were able to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GDM and normal placental tissue. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and various machine-learning algorithms were subsequently employed to identify core genes that may influence the occurrence of GDM. Analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of the core genes by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis method. In gene enrichment analysis, we utilized the CIBERSORT algorithm to assess the immune cell composition in various samples, followed by the application of the Wilcoxon test to evaluate the immune cell content in diabetes samples during pregnancy. Conversely, analysis was done on the relationship between immune cells and core genes. Finally, we used RUN PCA to integrate different data sets and cluster cells with different functions. 527 up-regulated genes were found, and 690 down-regulated were found. Combining the results of the algorithms and ROC analysis, we identified CCL3/FAM3B/IL1RL1 as potential diagnostic biomarkers for GDM, and validated their diagnosibility using an external dataset. The results of the functional enrichment analysis indicated that core genes are associated with immune cells. When compared to pregnant women who were having diabetes, there was a considerable rise in the percentage of macrophages in immunological cells. The expression of three core genes in different cells of different samples showed that the expression of CCL3 was increased in macrophages of GDM. Cell communication analysis showed that macrophage communication was significantly active in GDM, and CCL signal was significantly increased, which mainly played a significant role through CCL3-CCR1 pathway. The findings suggest that CCL3 closely related to GDM occurrence and progression, represent new GDM marker, and that the modification of immune microenvironment plays a significant role in the occurrence of GDM.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}