Scientific Reports最新文献

{"title":"Carbon dynamics with stand structure and species diversity in the Hindu Kush Himalaya ranges of Pakistan.","authors":"Adnan Ahmad, Mudassir Khan, Tanveer Ahmad, Saqib Ahmad, Sajid Ullah, Abida Farooqi","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19274-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19274-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Information on forest carbon and diversity management and conservation is critical for achieving goals of climate action and life on land under UN SDGs. This study estimates carbon dynamics with stand structure, species composition, and diversity in the Hindu Kush Himalaya, ranges of Pakistan. A significantly higher carbon in mixed conifer broad-leaved forest (MCBL) followed by Cedrus deodara forest (CD) signifies the role of higher stand density and prevalence of larger trees in carbon regulation. The positive diversity carbon relation across the region and the occurrences of significantly higher carbon in diverse MCBL forest suggest that carbon-diversity conservation is synergistic. The results also revealed a positive effect of stand structure attributes and diversity on soil nutrients concentration, stock and stoichiometry as well on litter deadwood carbon. However, a negative effect of higher stand density and diversity was found on forest floor vegetation diversity and carbon. The higher carbon in poly-culture stands compared to most productive species provides useful insights on the conservation, restoration and raising of poly-culture stands as well species saturation of monoculture stands for sustainable carbon-diversity conservation. Poor regeneration status across the region with exclusion of management interventions is the insecurity to future carbon and diversity. Therefore, along with forest conservation and restoration programmes, the inclusion of selection and retention management system, conservation and community involvement are critical for sustainable carbon-diversity conservation and livelihoods.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35440"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient charging strategy for wireless sensor networks based on saturation degree and Enhanced Grey Wolf optimization.","authors":"P Neelagandan, S Balaji","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19243-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19243-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wireless sensor networks play a vital role in a wide range of modern applications, from environmental monitoring to industrial automation. A key challenge in maintaining the long-term functionality of these networks lies in effective energy management, where recharging sensors is often more practical and economical than frequent battery replacement. One critical aspect of this process is the optimal placement of chargers to ensure maximum sensor coverage while minimizing deployment costs. This paper presents a hybrid optimization framework that combines graph-theoretical concepts-specifically the Degree of Saturation approach-with the Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm to solve the charger placement problem in WSNs. The Degree of Saturation method identifies independent groups of sensors to reduce the number of chargers required, while Enhanced Grey Wolf Algorithm determines their optimal spatial positions to ensure efficient energy replenishment. Extensive simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over conventional techniques. Compared to wavelet-based approaches such as Haar (83%), Daubechies 2 (85%), Biorthogonal (86%), and Symlets 8 (85%), as well as evolutionary algorithms like Raindrop (87%) and Blackhole (91%), the proposed Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimization-based method achieves a significantly higher efficiency of 97%. These results highlight the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach for real-world Wireless sensor networks deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of new quality productive forces in Henan province based on improved entropy weight-TOPSIS method and deep learning.","authors":"ShiHui Jiang","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19309-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19309-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study constructs a comprehensive evaluation framework for new quality productive forces in Henan Province by integrating an improved entropy weight-TOPSIS method with deep learning techniques. The term \"new quality productive forces\" follows the official expression used in Chinese economic planning documents. A multi-dimensional indicator system encompassing innovation-driven development, digital transformation, green development, industrial integration, and factor coordination was established and optimized through deep learning-based feature extraction, achieving 35% indicator reduction while maintaining 94.6% information retention. Empirical analysis of 18 cities from 2018 to 2023 reveals significant spatial-temporal disparities in new quality productive forces development, characterized by a \"core-periphery\" structure and east-west development gradient. The improved methodology demonstrated superior performance in both accuracy (92.7%) and stability compared to traditional evaluation approaches. The findings indicate steady provincial progress with a 6.6% average annual growth rate, with digital transformation emerging as the fastest-growing dimension while innovation-driven development exhibits the highest regional disparity. Based on these results, targeted policy recommendations are proposed to promote balanced advancement of new quality productive forces across Henan Province.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic landscape of hormone-independent sexual dimorphism and characterization of canine XIST.","authors":"Seong-Ju Oh, Dayeon Kang, Subin Jang, Tae-Seok Kim, Chae-Yeon Hong, Yong-Ho Choe, Chan-Hee Jo, Are-Sun You, Yoon Jung Do, Gyu-Jin Rho, Jaemin Kim, Sung-Lim Lee","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19398-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19398-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sexual dimorphism in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) manifests through pronounced differences in morphology, physiology, and disease susceptibility. Despite early neutering, the persistence of sex-specific differences highlights the need to investigate factors beyond sex hormones that contribute to these characteristics. We collected whole blood tissue from spayed female (n = 4) and castrated male (n = 4) beagles and performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA seq. To investigate hormone-independent sex dimorphism of DNA methylation in neutered dogs, we investigated differentially methylated genes (DMGs) between sexes and candidate molecular pathways. Furthermore, we analyzed sex-related correlations between gene expression and methylation levels. Sex-related differentially methylated genes, independent of hormone influence, are associated with oncogenic signaling and neuronal pathways. Differences in methylation status between the sexes were significantly associated with alterations in gene expression, indicating that methylation plays a regulatory role in gene transcription. Identification of canine XIST, previously annotated as LOC102156855, suggests a conserved mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation across species and a sex-specific epigenetic imprint on the genome, which is maintained independent of sex hormones. These findings enrich the understanding of sex-specific biology in dogs and highlight the intricate interplay between epigenetic modifications and gene expression in determining sex-specific phenotypes and disease susceptibilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exergy and energy analysis for dimple tube solar water heater using deionized water zinc oxide based nanofluid.","authors":"M Arun, Debabrata Barik, Kapura Tudu, Seepana Praveenkumar, A Saravanan, Dana Mohammad Khidhir, Syed Waheedullah Ghori, T M Yunus Khan, Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar, Nasim Hasan","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19498-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19498-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the thermodynamics of a solar water heating (SWH) system utilizing a parabolic trough with an enhanced zinc oxide (EZnO)-based nanofluid (NF). The examination includes energy and exergy studies. The research examines the thermal performance of systems with plain and dimpled absorber tubes at flow rates ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 kg/min. This research comprehensively examines how dimple-induced flow interruption and nanoparticle-enhanced thermal conductivity enhance heat transfer and mitigate entropy formation. The trials show that dimpled tubes outperform ordinary tubes in thermal and exergy efficiency. Most likely owing to greater surface area and enhanced turbulent fluid circulation. EZnO-NF enhances thermal conductivity and reduces viscosity, thereby improving system performance and the convective heat transfer coefficient. A maximal exergy production of 496 W and a thermal efficiency of 98.2% yielded 480 W of energy gain and 93.7% of thermal energy at 2.5 kg/min. The thermal efficiency of the system was good. Thermal power generation was 530 W, and the entropy was substantially lower than that of the baseline (deionized water with a simple tube). According to the results, structured absorber geometries and EZnO nanofluids work synergistically to enhance the thermodynamic efficiency of future solar thermal systems, indicating a route to success.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35520"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of ascorbic acid, citric acid and Thevetia sp. extract against Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Meloidogyne incognita infecting guava.","authors":"Rasha E Selim, Hanan F B Youssef, Mohamed S Khalil","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-21658-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21658-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficiency of some organic acids (ascorbic and citric acids) and methanolic extract of Thevetia sp. were investigated against crown gall bacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) under in vitro and pot trails. Two isolates (Ag1 and Ag2) of crown gall bacteria were used in this study. The isolate Ag2 was identified molecularly by PCR using universal primers for 16 S rRNA. The PCR products' DNA sequence, BLAST analysis and Genbank data revealed that the Ag2 isolate belonged to A. tumefaciens. According to the phylogenetic tree based on the DNA nucleotide sequences of the 16 S rRNA gene, the Egyptian isolate is closely similar to the Indian isolate (PP218089). The analysis of Thevetia sp. methanolic extract exhibited that 35 phytochemical components were identified by using GC-MS. Under in vitro conditions, ascorbic acid at 6.4% was the most effective against A. tumefaciens (Ag2 isolate) recording inhibition zone of 38.3 mm with disc diffusion method and 100% inhibition with MIC method at 1.00 g/l. However, Thevetia sp. extract was the most effective against 2nd stage juveniles of M. incognita after 48 h of exposure with values of 0.478 g/l (LC₅₀) and 3.185 g/l (LC₉₀). In pots trial, ascorbic acid 2 (14.8 g/l) completely suppressed both the number and weight of galls (tumors) in guava seedlings subjected to either single or dual infections of A. tumefaciens and M. incognita. Thevetia sp. 2 (6.4 g/l) and ascorbic acid 2 (14.8 g/l) significantly reduced root gall formation and soil populations by 63.40 and 70.27% under single infection of M. incognita and 81.67 and 76.57%, under dual infection of A. tumefaciens + M. incognita, respectively. Furthermore, these treatments markedly enhanced the growth performance of guava seedlings, as evidenced by increased shoot height and root length and significantly elevated the levels of total phenols and total soluble proteins under both single or dual infection scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing proxy and AI models performance in waterflooding optimization.","authors":"Yaser Abdollahfard, Jalal Fahimpour, Mohammad Ahmadi","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19256-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19256-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EECH HEED an adaptive hybrid clustering protocol for energy efficient soil monitoring in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks.","authors":"Shinder Kaur, Satveer Kour, Manjit Singh","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a pivotal role in precision agriculture, especially for real-time soil health monitoring. However, the limited energy capacity of sensor nodes poses a significant challenge to achieving prolonged network lifetime and consistent data transmission. Existing clustering protocols often struggle with inefficient cluster head (CH) selection, limited adaptability to heterogeneous environments, and excessive control overhead. To address these issues, this paper proposes EECH-HEED, a hybrid and energy-efficient clustering model designed for soil monitoring in heterogeneous WSNs. The proposed protocol utilizes a dual-zone architecture: Zone 1, located near the base station, implements a HEED-based CH selection mechanism that considers both residual energy and communication cost for energy-aware clustering. Zone 2, positioned farther from the base station, employs an enhanced EECH-based hierarchical multi-hop clustering strategy, using residual energy and node degree to select primary and secondary CHs. Unlike the threshold-based hybrid clustering approach which, despite reducing redundant transmissions, relies on static thresholds-EECH-HEED introduces a dynamic threshold-based sensing mechanism. Here, hard and soft thresholds are continuously adjusted in real-time based on environmental change rates and node energy levels. This adaptive strategy significantly reduces energy consumption and extends the operational lifespan of sensor nodes. The model was rigorously tested using MATLAB simulations over 5000 rounds on a heterogeneous WSN setup inspired by real agricultural scenarios. Performance was benchmarked against leading protocols including LEACH, HEED, EECH, TCO, FPA, MIMO-HC, HTCCR, EEHP, and the HCRT model. EECH-HEED demonstrated marked improvements across multiple performance metrics-achieving a 33% reduction in Total Energy Consumption (TEC), a 15% increase in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and a nearly 50% reduction in control overhead. It also recorded the lowest End-to-End Delay (190 ms) and the highest number of alive nodes by the end of the simulation. With its zone-based design, adaptive thresholding, and hierarchical energy-aware clustering, EECH-HEED presents a scalable and low-overhead solution for sustainable soil health monitoring. Future work includes its integration with UAV-based data collection systems and IoT platforms to support intelligent farming infrastructures.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic description of changes in the size of casein microparticles under simulated gastric conditions.","authors":"Ronald Gebhardt, Calvin Hohn","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-22216-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22216-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Casein microparticles, which are gently produced by depletion flocculation and film drying, are suitable as a sustainable, biodegradable encapsulation material due to their pH-dependent swelling behaviour. However, the food protein casein is highly susceptible to degradation in the stomach due to its open, flexible conformation. In simulated gastric juice, the particles undergo different phases of shrinkage and swelling. Control experiments show that the initial two-stage shrinkage process and the subsequent swelling are due to the acidification of the particles. When pH 2 is reached, an almost exponential decay induced by pepsin takes place until a highly degraded final state is reached. The kinetic analysis of the results is based on the pH profile of the casein solubility as well as on pH- and pepsin-induced structural changes in the casein matrix, which are combined in a system-dynamic model. Data and model simulations show that microparticles can pass through the gastric environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.","authors":"Jia Kim, Han Jo Kwon, Jae Jung Lee, Seokhwan Lee, Se-Joon Oh, Sung-Won Choi","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-19255-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19255-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a common otological condition; however, its pathophysiology and prognostic factors remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationship between retinal microvascular changes and the severity and prognosis of SSNHL using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), exploring the role of ocular microcirculation. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 88 patients with SSNHL between December 2019 and December 2022. All patients underwent OCTA on the affected side to assess retinal vasculature. Parameters analyzed included vessel density (VD), vessel length density (VLD), choriocapillaris flow deficit (CCFD), along with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness. Hearing recovery was classified using the Modified American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery criteria, and correlations with OCTA findings were assessed. Patients with poor hearing recovery (Group 1) showed significantly thinner RNFL and GCL compared to those with improved hearing (Group 2). The superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexus VD had a significant negative correlation with initial hearing loss severity (rho = -0.272 and - 0.306, respectively; p < 0.05), suggesting that reduced ocular blood flow may be related to SSNHL severity. No significant correlations were observed for VLD and CCFD. Reduced RNFL and GCL thickness may serve as prognostic markers for SSNHL. The inverse correlation between SCP/DCP VD and hearing loss severity suggests that arterial hypoperfusion may contribute to SSNHL. Our results support the potential utility of OCTA as a noninvasive method for evaluating ocular blood flow in SSNHL patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"35469"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}