Scientific African最新文献

{"title":"Exploring Es-sifa clay as a high-performance adsorbent: experimental and density functional theory investigations","authors":"Mohammed Chrachmy ,&nbsp;Rajae Ghibate ,&nbsp;Najia EL Hamzaoui ,&nbsp;Abdeslam Ansari ,&nbsp;Ayoub Souileh ,&nbsp;Anjoud Harmouzi ,&nbsp;Meryem Ben Baaziz ,&nbsp;Hassan Ouallal ,&nbsp;Mohamed Azrour","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work explores the effectiveness of Es-sifa clay, located in Morocco, especially in the Draa-Tafilalet region, as an adsorbent. The study focused on methylene blue (MB) as the model contaminant for evaluating adsorption efficiency. The clay was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, pH at the point of zero charge, and cation exchange capacity measurements. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under varying conditions, including contact time (5–120 min), stirring speed (100- 400 rpm), initial dye concentration (10–100 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.25–2.5 g/L), and temperature (25–60 °C), to evaluate and optimize removal efficiency. Results showed that MB removal increased with contact time, adsorbent dose, and agitation speed, but decreased with rising temperature and dye concentration. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, and the isotherm data best fit the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 49.41 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the process is spontaneous and exothermic. DFT calculations were also performed to provide insight into the adsorption mechanism. MB was found to exhibit a narrow HOMO–LUMO energy gap, low chemical hardness, and high electrophilicity, reflecting strong reactivity and surface affinity. Mulliken charge analysis identified electron-rich heteroatoms and aromatic rings as key interaction sites, with adsorption driven by electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, and π-back-donation. These theoretical results are consistent with experimental findings, confirming the strong affinity of MB for Es-sifa clay. This study underscores the potential of Es-sifa clay as a sustainable, low-cost material for eco-friendly wastewater treatment, supporting Morocco’s efforts in waste valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquifer characterization and DRASTIC vulnerability assessment within the low-permeable Enugu shale formation, Anambra Basin, Nigeria using electrical resistivity method","authors":"Ayatu Ojonugwa Usman ,&nbsp;Chris Chukwudi Ezeh ,&nbsp;Ema Michael Abraham ,&nbsp;George-Best Azuoko ,&nbsp;Chima Joshua Chima ,&nbsp;Louis Onyeneke ,&nbsp;Augustine Ifeanyi Chinwuko ,&nbsp;Kenneth Obinna Iheme ,&nbsp;Iheanyi I. Ikeazota","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on aquifer characterization and vulnerability assessment modeling of the low-permeable Enugu shale, Anambra Basin, Nigeria, utilizing the Electrical Resistivity Method (ERM). The Enugu shale formation presents a unique challenge due to its low permeability, which impacts groundwater movement and storage. We employed ERM, specifically Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), to determine the subsurface resistivity variations, which aided in identifying aquiferous zones and their depths. The findings reveal significant variability in aquifer depths ranging from 4.0 to 44.5 m. This suggests that most of the underground water in the region is from shallow sources. The apparent resistivity model reveals variation in the resistivity of the aquifer ranging from low resistivity (10 to 60 m) to high resistivity (100 to 190 m). The depth to the water table map reveals higher depths (40 m to 75 m) at Abapka, Emene, and part of New Heaven. The relatively low values of transmissivity (200 m2/day–900 m2/day) and hydraulic conductivity (0.08 m/day–1.0 m/day) recorded are clues of prolific regions for groundwater development with low water yield capacity. Areas with higher transmissivity and thicker aquifers may provide better water supply potential, but overall, the low permeability suggests limited groundwater movement, requiring careful management to avoid over-extraction and contamination. The DRASTIC index risk (DIR) model indicates low to high susceptibility to contamination (with DIR ranging from 28 to 201), necessitating strategic groundwater protection measures. The low-permeable Enugu shale exhibits significant variability in its hydraulic properties, impacting its vulnerability and usability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02804"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, computational studies, Hirshfeld surface and In-Silico approach of novel pyrazoles and pyrazolines derivatives as promising antidiabetic agents","authors":"Mohamed Amine Ben Abdallah ,&nbsp;Rania Omrani ,&nbsp;Chiraz Labassi ,&nbsp;Sonia Taktouk ,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Fillaut ,&nbsp;Rafik Gatri","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel pyrazole <strong>3a-d, g</strong> and pyrazolines derivatives <strong>3e-f</strong> were synthesized through nitrile imine-mediated tetrazolene cycloaddition (NITEC) reaction and the reasonable mechanism of the NITEC reaction was discussed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) basis set in the gas phase. Additionally, the geometry optimization of the reactants and the products was studied. The calculations of transition-state (TS) and intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) analyses were performed at the same level of theory. Fukui functions, electrostatic potential surfaces, HOMO-LUMO, global and local reactivities were computed and discussed in the manuscript. Similarly, Hirshfeld surface analysis (HAS) was used to indicate the intramolecular interactions. Moreover, the band structures were additional evaluated on the hole crystal lattice of both compounds <strong>3a</strong> and <strong>3c</strong> by partial density of state (PDS) and total density of state (TDOS) utilizing CASTEP software with the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) correlational function and ultra-soft pseudo potential (PBE). The obtained results showed that pyrazole derivatives <strong>3a</strong> and <strong>3c</strong> had indirect and direct band gaps with a magnitude of 2.452 eV and 3.339 eV respectively. Additionally, the molecular docking of the pyrazole and pyrazolines derivatives were deliberate against different proteins to investigate the efficacy against selected drug targets of antidiabetic disease. Molecular docking was conducted for the pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives against human lysosomal acid α-glucosidase (HLGAA) proteins with PDB IDs: 5NN5, 5NN6, and 5NN8. The docking results revealed that the selected pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives exhibited significant binding affinities, ranging from –7.0 to –10.2 kcal/mol. Among them, compounds <strong>3d</strong> and <strong>3 g</strong> displayed the strongest binding to all the target proteins, indicating their potential as promising antidiabetic agents due to their remarkably low binding energies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02797"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change, green economy, and agriculture - A development pathway towards food security and climate resilient sub-saharan African Countries","authors":"Olajide O. Oyadeyi ,&nbsp;Oluwadamilola A. Oyadeyi","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is the first to investigate the relationship between climate change, green economy, and their combined impact on food security within Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study employed a targeted non-systematic literature review and annual data spanning 2005 to 2022 and encompassing 39 SSA countries using rigorous econometric techniques, including Driscoll-Kraay fixed effects, two-step system GMM, and quantile regressions. Focusing on the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of food security, the literature review first concluded that most agricultural systems in SSA over the past nearly 10 decades failed to address food security, especially for the smallholders, the significant population across SSA. This is due to externally introduced agricultural systems and value chains not contributing to food security, whereas green economy actions show potential depending on the local socio-economic conditions. A conceptual model framework is proposed to consider the links between food security, climate change, agriculture, and the green economy. The econometric analysis found that carbon emissions significantly negatively affect food security in SSA. At the same time, the green economy demonstrates a positive effect, countering the adverse impacts of climate change on food security. Furthermore, the findings revealed that when climate change interacts with green economic activities, it curtails the adverse effects of carbon emissions on food security. As a result, green policy measures are essential in steering food security and reducing the adverse effects of climate change on food systems. The findings show the imperative for strategic policy interventions to bolster climate-smart agricultural methodologies focused on food security, sustainable land management practices, and inclusive renewable energy initiatives. This research paper contributes to the existing literature by delving into the holistic dynamics of climate change, the green economy, and food security. It delineates actionable pathways for policymakers and stakeholders. It advocates for a multidimensional approach prioritising food security in SSA, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as poverty eradication, hunger alleviation, climate action, and sustainable community development, aiming to pave the way for a more resilient and sustainable food future in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02792"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating charging systems for electric vehicles: Grid vs. Solar power and the role of solar-wind hybrid solutions","authors":"Khechchab Adam,&nbsp;Senhaji Saloua","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comparative analysis of the impact of different power supply systems on the performance and longevity of storage batteries used in electric vehicle charging stations. Specifically, it compares conventional electrical grid power with renewable energy sources, focusing on photovoltaic solar energy. An innovative hybrid system combining solar and wind energy is proposed to ensure constant energy availability, especially in regions where weather conditions affect the efficiency of single energy sources. The study integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technology for intelligent energy management, optimizing system performance in real-time based on weather forecasts. Simulation models developed in MATLAB demonstrate that the proposed systems enhance energy stability, reduce dependency on conventional grids, and improve charging reliability. These findings provide valuable insights for manufacturers, policymakers, and consumers aiming to implement sustainable and efficient energy solutions for electric mobility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02793"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of perceived distributive justice on organizational commitment","authors":"Habiba Lahlou-Kassi ,&nbsp;Abdellatif Eddakir","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how the perception of organizational justice influences the organizational commitment of bank branch managers in the Fez-Meknes region. Recognizing the importance of employee commitment and satisfaction to organizational success, we examine how perceptions of justice shape workplace behavior. We conducted a quantitative empirical study through a questionnaire survey administered to 350 bank branch managers. We tested the proposed hypotheses using structural equation modeling. Our findings reveal a positive relationship between the perception of distributive justice and organizational commitment. These results offer valuable insights for human resource managers, emphasizing the need to foster perceptions of fairness—particularly in remuneration systems—to strengthen the engagement and retention of branch managers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of climate-smart agroforestry practices on income and food security in two Rwandan agroecosystems","authors":"Donatien Ntawuruhunga ,&nbsp;Edwin Estomii Ngowi ,&nbsp;Halima Omari Mangi ,&nbsp;Raymond John Salanga ,&nbsp;Kenneth Lynch Leonard","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate-smart agroforestry (CSAF) practices offer a sustainable way to improve soil health, increase farm productivity, enhance biodiversity, and boost farmers’ well-being in low-income countries. This study assessed the effects of CSAF on income and food security among 381 farmer households in two contrasting Rwandan agroecosystems. Data were collected through farm-level interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multivariate latent variable regression. Results revealed that CSAF practices increased crop yield, improved food security, and diversified income sources. Livestock contributed the highest income, while tree products contributed the least. Smallholder farms (&lt;1 ha) reported the highest profits, averaging Rwf 68,975,000 (US$ 52,175.46). Food security was higher in Bugesera (46.7 %) than in Rulindo (42.5 %). Among CSAF practices, shelterbelts and multipurpose trees significantly influenced income and profit, while silvopasture enhanced food security. Despite these findings, latent variables – factors related to farmers’ attitudes towards adopting CSAF practices – have a small impact (if any) on well-being outcomes. This is important information for policymakers, as it signals the extension education needed for the farmers’ understanding of the influence of CSAF adoption on improved household wellbeing. Moreover, these results suggest that CSAF practices can lead to increased income, enhanced food security, and greater resilience to climate change. This information can inform policies and guide agricultural researchers in developing and promoting more effective interventions, ultimately leading to wider adoption of CSAF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02785"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated assessment of bio-methane potential from cocoa pod husk in Ghana using physicochemical characterisation and geospatial techniques","authors":"Richard Arthur ,&nbsp;Clement Nyamekye ,&nbsp;Samuel Kwofie ,&nbsp;Martina Francisca Baidoo","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ghana is the world’s second-largest cocoa producer, resulting in significant organic waste, particularly cocoa pod husk (CPH), which accounts for 70–80 % of the whole cocoa fruit. The bio-methane potential of CPH was investigated, and its role in sustainable energy generation and waste management was emphasised. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies, the research mapped CPH distribution across six major cocoa-growing regions, identifying areas with the highest biomass availability and estimating up to 175,000 tonnes in Western North region alone based on 2024 cocoa production. The physicochemical properties of CPH were assessed, and confirmed its suitability for anaerobic digestion, with a projected bio-methane yield of 200–300 m³ per tonne of CPH. Findings indicate that CPH possesses favourable characteristics for biogas production, including high organic content (∼85 % volatile solids) and biodegradability. GIS analysis highlights opportunities for localised bio-methane production, which could meet to Ghana’s Renewable Energy Master Plan target for 2030 and the National Energy Transition Framework, while creating economic opportunities for rural communities. The study also addressed challenges such as technological barriers and the need for supportive policies. Ultimately, it emphasises integrating bio-methane into Ghana's energy framework through public-private partnerships to foster innovation and investment in renewable energy technologies. These insights advance the broader discourse on sustainable agricultural practices and energy transitions in Ghana, positioning bio-methane as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels and an important factor to consider in consider in achieving energy security and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the local knowledge of farming and pastoral communities in relation to climate change challenges in Ethiopia: a systematic review","authors":"Animut Mekuriaw Andualem ,&nbsp;Jørgen Klein ,&nbsp;Dawit Asrat Getahun","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farming and pastoral communities in Ethiopia are vulnerable to climate change impacts and they encounter several barriers when choosing adaptation strategies. Despite their widespread local knowledge of climate change adaptation, this knowledge is insufficiently documented and underutilized in academic research and policy frameworks. This review aimed to assess the local and indigenous practices addressing climate change and the barriers influencing the selection of adaptation strategies by farming and pastoral communities. The review was carried out following the ROSES guidelines that include formulating research questions, screening articles, and synthesizing the findings. A total of 1963 articles were originally identified from the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Of these, 32 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. The results document local/indigenous agronomic and pastoral practices such as crop diversification, soil and water conservation, and seasonal movements in addition to various forms of weather prediction. The analysis indicates that there are large regional disparities in the attention from the research field given to local practices. The vast majority of the studies were undertaken in the Oromia, the SNNPR, and Amhara regions, despite the nationwide impact of climate change. About one-third of the studies featured global collaboration, while two-thirds centered on national collaboration. Key factors influencing adaptation strategies include socioeconomic, institutional, environmental, informational, and cognitive barriers. Additionally, the review identified gaps, such as the underutilization of plant and animal indicators, as well as various barriers that restrict adaptation efforts, suggesting areas for further research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02794"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical modelling of meningitis serogroups A and C transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa: A case study in Ghana","authors":"Bernard Opoku ,&nbsp;Adu Sakyi ,&nbsp;Reindorf Nartey Borkor","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes an epidemiological model for Susceptible, Protected, Carriers (Men A and Men C), Infected (Men A and Men C) and Recovered (SPCIRS) to accurately estimate meningitis’ occurrence and transmission in Ghana. To validate this approach, reported data obtained by researchers on case studies in regions of Ghana that are part of the Sub-Saharan meningitis belt were used. Based on the model’s prediction, infected individuals have an equal probability of transmitting the infection to others through contact. Simulated results from the equilibrium-state analysis of this methodology reveal that there is a specific threshold parameter <span><math><mi>ς</mi></math></span> such that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>ς</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, whereas backward bifurcation occurs when <span><math><mrow><mi>ς</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, in which case the disease-free equilibrium is unstable when <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>. A unique endemic equilibrium is present when <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> is near 1, with the possibility of this equilibrium being locally asymptotically stable. Furthermore, the proposed model effectively fits the data from the examples studied. This highlighted the optimal control theory identifies ideal strategies for disease eradication and the impact of vaccination and treatment plans. When eradication is not feasible, Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle provides optimal disease management. It was deduced from the numerical simulations that high coverage of susceptible individuals receiving vaccinations, combined with the development of an efficient vaccine, is the best strategy for managing the bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e02758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}