Scientific African最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of soil quality degradation impacted by topsoil stockpiling of a surface mining operation in a Tropical climate.","authors":"Alex Amerh Agbeshie ,&nbsp;Richard Awuah ,&nbsp;Nana Bonsu Ofori-Adjei ,&nbsp;Michael Ennison ,&nbsp;Thomas Atta-Darkwa","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Topsoil stripping and storage are primarily carried out before mining, yet the main problem of returning this stockpile post-mining is the decline in soil quality. This study investigated the impact of varying storage durations on soil biogeochemical properties and the presence of heavy metals in stockpiled topsoils of four different ages (3, 8, 13, and 18 years) compared to a native forest at the Newmont Ghana Gold Limited, Ghana. Soil samples were collected on the various stockpiles to evaluate soil pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, exchangeable cations, bacterial population, and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), Fe, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn. Our findings revealed that prolonged storage duration considerably diminishes soil quality relative to the natural forest. Notably, MBC significantly decreased from 49.00 mg C kg^-1 soil in the 3-year-old stockpile to 39.00 mg C kg^-1 soil in the 8-year-old stockpile. However, MBC increased dramatically from 12.82% to 49.49% in the 13- and 18-year-old stockpiles respectively. The bacteria population decreased by 15.01%, 40.00%, and 40.90% when the storage age increased from 3- to 8-, 13-, and 18-year-old stockpiles. All the stockpiles recorded higher contamination factors, pollution load indexes, and Igeo indexes for measured heavy metals except Cd. The increase in stockpile ages beyond 3 years resulted in an increased deterioration index compared with the natural forest. The principal component analysis revealed that MBC, bacteria, NO₃^- -N, fungi, and earthworm populations were the most sensitive soil indicators affected by stockpiling. The decline in stockpile quality may significantly hamper reclamation efforts, necessitating that land managers and mining firms consider stockpile age, nutrient content and biological indicators for effective restoration. Additionally, amendment applications to 8 years and above stockpiles could optimize nutrient availability, facilitating ecosystem restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Networked micro-grid topologies for transactive energy management system: An overview and future perspectives","authors":"Stephen Oko Gyan Torto ,&nbsp;Rupendra Kumar Pachauri ,&nbsp;Jai Govind Singh ,&nbsp;Baseem Khan ,&nbsp;Ahmed Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Networked micro-grid topologies are important for several reasons. First, they make it possible to connect decentralized energy sources like solar PV installations, micro- and mini-scale wind turbines, etc., to the main power grid. This has the potential to lessen the grid's reliance on fossil fuels while also improving its efficiency and dependability. Second, micro-grids can provide a level of resilience to the grid, as they can operate independently during power outages or other disruptions. This can be particularly important in disaster-prone areas or for critical infrastructure such as hospitals or emergency services. The problems that arise from managing the current or conventional power grid can be alleviated, in part, with the use of TEM. This study will introduce TEM and discuss its usefulness in several contexts, including the energy market, grid design, and functioning. Also, discuss the various existing power generation players involved in the development of market structure frameworks. This study concludes and highlights the significant role and effectiveness of energy system schemes for power exchange networked management systems. In addition, to the future perspective and power demand, attention to the de-centralized micro-grid model makes a comparison to the centralized and partially de-centralized topologies based on the Pros and Cons of the present study. In summary, networked micro-grid topologies play a crucial role in improving grid efficiency and dependability, ensuring continued service during blackouts, and fostering the widespread use of renewable energy sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142758864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An approximate solution of multi-term fractional telegraph equation with quadratic B-spline basis functions","authors":"Ebimene James Mamadu ,&nbsp;Henrietta Ify Ojarikre ,&nbsp;Daniel Chinedu Iweobodo ,&nbsp;Joseph Nwaka Onyeoghane ,&nbsp;Jude Chukwuyem Nwankwo ,&nbsp;Ebikonbo-Owei Anthony Mamadu ,&nbsp;Jonathan Tsetimi ,&nbsp;Ignatius Nkonyeasua Njoseh","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces the Galerkin Method for the approximate solution ofMulti-term Fractional Telegraph Equations (MFTE). The Galerkin Method (GM)is one of the most popular techniques for the solution of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), and it uses the idea of mapping a solution onto a set of basis functions and then seeking the residual error through minimization. In GM, the weight and basis functions are the same, and as such, the basis functions are selected appropriately to satisfy the given conditions imposed. In this paper, the quadratic B-spline functions are adopted as shape and test functions for resolving the approximate solution of MFTE. Here, the Caputo fractional derivative takes care of the fractional part, and the Gauss-Mamadu-Njoseh quadrature scheme handles numerical integration. Numerical illustrations are examined for single-term and two-term MFTE, respectively, with numerical evidence measured using<span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>∞</mi></msub></math></span> error norms. Consequently, the resulting numerical evidence, as presented in Tables and Figures, shows the accuracy and reliability of the method. Also, the study examined and presented relevant theorems of convergence and error analyses of method. MAPLE 18 was used for all computational frameworks in this research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wind energy potential assessment using the Weibull distribution method for future energy self-sufficiency","authors":"Badr El Kihel,&nbsp;Nacer Eddine El Kadri Elyamani,&nbsp;Abdelhakim Chillali","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a methodological approach to achieve energy self-sufficiency in various geographical contexts, using the province of Taza, located in northeastern Morocco, as a representative case study. The province has significant energy potential with a strategic location and abundant renewable resources, particularly wind energy. This research aims to address the shortcomings in energy self-sufficiency in the Taza province by evaluating the wind energy potential of five distinct areas. A rigorous statistical analysis was conducted using the Weibull distribution and several parameter estimation algorithms: Maximum Likelihood Method, Jestus Method, Lysen Method, Moroccan Method, and Graphical Method. These techniques allowed the determination of key parameters, including the shape and scale factors, essential for accurately characterising wind potential. The main indicators used for the evaluation included the annual energy production and the capacity factor of the sites. The results reveal that zone 3, named Taza, exhibits the highest wind energy potential, with a capacity factor of 30.84 % and an annual energy production of 9.18 GWh at a height of 100 m. The GoldWind GW 140/3.4 wind turbine model was found to be optimal for all the areas studied. Furthermore, the study explores potential impacts on electricity consumption and provides projections for the necessary deployment of GW 140/3.4 wind turbines until 2030 to enhance the energy self-sufficiency of the province. This research contributes significantly to provincial energy planning by demonstrating the effectiveness of statistical methods in assessing wind potential while offering strategic recommendations for integrating optimised wind turbines to strengthen local energy self-sufficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluoride contamination a silent global water crisis: A Case of Africa","authors":"Miraji Hossein ,&nbsp;Mwemezi J. Rwiza ,&nbsp;Elias Charles Nyanza ,&nbsp;Ramadhani Bakari ,&nbsp;Asha Ripanda ,&nbsp;Salma Nkrumah ,&nbsp;Juma Rajabu Selemani ,&nbsp;Revocatus L. Machunda","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluoride contamination in drinking water poses a global health risk, affecting millions worldwide, with Africa bearing a disproportionate burden due to unique geological factors like the East African Rift Valley. High fluoride levels in groundwater in these regions contribute to widespread health problems, notably dental and skeletal fluorosis, which impair quality of life and economic productivity. This study aims to evaluate the scope of fluoride contamination across continents, examining how Africa compares to regions like Asia, North America, and Europe. While some <em>countries have mitigated contamination through advanced water treatment and regulatory</em> measures, Africa still faces significant challenges due to limited infrastructure and resources. Findings highlight that addressing fluoride contamination in Africa requires a targeted approach, involving affordable treatment solutions, regulatory reforms, and community awareness programs. By outlining these strategies and emphasizing international cooperation, this study underscores the urgency of safeguarding health and well-being across affected African communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02485"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified Fractional Power Series Method for solving fractional partial differential equations","authors":"Isaac Addai,&nbsp;Benedict Barnes,&nbsp;Isaac Kwame Dontwi,&nbsp;Kwaku Forkuoh Darkwah","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The literature revealed that the Fractional Power Series Method (FPSM), which uses the Mittag-Leffler function in one parameter, has been gainfully applied in obtaining the solutions of fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) in one dimension. However, the solutions in the multi-dimensional space have not been explored by researchers across the globe. The solutions of the FPDEs are feasible with the involvement of parameter <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> in the Mittag-Leffler function. However, the FPSM, which uses the Mittag-Leffler function in two parameters, has not been considered by researchers. Incorporating two parameters, <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>, in the Mittag-Leffler function of the FPSM is beyond reasonable doubt; it provides the continuum solution of the FPDEs and also yields more consistent and fast convergence of the solution in Holder’s spaces compared to the FPSM with the Mittag-Leffler function in one parameter. The FPSM is extended by replacing the Mittag-Leffler function in one parameter with the Mittag-Leffler function in two parameters. Also, the modified FPSM is applied to obtain the solutions of both heat and telegraph equations in multi-dimensions and one-dimension respectively. The solutions obtained by the FPSM with the Mittag-Leffler function in one parameter are compared with the modified FPSM using the Mittag-Leffler function in two parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting antibacterial activity of some Curcumin compounds: Fingerprint-based 2D-QSAR models","authors":"Hajar Tebbaai ,&nbsp;Naoual El Hamdani,&nbsp;Said Byadi,&nbsp;Aziz Aboulmouhajir","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The strong spreads of bacterial infections, caused inter alia by the strong bacterial resistance to drugs, have impelled scientists to look for new antimicrobial agents. A series of Curcumin derivatives with heterocyclic moiety have been evaluated, in terms of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration), because of their antibacterial activity against Gram-Positive Cocci (<em>Streptococcus aureus</em>) as well as Gram-Negative Bacilli (<em>Escherichia coli</em>) bacterial strains.</div><div>To investigate the relationship between activities and structures, a 2D-QSAR study is applied to a set of fifty compounds that are split into two sub-groups; the first group contains 29 molecules that exhibited antibacterial activity towards S. aureus bacterium, while the second one includes 27 molecules that displayed the same activity against E. coli.</div><div>This study was conducted using the kernel-based Partial Least-Square method (KPLS) combined with four non classical descriptors 2D binary fingerprints (linear, dendritic, radial, and MACCS). All forms of the previous fingerprints displayed good statistical indicators: regression correlation coefficient R²&gt; 0.9 and validation coefficient Q²&gt; 0.8.</div><div>In terms of correlation and validity, the model built from the dendritic fingerprint was chosen as the best KPLS model for both types of bacteria.</div><div>Relating to the model visualization, Curcumin's ß-diketone moiety and 1,6-heptadiene consistently improve their efficacy against different types of bacteria.</div><div>The feruloyl moieties substituents in Curcumin Skeleton showed a positive contribution for the hydroxyl radicals, while the methoxy group was unfavorable.</div><div>Regardless of the type of bacteria, the hydrophobic group produces a favorable interaction for all structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced control strategies for multilevel inverter in grid-connected and off-grid photovoltaic systems: A multi-objective approach using LS-PWM for THD reduction","authors":"Fatima Chakir ,&nbsp;Abdelmounime El Magri ,&nbsp;Mohamed Kissaoui ,&nbsp;Rachid Lajouad ,&nbsp;Abderrahim El Fadili ,&nbsp;Mostafa Chakir","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose, in this paper, an advanced control strategies to enhance the efficiency and stability of grid-connected and off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems. Utilizing a multilevel inverter and a DC/DC boost converter, we integrate a novel multi-objective control strategy that combines sliding mode control and LS-PWM techniques. The primary goals are to maximize energy production, ensure grid stability, and minimize total harmonic distortion (THD). The proposed approach leverages the nonlinear model of the PV system, which includes the photovoltaic field, boost converter, and multilevel inverter. The innovative control strategy is designed to achieve the following objectives: optimizing the performance of the PV system in terms of energy output and grid stability under varying weather conditions, controlling active and reactive power to ensure a unity power factor on the grid side, and adapting the power output to match the load demand in off-grid mode. Extensive simulations conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the robustness and stability of the proposed control methods. Results show significant improvements in energy production, power quality, and system efficiency, validating the effectiveness of our advanced control strategies in real-world scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typologies and determinants of coping responses to forage and water scarcity among livestock farmers in south-western Uganda: Does gender matter?","authors":"David Mfitumukiza ,&nbsp;Ronald Twongyirwe ,&nbsp;Gordon Y. Mwesigwa ,&nbsp;Esther Kebirungi ,&nbsp;Viola Nilah Nyakato ,&nbsp;Consolata Kabonesa","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Context specific evidence, including understanding of gender–differentiated responses to shocks and stresses, could bolster adaptation and resilience building amongst agricultural communities, amidst a changing climate. However, information derived from such a perspective is currently deficient in livestock production literature. In this study, we use a gendered lens to assess responses of male– and female-headed livestock dependent households to drought–induced water and forage shortages in south-western Uganda. The study specifically addresses four questions: (i) What are the gender differentiated characteristics, and typologies of households involved in livestock production? (ii) How do the gender disaggregated household characteristics influence the perceived extent of effects of water and forage shortage? (iii) How do gender disaggregated household characteristics influence coping strategies to water and forage shortages? (iv) What are the gender–based roles in coping with water and forage shortages? Data were collected from livestock-dependent households using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were analysed and presented using various techniques including descriptive and inferential statistics (e.g., principal components and cluster analyses, and ordered probit modelling). Results show that livestock production is persistently male-dominated, with female-headed households poorer and more likely to earn less (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) from livestock farming than their male-headed counterparts. Female heads of households were about 10 years older than their male-head counterparts, but they are more likely to be widows or single (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Marital status and number of male employees were the most important factors for divergent views on the extent of water and forage shortage. Yet, household size and income were most important for coping with water and forage shortages. Coping with drought effects exhibited a gendered trend, and traditional gender roles in livestock management are changing. Our findings provide a basis for gender–responsive policy and practice interventions – in the changing contexts – for enhanced involvement of women in livestock production-based livelihoods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal modelling of tuberculosis—Human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in Ethiopia","authors":"Legesse Kassa Debusho,&nbsp;Leta Lencha Gemechu","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the epidemiological patterns of tuberculosis-human immunodeficiency virus (TB-HIV) co-infection over space and time is crucial because it assists in identifying areas with high risks that need special control strategies. This article aimed to determine districts in Ethiopia that are most vulnerable to TB-HIV co-infection by examining the spatiotemporal patterns of the co-infection across four years, from 2015 to 2018. The study’s data came from Ethiopia’s Federal Ministry of Health. The data was analysed by applying the Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal modelling. We considered four models with different space–time interaction structures via the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) in the R-INLA package. In addition, we have applied the Deviance Information Criterion to select the most suitable model. The mean raw annual TB-HIV relative risk (RR) continuously decreased from 2015 to 2018, and the raw RRs of co-infection varied over districts and years. The spatiotemporal model, which allows for space–time interaction with independent spatial random effect and dependent temporal random effect, was the preferred model for describing the variations in TB-HIV co-infection across different districts over time. The prior variance for the spatial structured random effect had a smaller precision mode than the spatial unstructured random effect. This difference reveals that the former accounted for more spatial autocorrelation than the latter, indicating an information-borrowing effect amongst districts. Furthermore, the findings exhibit that the relative risk of TB-HIV co-infection had significant spatiotemporal variation and clustering. Through this research, further information was obtained regarding the temporal evolution of the geographical spread of TB and HIV co-infection at the district level in the country. It also made it possible to determine districts that should receive priority for control actions because of their high risk of co-infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article e02460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}