Scientific African最新文献

{"title":"Gender, poverty and food security: Perceptions and implications for urban households in Nigeria","authors":"Zelda A. Elum ,&nbsp;Angela I. Emodi","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poverty is a state of deprivations that is manifested in multidimensional forms. There are distinctions between men and women, in its prevalence, extent and effects, particularly on food security experienced. The study explores the interaction of gender with poverty and food security among urban households in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, in establishing empirical evidence to aid policies on improving households’ wellbeing and reducing gender-based inequality in food security. Data were collected through a multistage sampling procedure from 400 households across four local government areas of Bayelsa State. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis and binary logistic model with the help of SPSS, version 26.0. Results reveal that incidence of multidimensional poverty was higher among women (67 %) than among men (58 %). Also, structural (societal and economic) issues (<em>x̄</em>, 3.79) were the most perceived factors causing poverty, followed by political (3.75) and behavioural (3.35) factors. It was also observed that women had higher perception values of the causes of poverty than men, implying that women had a higher level of sensitivity to the impacts of perceived causes. Results also showed that increase in a household's multidimensional deprivations decreases their likelihood of being food secured. The study recommends initiating policies that promote access to affordable or free healthcare services, education, adequate electricity, and economic opportunities to aid households’ acquisition of assets for wealth accumulation; also, to mainstream gendered economic empowerment and parity into development programs since women felt more marginalized and more sensitive to poverty effects than their male counterparts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorptive Removal of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solution Using a Vermiculite-Based Geopolymer","authors":"Ampfarisaho Marubini,&nbsp;Rirhandzu Mhlarhi,&nbsp;Joshua Nosa Edokpayi","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The removal of hazardous dyes from industrial wastewater is crucial for environmental protection and public health. In this study vermiculite based geopolymer, herein termed VBG, was used as effective adsorbent to remove crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solution. VBG was characterized using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Brunauer Emmett, Teller (BET). Various experimental factors, including contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, adsorbate pH, temperature, and change in water chemistry were examined on the efficiency of CV removal. The point of zero charge was also evaluated. Optimum CV removal conditions were attained at 15 min. The pseudo-second order and Temkin models provided the best description of the data from the kinetic and isotherm models respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH and ΔS indicate that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The sorbent was desorbed using 0.1 M NaOH solution and after 5 regeneration cycles, it was still able to remove above 71 % of the CV dye. Based on the data obtained, VBG may be explored as an affordable adsorbent for CV dye sequestration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GAF-GradCAM: Guided dynamic weighted fusion of temporal and frequency GAF 2D matrices for ECG-based arrhythmia detection using deep learning","authors":"Zakaria Khatar ,&nbsp;Dounia Bentaleb ,&nbsp;Noreddine Abghour ,&nbsp;Khalid Moussaid","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces an innovative approach for arrhythmia classification that employs a Grad-CAM-guided dynamic weighted fusion of temporal and frequency features extracted from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. By transforming ECG signals into two-dimensional Gramian Angular Field (GAF) matrices, the proposed method effectively captures temporal dynamics via Gramian Angular Summation Fields (GASF) and frequency dependencies from features extracted using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and refined through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The Grad-CAM-guided dynamic fusion adaptively assigns importance to these complementary feature types based on their relevance for each input, enhancing both classification accuracy and interpretability. Optimizing this fusion process fine-tunes the balance between temporal and frequency information, thus focusing the model on the most critical ECG features. As a result, training accuracy reached 99.68% and validation accuracy 98.78%, alongside a substantial reduction in loss, underscoring the efficacy of Grad-CAM-guided fusion in integrating essential ECG features and advancing arrhythmia detection accuracy. Building on this fusion framework, this study further proposes a Hybrid Parallel-Residual Architecture specifically tailored for arrhythmia detection, integrating parallel and residual connections with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM). This architecture ensures robust feature extraction and precise classification, achieving up to 98.75% accuracy, 99.14% sensitivity, and a 98.97% F1 score across multiple ECG leads, thereby surpassing traditional methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrimination of some red sea coral reef species based on hyperspectral signature field data","authors":"Mostafa A. Khaled,&nbsp;Ali A. Abdelsalam","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyperspectral techniques offer significant advantages in monitoring coral reefs by providing detailed spectral information that supports precise identification and analysis of coral species. This study utilized hyperspectral field data to assess coral biodiversity and condition in the Gemsa coastal region of the Egyptian Red Sea. Coral spectral reflectance is primarily influenced by pigments from photosynthetic symbionts within the host cnidarian, offering a basis for species discrimination. In this research, in-situ hyperspectral data were collected using an HR-512i spectroradiometer from five sites, documenting the spectral signatures of 29 coral species across 11 families, including six soft coral species from four families and 23 hard coral species from seven families. Over a 20-day field campaign, underwater surveys and direct spectral acquisitions were performed using advanced optical techniques. Spectral analysis focused on identifying species-specific signatures influenced by pigment and structural variations. Second derivative analysis was applied to enhance differentiation among species. Results revealed distinct spectral patterns for each coral species. For instance, Acropora species such as <em>A. austera, A. cytherea, A. pectinatus, A. pharaonis,</em> and <em>A. spicifera</em> exhibited unique signatures in the blue and green regions, indicating differences in pigment composition or morphology. <em>Favia stelligera</em> and <em>Pocillopora verrucosa</em> showed notable reflectance in the red region, while <em>Montipora informis</em> and <em>Goniopora planulata</em> demonstrated subtler variations. Significant spectral variability was observed in soft corals like <em>Sarcophyton glaucum</em> and <em>S. trocheliophorum</em> across all spectral regions. Dead corals displayed distinct spectral signatures compared to living ones, highlighting changes associated with tissue and pigment loss. These findings underscore the value of hyperspectral imaging for coral reef conservation, offering a robust, non-invasive method for species identification and ecosystem monitoring. The study contributes meaningful insights to marine remote sensing, enhancing our ability to assess coral biodiversity and health under changing environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chinese private enterprises and human capital development in Nigeria: Assessing the educational and skill transfer dimensions","authors":"Nomeh Anthony Kanayo,&nbsp;Yuanhao Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past two decades, China's investment in Africa has grown substantially, generating both hopes for developmental stimulation and doubts about the realization and long-term sustainability of these aspirations. Against this ongoing debate, this study explored the nature and impact of Chinese private enterprises on human capital development in Nigeria, focusing on education and skill transfer. Relying on publicly available data from Nigerian government websites, independent local media outlets—including newspapers and television reports—Chinese government websites, and interviews with three Nigerian Chinese-language interpreters, the study found that Chinese enterprises contribute significantly to human development through educational initiatives. However, these efforts are closely tied to China's broader strategy of deepening its presence in Africa, raising critical questions about the long-term implications for the continent's development. Skill building within Chinese enterprises in Africa tends to be highly informal and short-term, particularly in the manufacturing and service industries. On the positive side, these informal, short-term skills empower a predominantly youthful population to navigate widespread unemployment and poverty by providing employment opportunities within Chinese enterprises, often the most accessible alternative job providers. On the downside, the nature of this skill transfer remains limited and fosters a high dependency on the Chinese.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-dynamics of COVID-19, HIV and TB with information-dependent vaccination behavior and waning immunity","authors":"Tesfaneh Debele Batu,&nbsp;Legesse Lemecha Obsu","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite advances in understanding and mitigating the impacts of COVID-19, TB, and HIV, these diseases remain significant public health concerns. This study aimed to provide a novel model that considers reinfection and waning immunity and investigates the role of vaccination behavior in halting co-infection and triple infection of these diseases. The basic properties of the model were examined to ensure mathematical and epidemiological well-posedness. Reproduction numbers were calculated using the next-generation matrix method. These numbers were used as threshold values to examine the stability analyses of equilibria and investigate how one disease affects another. Reproduction number analyses showed that an increase in HIV and TB cases can elevate the transmission of COVID-19, highlighting the importance of monitoring multiple diseases. Stability analyses were conducted to investigate the equilibrium behavior of the system. The central manifold theory is used to demonstrate the occurrence of backward bifurcation in the COVID-19 sub-model. This analysis suggests that even when the basic reproduction number is below one, multiple endemic equilibria can still persist, leading to ongoing levels of infection. This finding underscores the need for robust control strategies. Parametric estimation and curve fitting were conducted using Ethiopian data. Numerical simulations were employed to explore the interplay between key behavioral parameters. The simulation results emphasize the significance of information-dependent vaccination in eliminating COVID-19 and its associated co-infections with HIV and TB, particularly in the face of challenges such as vaccine ineffectiveness, low vaccination coverage, and waning immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Citrullus lanatus seed-based coagulation for enhanced phosphate and nitrate removal from agricultural wastewater","authors":"Yared Endale ,&nbsp;Abreham Bekele Bayu ,&nbsp;Zerihun Asmelash Samuel ,&nbsp;Seifu Kebede ,&nbsp;Eliza Kulbat","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This present study explores a wastewater treatment process through an alum-watermelon seed coagulant that can help alleviate the Gibe River nutrient impact, which has been adversely affected by agricultural runoff. Various ratios of alum to watermelon seed powder were tested, i.e., 1:3, 3:1, and 1:1. The results indicated that 1:3 was the best ratio and had efficiencies of removal 98.28 % for phosphate, 98.92 % for nitrate, 98.27 % for total dissolved solids, 96.11 % for biochemical oxygen demand, and 95.29 % for chemical oxygen demand. Maximum efficiencies were found at pH 3, 0.4 g/L dosage, 15 minutes contact time, and 40 minutes settling time. The results show that the watermelon seed coagulant blended with commercial alum at a ratio of 1:3 is the ideal blend for wastewater treatment of the highly contaminated Gibe River. The treatment not only improves the removal of the major pollutants but is also an eco-friendly and low-cost wastewater treatment process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02686"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical profile and growth performance evaluation of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed soursop (Annona muricata) leaf meal","authors":"Ifeanyi Emmanuel Uzochukwu ,&nbsp;Nelson Ike Ossai ,&nbsp;Patrick Emeka Aba ,&nbsp;Bright Chigozie Amaefule ,&nbsp;Elisha Chukwudi Nwobodo ,&nbsp;Joannes Oluchi Odo ,&nbsp;Maryann Ogechukwu Ezeh ,&nbsp;Onyinye Anthonia Ezeifeka ,&nbsp;Martins Obinna Ogugofor ,&nbsp;Dóra Somogyi ,&nbsp;Vesela Yancheva ,&nbsp;Krisztián Nyeste","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential of <em>Annona muricata</em> leaf meal (SLM) as a feed additive for African catfish (<em>Clarias gariepinus</em>) was investigated through a 56-day feeding trial. The study began with a quantitative phytochemical analysis of SLM, followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) of methanolic leaf extracts. 180 juveniles, averaging 151.12 ± 8.54 g, were randomly assigned to four groups, each with 45 fish and three replicates in a Completely Randomized Design. The groups–Control, T1, T2, and T3 were fed diets containing 0 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, and 7.5 % SLM, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed substantial amounts of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. GC–MS identified 13 distinct compounds, including fatty acids, fatty acid esters, ethers and aldehydes. Fish were weighed at the study's conclusion, and blood samples were collected for hematological and serum lipid profile analysis. Condition factors and survivability were similar across all groups (<em>p ≥ 0.05</em>). However, final body weight (FW), weight gain, specific growth rate, total feed intake (TFI), and feed conversion ratio varied significantly (<em>p &lt; 0.05</em>). The control group exhibited the highest FW (339.20 ± 3.16 g) and TFI (597.05 ± 6.65 g), with results comparable to T1. Conversely, TFI and growth progressively declined with increasing SLM levels, with T3 showing the lowest FW (299.62 ± 7.83 g) and TFI (541.06 ± 20.39 g). Hematological and serum profile indices were similar across groups (<em>p ≥ 0.05</em>). These findings highlight the nutritional and ethnopharmacological relevance of <em>A. muricata</em> leaves. It was, therefore, concluded that SLM can be included in catfish diets at 2.5 % without negatively affecting growth or health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02697"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of pristine and KOH-modified rice husk biochars for efficient heavy metal removal in wastewater treatment","authors":"Eze F. Ahuekwe ,&nbsp;Bowofoluwa S. Abimbola ,&nbsp;Ernest C. Agwamba ,&nbsp;Bamidele Durodola","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar-based technology is emerging as a low-cost adsorbent in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment, given its large surface area and highly porous structure. Rice husk presents a significant waste problem as it constitutes disposal challenges and is barely useful for other purposes. In this study, rice husks (RH) from locally grown rice cultivars were obtained from two rice mills in Nigeria and pyrolysed to biochar at 400 and 500 °C before chemical modification using 2 M KOH. The adsorption capacities (Q_e) of the pristine RH biochar pyrolysed at 400 °C for Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺, following synthetic wastewater treatment, were 462.5 and 142.8 mg/g, and at 500 °C, 1047.5 and 275.5 mg/g, respectively. KOH-modified biochar outperformed its pristine counterparts, as the recorded Q_e for Zn²⁺ on the KOH-modified RH1 pyrolysed at 400 °C (KRH1_400B) showed 1547.75 mg/g, and 1534.25 mg/g at 500 °C (KRH1_500B), respectively, with a 98 % Zn²⁺ removal efficiency. For Pb²⁺, all KOH-modified biochars for RH1 and RH2 showed a 100 % removal efficiency and maximum Q_e of 275.5 mg/g. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed increased poration of 200 µm sized pores, densely distributed across the rough surface of the KOH-modified biochar. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy showed varying carbon and silicon compositions of the RH1 and KRH1_400B. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy corroborated structural disparities in SEM, as compositional differences in the observed functional groups were identified in the chemically modified biochar. These include hydroxyl (3354 cm^-1) and silicate ion (1017.6 cm^-1) which enhance sorption capacity. X-ray Fluorescence revealed an increase in MgO, K₂O, and Al₂O₃ upon KOH modification attributable to the improved heavy metal adsorption efficiency. These results highlight the impact of pyrolysis temperature, physicochemical properties of biomass and chemical modification on heavy metal removal efficiency of biochar for sustainable environmental remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient energy management using fuzzy logic control in a gym microgrid with stationary bikes, PV generation, and battery storage systems","authors":"Abdelfattah El Azzab ,&nbsp;Abdelmounime El Magri ,&nbsp;Ilyass El Myasse ,&nbsp;Rachid Lajouad","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents the control and energy management system for a gym microgrid that integrates multiple stationary bikes and a photovoltaic (PV) generation system connected. The main objective of this work is to investigate the feasibility of powering gym loads using the DC bus through grid-tied inverters, while ensuring efficient energy management and user-specific operation. The novelty of our approach lies in the implementation of a fuzzy logic control (FLC) strategy to achieve multiple control objectives within the gym microgrid environment, alongside a refined energy management algorithm that facilitates the flow of energy between intermittent generation sources and the variable demand from users. The system comprises several subsystems: (i) stationary bikes connected to the DC bus via AC/DC converters acting as intermittent power sources; (ii) a PV generation system interfaced through a DC-DC boost converter; (iii) gym loads. The main control objectives are as follows: (a) each stationary bike control the speed applied by the athlete to extract energy; (b) the system ensures the protection of the energy storage system by monitoring its current and voltage; (c) Extract the maximum power available from the PV system; (c) all objectives are achieved while maintaining the DC bus voltage at a specified reference value. To achieve these objectives, a fuzzy logic control approach is employed, providing adaptability and robustness in managing the dynamic behavior of the system. The system’s performance is demonstrated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment, with numerous simulations confirming that all control objectives are met.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e02674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143814933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}