Selasi Kwaku Ocloo , Abdulzeid Yen Anafo , Suleman Nasiru
{"title":"Modified alpha power transformed Topp-Leone family of distributions with applications and regression","authors":"Selasi Kwaku Ocloo , Abdulzeid Yen Anafo , Suleman Nasiru","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Modified Alpha Power Transformed Topp-Leone Family of Distributions represents a novel modification of the Topp-Leone family of distributions, offering enhanced flexibility and versatility in modeling a wide range of lifetime data sets. This new family of distributions maintains a closed-form cumulative distribution function, presenting ease in statistical modeling and analysis. The Burr XII and Weibull distributions were used as special cases to ascertain the flexibility and applicability of this proposed family. Six estimation methods were utilized to estimate the parameters of the new family. The findings of the study give credence to the modeling abilities of the proposed family when used in the modification of other classical distributions. Using the proposed model, a regression model called log-modified alpha power transformed Topp-Leone Weibull distribution is proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e02993"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amine Rabouj , Soufyane Lafraxo , Amira Metouekel , Khalid Chebbac , Outmane EL Omry , Assia Houiat , Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui , Mohamed Chebaibi , Raja Guemmouh
{"title":"Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Cedrus atlantica (L.) : In vitro and in silico studies","authors":"Amine Rabouj , Soufyane Lafraxo , Amira Metouekel , Khalid Chebbac , Outmane EL Omry , Assia Houiat , Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui , Mohamed Chebaibi , Raja Guemmouh","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Among the medicinal plants that make up Morocco's plant cover, the Atlas cedar (<em>Cedrus atlantica</em> L.), a species endemic to the mountains of North Africa, occupies a fragmented geographical range. However, research into its biological activities remains limited. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial (disc method) and antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, TAC) activities of ethanolic extracts from <em>C. atlantica</em> (EECA) needles, following the phytochemical characterization of this extract by HPLC-DAD-MS. The ethanolic extraction of the needles resulted in a notable yield of approximately 17.84 % HPLC-DAD-MS analysis revealed the presence of 16 phenolic compounds, categorized into phenolic acids and flavonoids, including the isomer apigenin-7-O-glucoside, catechin, and ellagic acid-deoxyhexose. The in vitro assessment of antioxidant potential, using DPPH, FRAP, and TAC tests, showed an activity proportional to the increase in extract concentration. EECA demonstrated significant free radical-scavenging potential, with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 61.84 ± 3.59 µg/mL, an EC<sub>50</sub> of 269.79 ± 10.58 µg/mL, and a total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of 913.94 ± 18.46 µg AAE/mg. In vivo tests revealed antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with inhibition diameters ranging from 10.87 mm to 23.91 mm, as well as antifungal activity, with inhibition diameters ranging from 10.58 mm to 22.59 mm. Furthermore, the <em>in silico</em> study showed that among the identified molecules, tetragalloylglucose, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and digalloylglucose exhibited the highest inhibitory affinity toward NADPH oxidase, with docking scores of -7.723, -7.424, and -7.374 kcal/mol, respectively. These findings highlight the pharmacological and biological potential of <em>Cedrus atlantica</em> L. needles and open up promising prospects for their use in therapeutic and biotechnological applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e03015"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mathematical modeling of HIV/AIDS dynamics with optimal control analysis","authors":"Abdulsamad Engida Sado , Gemechis File Duressa , Chernet Tuge Deressa","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>HIV/AIDS continues to pose a serious global health threat, with working-class populations in low-resource settings particularly vulnerable due to unequal access to healthcare and greater exposure to risk factors. This vulnerability, intensified by socio-economic inequalities and recent disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, threatens both public health and economic productivity. To address this challenge, we developed a novel nonlinear integral-order differential equation model that explicitly incorporates working-class productivity dynamics alongside HIV/AIDS transmission, an approach not commonly addressed in earlier studies. Model parameters were estimated using twenty-three years of epidemiological data from Ethiopia through least-squares fitting, ensuring strong policy relevance. The disease-free equilibrium was analyzed for local stability via the basic reproduction number (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>), while forward and backward bifurcation analyses were conducted to reveal the possibility of multiple endemic equilibria. Numerical solutions were obtained using MATLAB, and the optimal control problem was solved using the forward–backward sweep method with a fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm. Unlike many previous models focusing on single interventions, our study evaluated simultaneous optimal control strategies, including education, testing, treatment, and behavioral interventions. Results showed that combined interventions substantially reduced infection levels and enhanced productivity, while cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrated that the integrated approach yielded the highest benefit to cost ratio. These findings emphasize the novelty and importance of linking socio-economic productivity with epidemiological modeling, providing new insights for policymakers seeking efficient and targeted HIV/AIDS intervention programs. By bridging health dynamics and workforce outcomes, this study advances current modeling approaches and highlights integrated strategies as the most effective means of reducing HIV/AIDS burden in vulnerable populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e02972"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental drying characteristics of a portable solar dryer for apple slices in consecutive and continuous tests","authors":"Patrick Tsopbou Ngueagni, Ashmore Mawire","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A portable solar dryer constructed with cost-effective materials, operated in sunny and cloudy conditions for off-grid farmerswas successfully used for extending the shelf life of apple slices in three different experiments. The performance of the portable dryer was evaluated in three 8-hour consecutive and three 32-hour continuous drying tests. Parameters that influenced the dryer’s performance were the solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed, and drying temperatures. The top tray exhibited the lowest final moisture ratio with a drying time of around 10 h, and a final RH of around 16 %. The average drying rates were 0.050, 0.058, and 0.066 kg/h, whereas the maximum values of specific energy consumption (SEC) were 8.31, 12.02, and 15.10 kWh/kg for three 8-hour tests. The effective moisture diffusivity (D<sub>eff</sub>) values of dried apple slices were 1.89×10<sup>−10</sup>, 1.68×10<sup>−10</sup>, and 1.78×10<sup>−10</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s for the three 8-hour tests. The rehydration ratios (RR) values were 3.10, 3.25, and 3.31, while the shrinkage factors were found to be 43.2, 42.64, and 41.36 %. Modelling showed that the Page model with an average R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.9985 was the best fit to describe and predict the drying behaviour of apple slices. In the 32-hour drying test, the weather conditions affected the thermal profiling of trays and walls during daytime, while temperatures of the dryer’s components were lower than the ambient temperature at night. The final moisture ratios were 0.1029, 0.0971, and 0.0857 on the top trays, while the SEC was 10.30, 10.86, and 11.38 kWh/kg for the drying tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e03012"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Chouef , M. Hbibi , R. Boussetta , A. El Moussaouy , F. Falyouni , O. Mommadi , C.A. Duque
{"title":"Thermodynamic properties of multilayered spherical quantum dots: Confinement, temperature and magnetic field dependence","authors":"S. Chouef , M. Hbibi , R. Boussetta , A. El Moussaouy , F. Falyouni , O. Mommadi , C.A. Duque","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate how temperature variation, confinement conditions, and magnetic field strength influence the thermodynamic behavior of GaAs/Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></math></span>Ga<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></math></span>As multilayer spherical quantum dots. Within the effective mass approximation, the Schrödinger equation is numerically solved using the finite element method. Thermodynamic quantities such as internal energy, heat capacity, and entropy are computed from the energy spectrum via the canonical ensemble formalism. The results reveal that these quantities vary significantly with structural parameters and external perturbations. This study provides insights into the interplay between geometry, magnetic field, and thermal activation in determining the thermodynamic response of quantum-confined systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e02995"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis of Chitosan-Natrolite modified magnetite nanocomposite (Chio/Fe3O4@NAT) for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using response surface model (RSM)","authors":"Abenezer Zenebe, Mamo Dikamu, Dessie Ezez","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study focuses on the synthesis of Chito/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@NAT nanocomposite for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer(UV-Vis), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) for the optical, morphological, particle size, and surface functional group study. The UV-Vis spectra revealed a peak at 285 nm for (1:1:1) Chito/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@NAT. The XRD pattern confirmed the crystalline size of 19.59 nm, further confirmed by SEM, having a heterogeneous and porous surface morphology. FT-IR spectra showed the presence of bioactive molecules and a peak at 557 cm<sup>−1,</sup> confirming the presence of Fe-O stretching vibration. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Chito/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@NAT of the nanocomposite on MO dye was investigated under dark, ultraviolet lamp (254 nm), and sunlight conditions. The effects of three independent parameters such as irradiation time (30-90) min, catalyst dose (0.01- 0.05) g, and initial dye concentration (10-30) mg/L were examined and optimized by Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal conditions of a catalyst dose of 0.0596 g, an initial concentration of dyes of 30 mg/L, and an irradiation time of 90 min. The experimental data of degradation followed a Hinshelwood-pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.997) while the equilibrium degradation data showed that the Langmuir isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9962). The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited excellent stability and recyclability, maintaining 60 % dye degradation capacity even after 6 cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e03004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard Lizwe Steven Mvula , Amber N. Barnes , John Njalam’mano , Fasil Ejigu Eregno , Wilfred Kadewa
{"title":"A systematic review of enteric pathogens in solid waste disposal sites and surrounding environments","authors":"Richard Lizwe Steven Mvula , Amber N. Barnes , John Njalam’mano , Fasil Ejigu Eregno , Wilfred Kadewa","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid waste disposal sites and indiscriminate dumping are favorable breeding grounds for various pathogens, including enteric pathogens. The pathogens include protozoan parasites, bacteria, and viruses. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of various enteric pathogens at solid waste disposal sites and surrounding environments. Additionally, it analyzed detection methods, assessed reported antimicrobial resistance, and identified the research gaps in the literature. We searched five databases, targeting peer-reviewed articles from January 2003 to June 2024. Thirty-eight articles were retained for final analysis. The results indicate that at least one enteric pathogen was detected in every study. 71 % of the studies reported on bacteria, 13 % on parasites, 5.3 % on viruses, and the remaining percentage was on multiple pathogens. Evidence indicates the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in solid waste disposal sites. Culture-based enteric pathogen detection methods dominated compared to molecular and microscopic techniques. Our work identified research gaps such as a lack of completeness and underrepresentation of data in all geographic regions, such as low- and middle-income countries. Further, not all enteric pathogens have been extensively studied, leaving a gap in understanding their impacts. Additionally, the studies are missing the pathways for transmitting enteric pathogens and the employment of quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA). We recommend more thorough studies for all pathogens, including fungi, and prioritizing research in low and middle-income countries. Additionally, implementing quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA) and integrating a holistic One Health approach in studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e02994"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"QSAR-driven discovery and ranking of potential anti-H1N1 inhibitors","authors":"Imad Hammoudan , Nouh Mounadi , Meriem Khedraoui , Imane Yamari , Samir Chtita , Adil Touimi Benjelloun","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Influenza A virus (IAV), a major respiratory threat to humans, owes its pandemic potential to a high rate and capacity for genetic reassortment. A pivotal factor in its propagation is neuraminidase (NA), a surface glycoprotein that mediates the release of newly synthesized viral particles. In this work, we undertook a comprehensive in silico investigation of 168 candidate molecules targeting NA, integrating quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The QSAR model, constructed using 2D descriptors selected for their mechanistic relevance and computational simplicity, showed strong predictive power (R² = 0.82; Q² = 0.81), in line with OECD validation standards. Top-ranking compounds based on docking scores underwent ADMET screening, followed by MD simulations to evaluate complex stability. Subsequently, free energy calculations using the MM/PBSA approach were performed to estimate the binding affinities of the most promising ligand–protein complexes, providing deeper thermodynamic insight into their interaction profiles. Among the molecules tested, several candidates stood out for their favorable binding behavior and pharmacokinetic properties, offering a promising basis for the future development of anti-influenza drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e03002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization of fermentation conditions for lactic acid production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OM510300 using plantain peduncles as substrate","authors":"Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole , Japhet Gaius Yakubu , Nofisat Olaide Oyedokun , Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo , Priscila Yetu Tsado , Abdullah Albaqami","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lactic acid (LA) is the most common hydroxycarboxylic acid with optically active chiral carbon atoms, with numerous applications across pharmaceutical, food, textile, chemical, and medical sectors. LA has been used as an antioxidant, decontaminant, acidulant, and cryoprotectant among other functions. This study was aimed at optimizing fermentation conditions for LA production by <em>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</em> (accession number OM510300) using plantain peduncles. The plantain peduncles were subjected to pre-treatment using alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis. The physical and chemical properties of the pre-treated plantain peduncles were observed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Through the design expert, a central composite design was set up and used in designing the experimental runs for fermentation conditions. The results from the runs were analyzed using ANOVA. SEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis revealed changes in the structural arrangement of the untreated and pre-treated plantain peduncles. Results from the ANOVA revealed different levels of interaction by each fermentation condition independently and collaboratively. The reliability of the reduced quadratic model used in the central composite design was observed to be significant with an F-value of 13.25 and a <em>p-value of < 0.0001. This implies that the model can accurately predict the concentration of LA under the investigated experimental settings. Upon conducting a submerged LA production, 483 ml of LA was obtained at the end of the extraction using the phase partitioning technique. Fermentation conditions such as pH and temperature have a significant effect on LA production with optimal conditions observed for the pH to be 9.8 to 10 and for incubation periods of 6 to 7 h</em> with a temperature range of 40 °C to 42 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e02998"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced techniques for maximizing photovoltaic power: A systematic literature review","authors":"Amal Satif , Mohcin Mekhfioui , Rachid Elgouri","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maximizing energy yield in photovoltaic (PV) systems remains a critical engineering challenge due to environmental variability, thermal losses, and suboptimal energy extraction strategies. This paper presents a comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) that uniquely integrates three major PV power enhancement domains: MPPT, solar tracking, and thermal management. In contrast to prior reviews that assess these areas in isolation, this work offers a unified and comparative perspective, emphasizing the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) and metaheuristic optimization algorithms across all three domains. Peer-reviewed studies from the last decade were selected using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Techniques are classified into conventional, AI-based, and hybrid categories. MPPT methods are evaluated through both implementation-specific metrics (e.g., complexity, robustness, convergence time) and simulation-based performance indicators (e.g., tracking efficiency, energy gain). Similarly, solar tracking systems are analyzed with respect to tracking accuracy and energy improvements, while cooling strategies, spanning passive, active, and hybrid solutions, are reviewed for their impact on thermal regulation and electrical efficiency. Real-world deployment examples are also incorporated to assess practical applicability. The review highlights persistent challenges such as high computational and hardware requirements for intelligent and hybrid methods, sensitivity to parameter tuning, oscillations or slow convergence in certain algorithms, and increased cost and mechanical complexity in advanced tracking and cooling solutions, moreover, intelligent optimization remains underexplored in PV cooling applications. The study concludes with key research gaps and outlines future directions for developing integrated, intelligent, and climate-resilient PV systems. This work serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners aiming to design high-performance solar energy solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e02989"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}