Scientific African最新文献

{"title":"Chloride induced corrosion behaviour of mild steel rebars: A case study of calcined Clay Pozzolan containing concrete","authors":"Lucas Nana Wiredu Damoah ,&nbsp;Richard Nii Ayitey Akoto ,&nbsp;Bernard Kwame Mussey ,&nbsp;Yaw Delali Bensah","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The partial replacement of 5 – 30 % by mass of ordinary Portland cement with clay pozzolana in concrete, gives impressive chemical characteristics to the resulting material. Corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel in two types of concrete mixtures: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) containing concrete and 30 % clay pozzolana cement (PPC) containing concrete are studied. These concretes were exposed to 3 % and 5 % (w/v) solutions of NaCl as corrosion acceleration media. Electrochemical polarization measurements were performed for 3, 7, 15, and 23 days. The corrosion rate obtained from the polarization curves revealed that samples exposed to 5 %(w/v) NaCl had higher corrosion rates than those exposed to 3 %(w/v) NaCl. The addition of 30 % clay pozzolan as a partial replacement for OPC in concrete resulted in an average reduction in the corrosion rate of approximately 90 % in 3 %(w/v) NaCl and 74 % in 5 %(w/v) NaCl over 23 days.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing precision in evapotranspiration estimation: AI-powered downscaling of VIIRS LST","authors":"Najat Rafalia ,&nbsp;Idriss Moumen ,&nbsp;Youssef Chatoui ,&nbsp;Jaafar Abouchabaka","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land Surface Temperature (LST) serves as a keystone in environmental research, offering invaluable insights into the Earth's surface energy balance, climate monitoring, and ecosystem health. The significance of LST is further underscored by its pivotal role in estimating EvapoTranspiration (ET), a fundamental component of the Earth's hydrological cycle and agricultural systems. Accurate ET estimates are indispensable for effective water resource management, optimizing agricultural productivity, and maintaining ecosystem health. Recent leaps in remote sensing technology, coupled with the development of cutting-edge machine learning models, have paved new avenues for downscaling LST data to finer resolutions. These advancements empower researchers with access to LST data at unprecedented granularity, ultimately illuminating the intricate dynamics of Earth's surface temperature. In this context, our primary research objective is to procure high-resolution LST data to refine the precision of evapotranspiration estimation, particularly within the Al Gharb region of Morocco. Our approach involves downscaling Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) LST data using predictors derived from Landsat-8, facilitating a comparative analysis and detailed examination. This comparison serves as a stepping-stone, guiding our transition to Sentinel-2 data for further refinement. By harnessing the distinctive capabilities of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and machine learning algorithms. The fine-scale LST data acquired at a remarkable 10-meter resolution unlocks new possibilities for monitoring and managing evapotranspiration with unprecedented accuracy. Our research contributes significantly to the realms of sustainable agriculture, water resource management, and climate change adaptation, all tailored to the unique environmental conditions of the Al Gharb region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of treatment and co-treatment of different types of discharges on the improvement of receiving surface water quality","authors":"Abdelillah Bouriqi ,&nbsp;Naaila Ouazzani ,&nbsp;Jean-François Deliège","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protecting and maintaining aquatic environments while meeting strict regulations regarding pollutant discharge into surface waters presents a significant challenge for stakeholders. This paper assesses treatment and co-treatment scenarios for different types of discharges, including urban wastewater, slaughterhouse wastewater, landfill leachate and olive mill wastewater, aimed at improving the water quality of the ZAT River in Morocco. Through a combination of field measurements and mathematical simulations, different wastewater treatment scenarios were developed and evaluated using the PEGASE model. Results from the simulations indicate that treating each effluent individually failed to meet the required COD concentration limits for discharge (&lt;250 mgO₂/L) of the Moroccan standards. Furthermore, this approach fell to achieve the desired good water quality status with a COD concentration target below 35 mgO₂/L in the river water quality grid. Conversely, co-treatment involving a mixt of all effluents and 1.1 % (v/v) olive mill wastewater, successfully reached the COD concentration target in the ZAT River water column. In addition, co-treatment with a 0.5 % (v/v) olive mill wastewater met both standard COD concentrations in the outlet and complied with the COD concentration limit below 35 mgO₂/L in the receiving river regulations. The study shows that co-treatment is more effective than individual treatments. It also shows that maintaining discharge concentration limits in line with Moroccan standards enables the river to achieve good water quality status. This highlights the need for stricter regulations and better wastewater management to protect aquatic ecosystems. This suggests that co-treatment is a viable option in contexts where resources are limited. These results advance sustainable wastewater practices, particularly in arid regions. Promote the application of mathematical models such as PEGASE for compliance assessment and decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baseline characterisation of microplastics in surface water, sediment, and seafood from the Escravos Estuary, Nigeria","authors":"Amarachi P. Onyena ,&nbsp;Mary E. Tekeme ,&nbsp;Jessica C. Uwakwe ,&nbsp;Deborah Aderibigbe ,&nbsp;Kabari Sam","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive global contaminants with significant ecological and public health implications. This study establishes baseline data on MPs in water, sediment, fish, crab, and periwinkle from Okerenkoko and Kurutie along the Escravos Estuary in the Niger Delta. Samples were analyzed using microscopic observation and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. MPs ranged from 4.2 µm to 800 µm, with 134 particles identified: 50 particles/L in water and 29 particles/kg/dw in crabs. Fibres (40 particles) and fragments (35 particles) were predominant, with Okerenkoko contributing 74 particles and Kurutie 60 particles. Fibres and filaments were prevalent in both locations, while pellets were absent in Kurutie. Notably, blue was the dominant colour, with 60 % of filaments and 70 % of fibres in Okerenkoko, and 40 % of fibres and 36.36 % of filaments in Kurutie. Water samples showed an average of 0.33 ± 0.21 particles/L for films and 3.67 ± 0.49 particles/L for fibres. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in nurdles, pellets, fibres, and filaments across samples (<em>P &gt;</em> 0.05). Principal Component Analysis indicated industrial sources for certain MPs, while linear regression revealed a weak negative relationship between MPs concentrations in different matrices (adjusted R² = 0.053). FTIR analysis identified polystyrene in water, nylon in sediment and fish, PVC in Kurutie sediment, and PET in crabs, suggesting varied pollution sources. These findings highlight the urgent need for ongoing research, improved waste management, and heightened public awareness to mitigate MPs pollution and safeguard ecosystems and human health in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some integral curves according to quasi-frame in Euclidean 3-space","authors":"Ayman Elsharkawy ,&nbsp;Hasnaa Baizeed","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores integral curves associated with the quasi-frame in three-dimensional Euclidean space. We focus specifically on the quasi-normal and quasi-binormal vectors. We derive the Frenet apparatus for these integral curves based on the quasi-frame elements. Our analysis reveals significant relationships between the integral curves and the original curve’s Frenet frame. We present explicit expressions for the Frenet–Serret apparatus of both quasi-normal and quasi-binormal curves. Moreover, we identify conditions under which these integral curves qualify as general helices or Salkowski curves. The study examines geometric relationships, including involute-evolute pairs and Bertrand pairs. Additionally, we analyze conditions that prevent the formation of Mannheim curve pairs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational fluid dynamics assessment of natural ventilation in three types of large-scale broiler poultry houses in Botswana","authors":"Pius Emesu,&nbsp;Justin Hakgamalang Chepete,&nbsp;Ellen Letsogile Thipe","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effects of house design, orientation, and regional location on the natural ventilation of commercial, large-scale broiler poultry houses in the North-eastern and South-eastern farming regions of Botswana were assessed at full scale through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the OpenFOAM CFD code. Local air change effectiveness (ACE), <em>ε_L</em> was computed in a 0.25 m high animal occupation zone inside gable-, hoop-, and seesaw-roofed houses selected from three different farms per region. Observed airflow patterns and <em>ε_L</em> values did not show regional dependence, whereas both were influenced by house orientation and, to a lesser extent, house design. Local ACE values obtained from the North-eastern farms ranged from 0.62 to 0.75, while in the South-eastern region values ranged from 0.56 to 0.90, with hoop- and gable -roofed structures yielding better <em>ε_L</em> values than the seesaw-roofed structures from both regions. Simulations of theoretical perpendicular wind incidence (WI) angles for houses oriented to 140 and 135° reduced their ACE values by 18.75 % and 0.53 %, respectively, indicating that their current orientation was optimal and allowing them to experience high WI. Houses oriented to 100° and 105° exhibited moderate improvements in <em>ε_L</em> values of 5.84 % and 6.4 %, respectively, while houses oriented to 95° and 90° showed the greatest improvement in <em>ε_L</em> values of 19.9 % and 37.52 %, respectively. Thus, site-specific orientation of poultry houses to 120°-150° would be recommended as it would allow for higher WI angles and better <em>ε_L</em> in both geographical farming zones in Botswana. Furthermore, it may be concluded that design proposals to improve natural ventilation based on the hoop- and gable-roofed structures – supported by CFD simulations with experimental validation – is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02587"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical design for optimal physical and biomechanical characteristics of biocomposite prostheses","authors":"Ibrahim Hassan Kobe ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Asipital Salawu ,&nbsp;Abolarin Mathew Sunday ,&nbsp;Adedipe Oyewole ,&nbsp;Okoro Gregory Uzoma ,&nbsp;Peter Olorunleke Omoniyi ,&nbsp;Tien-Chien Jen","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties of many prostheses are the causes of the stress shielding effect resulting from the imbalance of the prosthesis and human bone, which leads to the premature failure of the prosthesis after installation for bone replacement or repair. The present study uses statistical design to obtain optimal biomechanical properties of biocomposite prostheses to replace orthopaedic bone. The study utilized Pure Titanium (P-Ti) powder reinforced with Hydroxyapatites (Ha) and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) as the factors of the experiment, and the physical and mechanical properties were considered as the response. The experiment design was conducted with statistical software (Design Expert) using Determinant Optimal Mixture Design of Experiment (DM-DOE) and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Biocomposites were developed using powder metallurgy techniques, and the experimental samples' mechanical, physical, and morphological characteristics were analyzed. The result showed that the optimum biocomposite formulations are 68.36 Ti, 18.36 Cow Bone-Based Hydroxyapatites (CB-Ha), and 8.17 CaCO₃ by maximizing the mechanical properties and minimizing stiffness and physical properties suitable for the replacement bone. The results revealed a closer value of bone modulus with the decreased modulus (54.23 GPa), density (4.09 g/cm³), and porosity (9.56 %). There was also an enhancement of other mechanical properties with predicted compressive strength (162.17 MPa), Hardness (378.62 Hv), impact strength (11.43 KJ/m²), and Fracture toughness (26.11 MPa m0.5). The ANOVA revealed that CB-Ha and CaCO₃ are crucial factors in minimizing the prosthesis stiffness, which has interactive effects on the formulation of biocomposite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of change detection techniques driven by expert opinions for small-area studies in developing countries","authors":"Tanaka A. Mbendana ,&nbsp;Anesu D. Gumbo ,&nbsp;Simbarashe Jombo ,&nbsp;Ephias Mugari ,&nbsp;Evison Kapangaziwiri","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanisation in developing countries, fuelled by population growth and rural-to-urban migration, poses significant challenges for service delivery in under-resourced municipalities. Dangamvura Township in Mutare, Zimbabwe, exemplifies this issue, potentially overwhelming the City of Mutare services. Resource limitations have hindered the quantification of these changes. This study assesses changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in Dangamvura Township, Mutare, Zimbabwe, between 2010 and 2022, using stakeholder-driven methods, Google Earth Pro (GEP) and machine learning in R. A four-tier methodology was applied integrating R and expert validation through GEP to classify and quantify changes in LULC. The analysis identified built-up areas, cropland, and bare land as the main LULC classes. The results from R showed that built-up areas expanded from 3.74 km² in 2010 to 8.64 km² in 2022, the bare land decreased from 3.10 km² to 1.42 km², and the cropland declined from 6.06 km² to 2.84 km². GEP assessments indicated an increase in built-up areas from 5.08 km² to 8.91 km², a reduction in bare land from 3.57 km² to 1.97 km², and a decrease in cropland from 4.25 km² to 2.02 km² over the same period. These findings highlight significant urban expansion and declining agricultural and undeveloped land. The disparities between the R statistical software and the GEP results underscore the importance of integrating expert opinions to validate classifications, particularly in small-area studies with spatial heterogeneity. The results provide valuable insights for urban planning and decision-making, highlighting the need for adaptive strategies to manage urban growth and infrastructure development. The tiered methodology demonstrates the potential of combining advanced remote sensing tools with local knowledge to achieve robust LULC assessments in resource-limited settings, guiding sustainable urban planning and informing policy interventions to address challenges associated with rapid urbanisation in resource-limited countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"War and its impact on farmers' crop and livestock productivity in south Wollo zone, northeastern Ethiopia","authors":"Aleme Asresie ,&nbsp;Ali Seid ,&nbsp;Seid Hussen Muhie ,&nbsp;Seid Hassen","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted on the impact of war on crop and livestock productivity in selected war-affected districts of south Wollo zone. Data were gathered through questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions, utilizing both primary and secondary sources. Quantitative data were analyzed using SAS software, while qualitative data were analyzed descriptively and narratively. The findings show that the war has had a devastating effect on agriculture, resulting in significant losses in crop yields and revenues, as well as a reduction in livestock numbers. Specifically, 28.5–33 % of smallholder farmers suffered a loss of over 83 % of their expected yield of major cereals, and 20–28 % lost over 94 % of their revenue from cash crops. Livestock were also severely impacted, with cattle being the most affected, accounting for 151.9 TLU. The war has significantly reduced livestock populations due to theft, slaughter, and casualties from artillery strikes. An overwhelming 96 % of respondents emphasize the urgent need for targeted assistance to sustain their livelihoods. Although food aid remains the primary form of support provided by stakeholders in the affected regions, it falls short of addressing the widespread demand. To effectively mitigate these challenges, it is imperative to deliver immediate agricultural interventions, expand food aid programs, establish financial support systems, and advocate for peace and security measures. Furthermore, the formulation of long-term agricultural development strategies, coupled with robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks, will be critical. Strategic collaboration with non-governmental and international organizations is essential to enable smallholder farmers to recover and sustain their crops and livestock, thereby enhancing food security in war-affected regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital wastewater treatment using integrated sono-photo-fenton process: Experimental design through RSM","authors":"Meseret Endalew ,&nbsp;Esayas Alemayehu ,&nbsp;Perumal Asaithambi","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the degradation capacity of hospital wastewater removal (chemical oxygen demand and phosphate) percentage using a hybrid process of <strong>sono-photo-Fenton (</strong>US/UV/Fenton) and evaluating the influence of reaction time, pH, hydrogen per oxide (H₂O₂), initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphate concentration, and discussed statistical models. This study examines the effect of four independent factors and their interactions on process response using a second order-polynomial model and a statistical experiment design with 48 runs for each experiment. The significance of (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001) indicates the significance of the model and the interaction of variables on the response performance of COD and phosphate removal. The significance of the quadratic model equation was performed using value of R² = 0.9988 and R² = 0.9998 for COD and phosphate removal. The results showed a maximum removal percentage of 94.5 % for COD and 99.15 % for phosphate at a similar pH-9, reaction time-50 min, H₂O₂ -20 mg/L_, and an initial COD concentration of -205 mg/L and phosphate concentration of -3.45 mg/L. In both experiments, pH is an important factor among the four independent factors (pH, time, H₂O₂, initial COD and phosphate concentration), which has the potential to directly impact the removal of COD and phosphate. On the other hand, compared to the initial COD, a superior elimination ratio was at low H₂O₂ (10 mg/L). The US/UV/Fenton process reduces the amount of ferrous ions exist in the treated water. The US/UV/Fenton process has generally produced encouraging outcomes, and as a result, regarded as a viable treatment method for hospital wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21690,"journal":{"name":"Scientific African","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e02585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}