Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"High-performance electroactive artificial muscles with self-supporting carboxylated cellulose nanofibers-reinforced PEDOT:PSS/graphene oxide electrode membranes","authors":"Yujiao Wu,&nbsp;Qiyuan Cui,&nbsp;Fan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance artificial muscles featuring large bending strain, rapid response, low-power operation, excellent electromechanical durability, and biocompatibility are critically important for advancing cm-scale soft robotics, next-generation flexible rehabilitation devices, and microfluidic technologies. Herein, we proposed a high-performance sandwich-structured ionic electroresponsive artificial muscle based on self-supporting carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CCNF) reinforced with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PP) and graphene oxide (GO) composite electrode membranes. The developed CCNF–PP–GO artificial muscle shows a substantial bending strain of 0.14 %, a large peak displacement reaching ±8.3 mm at an ultra-low voltage (1.0 V, 0.1 Hz), and a long-term actuation stability (&lt;2 % degradation) over 1000 cycles, attributed to the well-formed electrode membranes with high conductivity and stretchability, strong interfacial adhesion, high water retention capacity, and fast ion conductivity. Importantly, the proposed artificial muscles demonstrated real-world applicability in flexible grippers, bionic starfish, and microfluidic sorting devices, offering new possibilities for the development of soft robotics and microfluidic technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117073"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-responsive microflier inspired by wind-dispersed seeds","authors":"Fanan Wei,&nbsp;Junjie Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In nature, many plants have evolved to disperse seeds via wind. Inspired by this, we have developed a microflier based on multi-responsive soft actuator. The soft actuator exhibits sensitive responses to various stimuli, including humidity, temperature, applied voltage, and light, resulting in significant deformation rates of up to 105°/s. When exposed to light, the microflier opens its fiberglass “pappus” during descent, increasing air drag and prolonging falling time by 105 %. By adjusting the deformation angle of the “pappus” under different light intensities, the terminal falling velocity of the microflier can be easily controlled. Importantly, due to the excellent aerodynamic characteristics, the designed microflier is capable of achieving wide-area dispersion with the assistance of slight air currents. These results provide new insights for the development of wireless controlled artificial microfliers and are crucial for applications such as environmental monitoring and large-scale distributed data collection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamlining the cell flow: Feasibility of acoustically driven cell alignment for in vivo flow cytometry","authors":"Jinwoo Kim ,&nbsp;Jae Gwang Kwon ,&nbsp;Hyeon Sang Bark ,&nbsp;Jin Ho Chang ,&nbsp;Haemin Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) utilizes blood vessels as natural conduits for real-time and noninvasive monitoring of circulating cells. However, conventional IVFC systems are primarily limited to superficial vessels, restricting analytical throughput and diagnostic sensitivity. Here, we propose a novel acoustic-based cell alignment strategy that allows IVFC to be applied in a broader range of vascular locations. We developed a dual ultrasound transducer (DUST) system in which two transducers are positioned face-to-face at the same angle. This configuration generates an interference-based acoustic field containing periodically arranged pressure nodes and antinodes within the vessel. The resulting field aligns flowing cells into multiple parallel streamlines, concentrating their movement within a confined region and enhancing the consistency and efficiency of signal detection. Blood vessel mimicking phantom experiments demonstrated that a dual ultrasound (DUS) enables stable multiple parallel streamlines of microbeads in a vessel while maintaining uniform flow velocity. Furthermore, fluorescent beads modeling rare cells exhibited approximately a 9-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under DUS application compared to the non-aligned condition. Signal intensity fluctuations at the detection point were also significantly reduced, enabling more stable and reliable signal analysis. This approach demonstrates strong potential for highly sensitive, single-cell-level diagnostics in vivo. It also enables seamless integration with photoacoustic or fluorescence-based detection systems for future multimodal single-cell analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117066"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen bubble propelled tubular micromotor engineered via self-rolling of nanomembrane","authors":"Hongye Qin ,&nbsp;Bendong Liu ,&nbsp;Runqiu Wu ,&nbsp;Lezhi Ye ,&nbsp;Jiahui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micromotors demonstrate significant potential in environmental sensing, targeted biomedical therapeutics, and microscale engineering applications due to their miniaturized architecture and ability to harness environmental energy for autonomous propulsion. Nevertheless, current magnesium (Mg)-based micromotors predominantly utilize Mg microspheres as their structural foundation, restricting geometric diversity and limiting performance improvements. This paper presents a self-propelled Mg-based micromotor fabricated via the self-rolling of titanium (Ti)/magnesium (Mg) bilayer nanomembranes. Through synergistic integration of nanomembrane patterning, bilayer stress engineering, and directional sacrificial layer release, we achieved programmable assembly of three-dimensional (3D) single-tube and V-shaped double-tube architectures. The V-shaped double-tube micromotor features a hollow, asymmetric architecture with expanded Mg-acetic acid (CH₃COOH) interfacial contact area. This configuration enables directional ejection of the generated hydrogen bubbles, thereby enhancing propulsion force and increasing speed. The double-tube micromotor achieved a propulsion speed of approximately 203 μm/s in a solution of 1.2 % CH₃COOH, significantly outperforming the 52 μm/s speed of single-tube and surpassing the speed of Janus Mg microspheres in strong acid. The Mg-based micromotor proposed in this study features structural versatility and preferable motion performance. Combined with the known biocompatibility of Ti/Mg and the therapeutic potential of hydrogen, this work may hold potential for future applications in targeted drug delivery and hydrogen-mediated synergistic therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117064"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion of eggshell wastes to multifunctional sensing layer for wearable health monitoring","authors":"Min-Hsuan Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature and strain sensing are two essential parameters for long-term healthcare monitoring systems, such as fever detection and rehabilitation training. A biocompatible, flexible sensor is presented to enable multifunctional monitoring (e.g., temperature and strain), fabricated using a simple and rapid drop-casting technique that challenges conventional, complex fabrication methods. Specifically, the inner eggshell membrane with its porous structure, fibrous networks, and chemical absorption capacity is employed as both structural support and a conductive polymer capture agent, offering mechanical flexibility, electromechanical stability, and strong interfacial adhesion. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and pullulan, was employed as the conductive coating material and uniformly deposited onto the inner eggshell membrane to form the sensing layer. The performance of the fabricated sensor is based on resistive-type temperature detection. It exhibits a linear temperature dependence of resistance in a temperature range of 20–40 °C with the correlation coefficient of R² = 0.9606 for the line fitted to the experimental data. The mentioned temperature sensor displays a negative temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) of −1.89 %/°C., which is comparable with the conventional metal temperature sensors. In addition to serving as a reliable temperature sensor, the device can also operate as a strain sensor, capable of real-time detection of human motions such as knee and finger bending. This biocompatible, organic, and multifunctional wearable sensor exhibits strong potential for physiological signal monitoring. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an inner eggshell membrane-based multifunctional sensor that incorporates reduced e-waste components for sustainable medical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zirconium-integrated antimony-doped tin oxide thin films for efficient hydrogen gas detection at trace levels","authors":"C. Sneha,&nbsp;Soney Varghese","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the integration of DC-sputtered zirconium (Zr) into RF-sputtered antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) films (ZATO, 186 nm) on SiO₂/Si substrates to enhance hydrogen detection. Varying DC power (40–80 W, 15 min) during Zr deposition enabled controlled lattice integration while maintaining the tetragonal rutile structure. The film deposited at 70 W with Zr showed optimal n-type conductivity (1.056 × 10⁻⁵ S/m), attributed to oxygen vacancies arising from ionic radius differences. This optimized film achieved a hydrogen detection limit of 0.1 ppm at 150°C, with a fast response time (30 s), a recovery time (20 s), and a response value of 1.61 %; at 10 ppm, the response reached 85.8 %. The sensor maintained its performance at 50 % R_H (13 % response at 10 ppm) and showed increased response (130 %) at a sensing temperature of 350°C. These results demonstrate that Zr/ATO co-doping is an effective strategy for detecting hydrogen at low levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117060"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel bio-inspired soft pipeline robot with variable stiffness for navigating inside complex pipelines","authors":"Yujia Li ,&nbsp;Tao Ren ,&nbsp;Yingying Su ,&nbsp;Weiye Zhuang ,&nbsp;Yu Xia ,&nbsp;Yonghua Chen ,&nbsp;Simon X. Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oil and gas pipelines transport highly flammable and explosive substances, making leaks potentially catastrophic. Regular inspections are therefore critical to prevent such incidents. Pipeline robots provide a safer and more efficient alternative to human inspectors, especially in hazardous and monotonous environments. However, conventional rigid pipeline robots face significant challenges in navigating complex, small- to medium-diameter pipelines, particularly those carrying dangerous substances, due to their limited flexibility and adaptability. To overcome these limitations, soft pipeline robots have emerged as a promising solution, leveraging their inherent flexibility and adaptability to such conditions. Nevertheless, the high compliance of existing soft robots often results in difficulties maintaining posture, especially when navigating branches in intricate pipeline systems. Inspired by the inchworm’s locomotion, this study introduces two types of variable-stiffness soft actuators and a soft pipeline robot designed to traverse complex, small- to medium-diameter pipelines. These innovations address the challenges faced by existing soft robots in such environments. The variable-stiffness characteristics of the actuators are thoroughly analyzed, and precise motion control strategies are developed to enhance the robot’s performance in complex pipeline navigation. Extensive testing of the robot prototype was conducted to evaluate its stiffness and motion capabilities in challenging pipeline scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed variable-stiffness soft pipeline robot significantly outperforms existing models in adaptability to complex pipelines, branch-crossing ability, and transitioning from smooth surfaces into pipes. The developed soft actuators and robots hold broad potential for applications such as oil and gas pipeline inspections, chemical vessel inspections, and medical endoscopy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117062"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acoustic black hole-empowered ultrasonic tweezer for irregularly shaped millimetric solids manipulation","authors":"Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Cheng Chen ,&nbsp;Wenbo Ren,&nbsp;Huiqin Chen,&nbsp;Shuyu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acoustic manipulation stands out among emerging techniques but requires further exploration in terms of technical diversity, as well as enhanced manipulation strength and stability. Thus, we developed a novel two-dimensional acoustic black hole tweezer (2DABHT) for irregularly shaped millimetric solids manipulation in air. It is composed of a Langevin transducer and a 2DABH cap. Benefiting from the energy concentration effect of the acoustic black hole (ABH) and the high-power characteristics of the longitudinal-flexural mode conversion transducer, the 2DABHT enables gram-scale solids capture within its multifunctional sound field and annular potential well. A precise theoretical model was established to systematically analyze the 2DABHT and rapidly estimate its frequency characteristics. Favorable vibration characteristics of the 2DABHT were experimentally examined. Its solids manipulation capability was demonstrated through successful capture of six expandable polystyrene spheres (radius ≈ 0.5 mm) at 1 W excitation, and irregularly shaped polypropylene bases (mass &lt; 1 g) under 10 W actuation. Numerical simulations of Gor'kov potential field, acoustic radiation force field, and acoustic radiation pressure field visually elucidate the manipulation mechanisms. The 2DABHT is expected to be utilized for pick-and-place of irregularly shaped millimetric tablets and microelectromechanical components. Our work also offers additional perspectives on the application of ABH structure in the diverse design of acoustic manipulation devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117042"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel method for local undulator period measurement via magnetic domain wall motion detection","authors":"Daniil O. Samsonov ,&nbsp;Nikita S. Klochkov ,&nbsp;Sergey V. Goncharov ,&nbsp;Abdulkarim A. Amirov ,&nbsp;Aleksei S. Komlev","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional scanning methods for magnetic measurements are limited in spatial resolution and sensitivity to magnetic field inhomogeneities, which reduces their effectiveness in high-precision measurements. We proposed the method, which enables precise localization of regions where the transverse component of magnetic induction becomes zero in the undulator gap. A new method based on the detection of the displacement of a domain wall in a ferromagnetic plate. Determining regions with near zero field value is critical for evaluating the undulator period length and detecting inhomogeneities that influence radiation spectral characteristics. A theoretical sensitivity analysis of the method was performed, followed by experimental validation on a model undulator with NdFeB magnets arranged in a Halbach configuration. The results were compared with conventional Hall probe measurements, demonstrating the method’s effectiveness. Additionally, we discuss potential advancements, such as employing ferromagnetic materials with high domain wall mobility to further enhance performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stretching the future: Role of elastomers in sensor innovations","authors":"Aparna Jayan ,&nbsp;Athira Sony ,&nbsp;Reshma Varghese ,&nbsp;Mathew Sunil ,&nbsp;E.J. Jelmy ,&nbsp;Jayalatha Gopalakrishnan ,&nbsp;Honey John ,&nbsp;Suresh C. Pillai ,&nbsp;Abhitha K","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible sensors offer several advantages, particularly in the emerging realm of wearable electronics, including adaptability to irregular surfaces, light weight, and conformability. Among the various flexible substrates suitable for fabricating sensors, elastomers stand out as convincing choices, owing to their capacity to uphold mechanical integrity while possessing soft and compliant characteristics. This review summarizes and discusses different types and advancements in wearable flexible sensors fabricated of elastomers, especially emphasising piezoresistive, self-healing, capacitive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, temperature, humidity, electrochemical, and ionic sensors. A comparative analysis of studies on flexible sensors reported in this review highlights key factors such as the materials used, sensor type, durability, response time, sensitivity, gauge factor and application suitability. Finally, future perspectives are also included in this review, focusing on the challenges in devising wearable sensors with high sensitivity and exploring the potential of assimilating artificial intelligence and IoT into wearable sensor fabrication. The review concludes that the ongoing advancements in emerging materials, innovative manufacturing methods, intelligent sensing technologies, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), edge computing, and neuromorphic computing are poised to amplify the performance and capabilities of flexible sensors. This review promises to enlighten the readers on the merits of flexible sensors over rigid ones and the advantages of elastomers over other substrates in fabricating flexible wearables. The readers will gain an understanding of the basic mechanism of operation of different flexible sensors and be made aware of the relevant applications of elastomeric sensors in detail. In addition, they will gather insights on the challenges and the future outlook in the realm of elastomeric wearables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117056"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}