Breathable artificial magnetic conductor with ground-grid structure for shielding wearable antenna sensors

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI:10.1016/j.sna.2025.116607

Tauseef Hussain, Raúl Fernández-García, Ignacio Gil

{"title":"Breathable artificial magnetic conductor with ground-grid structure for shielding wearable antenna sensors","authors":"Tauseef Hussain, Raúl Fernández-García, Ignacio Gil","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116607","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a breathable ground-grid based artificial magnetic conductor (GG-AMC) designed to shield wearable antenna sensors while maintaining user comfort. Unlike traditional AMCs with solid ground planes, the proposed GG-AMC employs an inductive grid structure that reduces ground metallization by up to 60%, significantly improving air permeability. The design achieves over 30% unit-cell miniaturization and nearly doubles the 90-degree reflection phase bandwidth, reaching 1.25 GHz, compared to the baseline solid-ground AMC configuration. An equivalent circuit model is developed to analyze the reflection characteristics, including resonance frequency and phase behavior. Moreover, the GG-AMC is fabricated using an embroidery technique, and its performance is characterized with dipole antennas using a vector network analyzer and an electric field intensity meter. The results of the shielding analysis demonstrate a 62% reduction in electric field intensity and a 58% decrease in Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) when the ground-grid AMC is positioned behind the dipole antennas, along with an approximate 4 dB improvement in their directivity. These findings establish the GG-AMC as a promising solution for wearable antenna sensors, offering a practical balance between electromagnetic performance and wearability. Therefore, the proposed structure is well-suited for body-centric antenna platforms that prioritize both safety and user comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424725004133","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

This paper presents a breathable ground-grid based artificial magnetic conductor (GG-AMC) designed to shield wearable antenna sensors while maintaining user comfort. Unlike traditional AMCs with solid ground planes, the proposed GG-AMC employs an inductive grid structure that reduces ground metallization by up to 60%, significantly improving air permeability. The design achieves over 30% unit-cell miniaturization and nearly doubles the 90-degree reflection phase bandwidth, reaching 1.25 GHz, compared to the baseline solid-ground AMC configuration. An equivalent circuit model is developed to analyze the reflection characteristics, including resonance frequency and phase behavior. Moreover, the GG-AMC is fabricated using an embroidery technique, and its performance is characterized with dipole antennas using a vector network analyzer and an electric field intensity meter. The results of the shielding analysis demonstrate a 62% reduction in electric field intensity and a 58% decrease in Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) when the ground-grid AMC is positioned behind the dipole antennas, along with an approximate 4 dB improvement in their directivity. These findings establish the GG-AMC as a promising solution for wearable antenna sensors, offering a practical balance between electromagnetic performance and wearability. Therefore, the proposed structure is well-suited for body-centric antenna platforms that prioritize both safety and user comfort.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

用于屏蔽可穿戴天线传感器的地网结构透气人工磁体

本文提出了一种透气的基于地网的人工磁导体（GG-AMC），用于屏蔽可穿戴天线传感器，同时保持用户的舒适性。与传统的固体地平面amc不同，GG-AMC采用感应网格结构，可减少高达60%的地面金属化，显著提高透气性。与基准固地AMC配置相比，该设计实现了超过30%的单元小型化，并将90度反射相位带宽提高了近一倍，达到1.25 GHz。建立了等效电路模型来分析反射特性，包括谐振频率和相位行为。此外，GG-AMC采用刺绣技术制作，并使用矢量网络分析仪和电场强度计对其偶极子天线进行了性能表征。屏蔽分析结果表明，当地网AMC位于偶极子天线后面时，电场强度降低了62%，比吸收率（SAR）降低了58%，其指向性提高了约4 dB。这些发现表明GG-AMC是一种很有前途的可穿戴天线传感器解决方案，在电磁性能和可穿戴性之间提供了实用的平衡。因此，所提出的结构非常适合以身体为中心的天线平台，优先考虑安全性和用户舒适性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Sensors and Actuators A-physical 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

6.50%

发文量

630

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Sensors and Actuators A: Physical brings together multidisciplinary interests in one journal entirely devoted to disseminating information on all aspects of research and development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical regularly publishes original papers, letters to the Editors and from time to time invited review articles within the following device areas: • Fundamentals and Physics, such as: classification of effects, physical effects, measurement theory, modelling of sensors, measurement standards, measurement errors, units and constants, time and frequency measurement. Modeling papers should bring new modeling techniques to the field and be supported by experimental results. • Materials and their Processing, such as: piezoelectric materials, polymers, metal oxides, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, thick and thin films, optical glass fibres, amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. • Optoelectronic sensors, such as: photovoltaic diodes, photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, positron-sensitive photodetectors, optoisolators, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and liquid-crystal displays. • Mechanical sensors, such as: metallic, thin-film and semiconductor strain gauges, diffused silicon pressure sensors, silicon accelerometers, solid-state displacement transducers, piezo junction devices, piezoelectric field-effect transducers (PiFETs), tunnel-diode strain sensors, surface acoustic wave devices, silicon micromechanical switches, solid-state flow meters and electronic flow controllers. Etc...