Performance-driven visible light sensor for indoor georeferenced positioning

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI:10.1016/j.sna.2025.116612

Rubén Gil Vera, Álvaro De-La-Llana-Calvo, José Luis Lázaro Galilea, Ignacio Bravo Muñoz, Alfredo Gardel Vicente

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Abstract

This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a visible light sensor tailored for transmitting georeferenced information from light-emitting lamps. A detailed analysis of the IEEE 802.15.7 visible light communication (VLC) standard protocol is carried out, followed by the design and description of a novel custom communication protocol specifically optimized for this application. Unlike existing solutions, which often rely on external databases for georeferenced data retrieval, the proposed protocol enables real-time transmission and localization of information directly through the VLC channel, eliminating the need for additional infrastructure and reducing system complexity. A comparative analysis of theoretical simulations for widely used modulation schemes, including On-Off Keying (OOK), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), was conducted in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) across varying CNR conditions. The findings indicate that BPSK and FSK offer the best trade-off between implementation simplicity and noise resilience, with BPSK demonstrating superior performance, particularly in scenarios with high noise levels. Conversely, FSK emerges as a viable, low-cost alternative for moderate-noise environments. Experimental tests with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wattage ratings provided insights into the system’s practical performance under real-world conditions, validating theoretical and simulation results. By integrating LEDs of varying wattages into the evaluation process, this study highlights the system’s adaptability to different light sources and noise conditions.

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用于室内地理参考定位的性能驱动可见光传感器

本文介绍了一种可见光传感器的设计和性能评估，该传感器专为传输来自发光灯的地理参考信息而设计。对IEEE 802.15.7可见光通信（VLC）标准协议进行了详细分析，然后设计和描述了一种专门针对该应用进行优化的新型自定义通信协议。现有的解决方案通常依赖外部数据库进行地理参考数据检索，与之不同的是，拟议的协议能够直接通过VLC通道实时传输和定位信息，从而消除了对额外基础设施的需求，降低了系统的复杂性。针对不同CNR条件下的误码率（BER），对广泛使用的调制方案，包括开关键控（OOK）、正交频分复用（OFDM）、二相移键控（BPSK）和频移键控（FSK）进行了理论仿真比较分析。研究结果表明，BPSK和FSK在实现简单性和噪声恢复能力之间提供了最好的权衡，BPSK表现出卓越的性能，特别是在高噪声水平的情况下。相反，FSK在中等噪声环境中成为一种可行的低成本替代方案。使用不同额定瓦数的发光二极管（led）进行实验测试，可以深入了解系统在实际条件下的实际性能，验证理论和仿真结果。通过将不同瓦数的led集成到评估过程中，本研究突出了系统对不同光源和噪声条件的适应性。

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来源期刊

Sensors and Actuators A-physical 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

6.50%

发文量

630

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Sensors and Actuators A: Physical brings together multidisciplinary interests in one journal entirely devoted to disseminating information on all aspects of research and development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical regularly publishes original papers, letters to the Editors and from time to time invited review articles within the following device areas: • Fundamentals and Physics, such as: classification of effects, physical effects, measurement theory, modelling of sensors, measurement standards, measurement errors, units and constants, time and frequency measurement. Modeling papers should bring new modeling techniques to the field and be supported by experimental results. • Materials and their Processing, such as: piezoelectric materials, polymers, metal oxides, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, thick and thin films, optical glass fibres, amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. • Optoelectronic sensors, such as: photovoltaic diodes, photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, positron-sensitive photodetectors, optoisolators, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and liquid-crystal displays. • Mechanical sensors, such as: metallic, thin-film and semiconductor strain gauges, diffused silicon pressure sensors, silicon accelerometers, solid-state displacement transducers, piezo junction devices, piezoelectric field-effect transducers (PiFETs), tunnel-diode strain sensors, surface acoustic wave devices, silicon micromechanical switches, solid-state flow meters and electronic flow controllers. Etc...