Royal Society Open Science最新文献

{"title":"Partial dependence of ultrasonically estimated fetal weight on biometric parameters.","authors":"Vasiliki Bitsouni, Nikolaos Gialelis, Vasilis Tsilidis","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250172","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate assessment of estimated fetal weight (EFW) is crucial in obstetrics, yet the exact contribution of biometric parameters in sonographic formulas remains unclear. Twenty-six datasets from published studies spanning diverse populations and gestational ages were analysed, incorporating measurements of biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC), head circumference (HC) and femur length (FL). Sobol' global sensitivity analysis-a variance‑based approach-quantified each parameter's influence on EFW across 29 established formulas, and bootstrapping estimated the median of the sensitivity indices with 95% confidence intervals. Results showed that AC was generally the dominant predictor, especially in later pregnancy, while BPD, HC and FL exhibited variable importance depending on formula and gestational age. Two-thirds of the formulas demonstrated parameter crossover effects, and nearly half had at least one parameter with minimal contribution. These findings indicate that parameter significance differs by both formula and gestational age, suggesting that clinicians should select EFW formulas based on gestational age, measurement reliability and fetal characteristics. Estimates made with fewer than the intended parameters can be viable in emergencies. The proposed methodology can guide the refinement of existing formulas and the development of improved fetal weight estimation models.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear wave propagation in the Achilles subtendons is modulated by helical twist and non-uniform loading.","authors":"Jonathon Blank, Lauren Welte, Jack Martin, Darryl Thelen","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241058","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The triceps surae is composed of the medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Each muscle inserts onto a subtendon that undergoes helical twist prior to insertion onto the calcaneus. Shear wave tensiometry is a non-invasive technique to gauge Achilles tendon loading, yet it is unknown whether subtendon loading can be resolved using subtendon-specific shear wave speeds. The objective of this study was to examine shear wave propagation in the lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius and soleus subtendons of the free Achilles tendon. We expected to show that the helical arrangements of subtendons within the Achilles would modulate wave propagation, and that non-uniform loading between subtendons would elicit nonuniform wave propagation. We created a finite element model of the Achilles tendon and simulated shear wave propagation. We found that helical subtendon twist had little effect on wave propagation speed. When a two-fold stress differential was applied to the gastrocnemius and soleus subtendons, the shear wave speed-axial stress relationship was modulated by adjacent subtendon tension and the amount of overall subtendon twist. These findings enhance the basis for tensiometry in the Achilles tendon and inform causes for variability in shear wave speeds measured using shear wave tensiometry or elastography.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"241058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strontium isoscapes for provenance, mobility and migration: the way forward.","authors":"Maximilian J Spies, Amanda Alblas, Stanley H Ambrose, Sarah Barakat, Ramiro Barberena, Clément Bataille, Gabriel J Bowen, Kate Britton, Hayley Cawthra, Roger Diamond, Anthony Dosseto, Jane A Evans, Erich Fisher, Kerryn Gray, Phoebe Heddell-Stevens, Emily Holt, Hannah F James, Anneke Janzen, Mael Le Corré, Petrus le Roux, Julia Lee-Thorp, Alexander Mackay, Patricia J McNeill, Janet Montgomery, Bedone Mugabe, Vicky M Oelze, Michèle Pfab, Michael P Richards, Celeste T Samec, Francisca Santana-Sagredo, Alejandro Serna, Chris Stantis, Christophe Snoeck, Brian Stewart, Cameron Stuurman, Damon Tarrant, Adam G West, Christine Winter-Schuh, Judith Sealy","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250283","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Strontium isotopes (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) are increasingly used as a provenance tool in multiple disciplines. Application to biological materials requires knowledge of the variation in bioavailable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr across the landscape, potentially in the form of an isoscape (a quantitative model of spatial isotopic variability). This paper summarizes and provides advice on our current understanding of the main concerns in creating and interpreting isoscapes of bioavailable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. Isoscape creation approaches include domain mapping, geostatistical contour mapping and machine learning, the last becoming more readily achievable with the availability of software packages. It is critically important to develop isoscapes at a resolution appropriate for addressing the research questions. Choice of sample materials depends on the research questions and availability: plants or fauna with small ranges are favoured, with some analytes (snails, soil leachates) posing challenges. Interpreting ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in biological tissues requires considering Sr metabolism and the timing of tissue formation, thus far underappreciated. The numerous sources of error involved in developing and applying isoscapes must be recognized to avoid over-interpreting data and spurious provenance precision. We hope this paper will help researchers investigating provenance, mobility, landscape use and migration to develop the most appropriate isoscapes for their purposes, and possible future use by others.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian activity predicts breeding phenology in the Asian burying beetle <i>Nicrophorus nepalensis</i>.","authors":"Hao Chen, Dustin R Rubenstein, Guan-Shuo Mai, Chung-Fan Chang, Sheng-Feng Shen","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250624","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change continues to alter breeding phenology in a range of plant and animal species across the globe. Traditional methods for assessing when organisms reproduce often rely on time-intensive field observations or destructive sampling, creating an urgent need for efficient, non-invasive approaches to assess reproductive timing. Here, we examined three populations of the Asian burying beetle <i>Nicrophorus nepalensis</i> from subtropical Okinawa, Japan (500 m) and Taiwan (1100-3200 m) that were reared under contrasting photoperiods in order to develop a predictive framework linking circadian activity to breeding phenology. Using automated activity monitors, we quantified adult circadian rhythms and used machine learning to predict breeding phenology (seasonal versus year-round breeding) from behaviour alone. Our model achieved 95% accuracy under long-day conditions using just three behavioural features. Notably, it maintained 76% accuracy under short-day conditions when both types are reproductively active, revealing persistent behavioural differences between breeding strategies. These results demonstrate how integrating behavioural monitoring with machine learning can provide a rapid, scalable method for tracking population responses to climate change. This approach also offers novel insights into species' adaptive responses to shifting seasonal cues across different elevational gradients in the beetles' native range.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do ecological valid stop signals aid detour performance? A comparison of four bird species.","authors":"Anneleen Dewulf, Clara Garcia-Co, Wendt Müller, Joah Robert Madden, An Martel, Luc Lens, Frederick Verbruggen","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250316","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Response inhibition (RI), or the stopping of actions, is considered a key component of flexible and adaptive behaviour. Across fields, RI is often treated as a unitary cognitive mechanism. However, we propose that RI consists of a chain of cognitive processes, including the detection of a stimulus, the selection of an appropriate behaviour (go or stop) and the implementation of it (execution or inhibition of a motor response). From this, we propose that individual variation in RI can arise at the early signal detection stage. This idea was tested in a detour barrier task, which is one of the most popular tools to study RI in non-human animals. The role of signal detection in detour tasks has been largely neglected, with a few notable exceptions. We therefore partially replicated two previous studies that manipulated the perceptual characteristics of the barrier, while addressing some conceptual and methodological shortcomings of the original work. Specifically, we compared how detour performance of four bird species (i.e. white leghorn chickens, Japanese quails, herring gulls and domestic canaries) is differently influenced by vertical-bar (VB) and horizontal-bar (HB) barriers. In contrast to the previous work, performance on the detour task did not improve when the perceptual characteristics of the barrier matched the ecological niche of the species. However, all species showed some level of learning, as evidenced by shorter detour latencies (except in herring gulls) and fewer persisting attempts. These findings highlight the need for replication studies and emphasize the importance of improving methodological and conceptual design factors to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of RI in animals. Preregistered Stage 1 protocol: https://osf.io/qvxgh (date of in-principle acceptance: 20/03/2023).</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12174936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The geometry of life: testing the scaling of whole-organism surface area and volume using sharks.","authors":"Joel Harrison Gayford, Duncan J Irschick, Johnson Martin, Andrew Chin, Jodie L Rummer","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242205","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ratio of surface area to volume is a key biological parameter that underpins our understanding of physiology across all levels of biological organization. Surfaces control the rate of key reactions and processes operating within the body and between organisms and their environment. Our understanding of surface area to volume ratios is embedded in the 2/3 scaling law, stating that surface area scales with volume raised to a power of 0.66. However, most empirical studies of surface area and volume scaling in animals focus on individual cells or tissues. Comparatively few studies have addressed these scaling relationships among species or ontogenetic stages at the whole-organism level. This study uncovers quantitative support for the 2/3 scaling law in an interspecific dataset at the whole-organism level. We find that the scaling of surface area to volume across 54 shark species (exhibiting an approx. 19 000-fold variation in body mass) is nearly identical to the isometric prediction of the 2/3 scaling law. There is no evidence that this relationship is driven by ecological or physiological characteristics. One plausible explanation is the presence of developmental constraints on tissue allocation that could influence the range of possible surface areas or volumes at any given body size.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"242205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wolf cranial morphology tracks population replacement in Fennoscandia.","authors":"Dominika Bujnáková, Jouni Aspi, Carsten Gundlach, Laura Kvist, Christy A Hipsley","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250358","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans have directly or indirectly contributed to the genetic and thus often phenotypic changes of many species. Anthropogenic pressures, such as persecution and hunting, have negatively affected wolf populations in northern Europe. In line with the genetic replacement that occurred during the twentieth century following the extirpation of wolves from Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden) and their near-extirpation from Finland, we provide evidence of morphological changes in wolf cranial morphology across these populations. Using three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we show that modern wolves in Scandinavia and Finland have, on average, crania with wider frontal bones, wider and higher positioned zygomatic arches and more ventral flexion of the rostrum compared to the historical wolf populations. Although both populations differ in the magnitude and direction of shape change over time, the centroid size or overall size of the cranium, is significantly larger only in the modern Scandinavian wolves. Different genetic origins of the historical and modern populations have probably played a role in the observed morphological variation; however, it is also likely that morphology has been affected by the availability of different prey, which has changed over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced capacitive deionization performance using Mn-doped activated carbon electrodes for energy-efficient brackish water desalination.","authors":"Nasser A M Barakat, Eman Ashour, Yasmin T Sayed","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250372","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a promising alternative for brackish water desalination due to its low energy consumption and operational simplicity. However, the performance of CDI is highly dependent on the properties of the electrode materials. In this study, Mn-doped activated carbon (Mn-AC) electrodes were synthesized and evaluated for enhanced ion removal efficiency in CDI systems. The Mn doping process was optimized using hydrothermal synthesis with varying KMnO₄ precursor concentrations. Structural characterization via X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and elemental mapping confirmed successful Mn incorporation, while thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated improved thermal stability. Electrochemical studies, including cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, revealed that Mn-AC electrodes exhibited higher specific capacitance and superior ion adsorption capacity compared with pristine activated carbon. The CDI performance was evaluated at different applied voltages and NaCl concentrations, demonstrating a significant increase in electrosorption capacity with optimized Mn doping. The highest electrosorption capacity was achieved at +1.2 V with 0.1 M NaCl, where Mn-AC exhibited a 33% higher adsorption efficiency than pristine AC. These findings highlight the potential of Mn-AC as an efficient electrode material for high-performance CDI applications, providing a sustainable and scalable solution for water desalination.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250372"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B using zinc oxide/silver nanowire nanocomposite films under ultraviolet irradiation.","authors":"Noah Jang, June Soo Kim, Hyunjun Kim, Da Ye Kim, Yujin Nam, Maeum Han, Seong Ho Kong","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241967","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water pollution from industrial and household waste presents significant environmental challenges, particularly owing to the widespread use and toxicity of organic dyes such as rhodamine B (RhB). This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of RhB using composite films composed of zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. ZnO is well known for its strong photocatalytic activity because of its high charge-carrier mobility and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, its relatively large bandgap (approx. 3.3 eV) limits its light absorption primarily to the UV range, restricting its photocatalytic efficiency under visible light. The incorporation of AgNWs is expected to enhance charge separation, increase electron mobility and introduce localized surface plasmon resonance effects, which contribute to improved light absorption and photocatalytic performance. The ZnO/AgNW composite films were synthesized using a sol-gel method and characterized through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to analyse the morphology and elemental composition, X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystallinity structure, and UV-visible spectroscopy to determine optical properties and bandgap energy. The bandgap reduction observed in ZnO/AgNW composites, as confirmed by Tauc plot analysis, is attributed to structural modifications, oxygen vacancy formation and plasmonic interactions that enhance charge transfer and light absorption. This enhanced optical response directly contributed to the superior photocatalytic efficiency of the composite. The reduction in bandgap directly influenced the photocatalytic performance of the ZnO/AgNW composites. A lower bandgap extends light absorption into the visible range, allowing the material to use a broader spectrum of incident light. Furthermore, the enhanced charge-carrier separation and increased ROS generation contributed to superior photocatalytic efficiency. As a result, the ZnO/AgNW composite films achieved a 90% degradation efficiency of RhB within 40 min of UV exposure, demonstrating a significant improvement over conventional ZnO-based photocatalysts. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO/AgNW nanocomposites as efficient, reusable and scalable solutions for water purification and environmental remediation applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"241967"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red squirrels exhibit antipredator behavioural changes in response to a native predator, the pine marten.","authors":"Emily Reilly, Colin Lawton","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250661","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prey that coevolve alongside their predators develop specific antipredator responses to reduce their predation risk. Red squirrels (<i>Sciurus vulgaris</i>) are one such prey species who share an evolutionary history with a predator, the pine marten (<i>Martes martes</i>). The recent resurgence of the pine marten has caused a decline in the invasive grey squirrel (<i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>) in Ireland; however, it has not had the same impact on the Irish red squirrel population. We used trail cameras to record pine marten and red squirrel visits to feeders and analysed the behaviour of the red squirrel following recent pine marten presence. We found that red squirrels displayed an enhanced antipredator response involving increased vigilance, and decreased feeding following a visit from a pine marten. This effect was strongest with increasing proximity to the pine marten visit and weakened over time. These results indicate that red squirrels can detect recent pine marten presence and assess the perceived risk of predation based on the time since the predator's visit. These behavioural adaptations and sensitivity to the recent presence of the pine marten are hypothesized to have allowed for the red squirrel population recovery, in direct contrast to the grey squirrel decline in Ireland.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}