Royal Society Open Science最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced capacitive deionization performance using Mn-doped activated carbon electrodes for energy-efficient brackish water desalination.","authors":"Nasser A M Barakat, Eman Ashour, Yasmin T Sayed","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250372","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a promising alternative for brackish water desalination due to its low energy consumption and operational simplicity. However, the performance of CDI is highly dependent on the properties of the electrode materials. In this study, Mn-doped activated carbon (Mn-AC) electrodes were synthesized and evaluated for enhanced ion removal efficiency in CDI systems. The Mn doping process was optimized using hydrothermal synthesis with varying KMnO₄ precursor concentrations. Structural characterization via X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and elemental mapping confirmed successful Mn incorporation, while thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated improved thermal stability. Electrochemical studies, including cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, revealed that Mn-AC electrodes exhibited higher specific capacitance and superior ion adsorption capacity compared with pristine activated carbon. The CDI performance was evaluated at different applied voltages and NaCl concentrations, demonstrating a significant increase in electrosorption capacity with optimized Mn doping. The highest electrosorption capacity was achieved at +1.2 V with 0.1 M NaCl, where Mn-AC exhibited a 33% higher adsorption efficiency than pristine AC. These findings highlight the potential of Mn-AC as an efficient electrode material for high-performance CDI applications, providing a sustainable and scalable solution for water desalination.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250372"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B using zinc oxide/silver nanowire nanocomposite films under ultraviolet irradiation.","authors":"Noah Jang, June Soo Kim, Hyunjun Kim, Da Ye Kim, Yujin Nam, Maeum Han, Seong Ho Kong","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241967","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water pollution from industrial and household waste presents significant environmental challenges, particularly owing to the widespread use and toxicity of organic dyes such as rhodamine B (RhB). This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of RhB using composite films composed of zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. ZnO is well known for its strong photocatalytic activity because of its high charge-carrier mobility and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, its relatively large bandgap (approx. 3.3 eV) limits its light absorption primarily to the UV range, restricting its photocatalytic efficiency under visible light. The incorporation of AgNWs is expected to enhance charge separation, increase electron mobility and introduce localized surface plasmon resonance effects, which contribute to improved light absorption and photocatalytic performance. The ZnO/AgNW composite films were synthesized using a sol-gel method and characterized through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to analyse the morphology and elemental composition, X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystallinity structure, and UV-visible spectroscopy to determine optical properties and bandgap energy. The bandgap reduction observed in ZnO/AgNW composites, as confirmed by Tauc plot analysis, is attributed to structural modifications, oxygen vacancy formation and plasmonic interactions that enhance charge transfer and light absorption. This enhanced optical response directly contributed to the superior photocatalytic efficiency of the composite. The reduction in bandgap directly influenced the photocatalytic performance of the ZnO/AgNW composites. A lower bandgap extends light absorption into the visible range, allowing the material to use a broader spectrum of incident light. Furthermore, the enhanced charge-carrier separation and increased ROS generation contributed to superior photocatalytic efficiency. As a result, the ZnO/AgNW composite films achieved a 90% degradation efficiency of RhB within 40 min of UV exposure, demonstrating a significant improvement over conventional ZnO-based photocatalysts. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO/AgNW nanocomposites as efficient, reusable and scalable solutions for water purification and environmental remediation applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"241967"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red squirrels exhibit antipredator behavioural changes in response to a native predator, the pine marten.","authors":"Emily Reilly, Colin Lawton","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250661","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prey that coevolve alongside their predators develop specific antipredator responses to reduce their predation risk. Red squirrels (<i>Sciurus vulgaris</i>) are one such prey species who share an evolutionary history with a predator, the pine marten (<i>Martes martes</i>). The recent resurgence of the pine marten has caused a decline in the invasive grey squirrel (<i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>) in Ireland; however, it has not had the same impact on the Irish red squirrel population. We used trail cameras to record pine marten and red squirrel visits to feeders and analysed the behaviour of the red squirrel following recent pine marten presence. We found that red squirrels displayed an enhanced antipredator response involving increased vigilance, and decreased feeding following a visit from a pine marten. This effect was strongest with increasing proximity to the pine marten visit and weakened over time. These results indicate that red squirrels can detect recent pine marten presence and assess the perceived risk of predation based on the time since the predator's visit. These behavioural adaptations and sensitivity to the recent presence of the pine marten are hypothesized to have allowed for the red squirrel population recovery, in direct contrast to the grey squirrel decline in Ireland.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multiscale stochastic cellular automata model for dispersion of mountain pine beetles.","authors":"Yanjun Liu, Donald Estep","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241934","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We construct a multiscale model of dispersion of mountain pine beetles in western North American forests. Dispersion is modelled at a macroscale (regional scale) by a novel nonlinear stochastic process for population density. This is coupled to a microscale (tree scale) model of population dynamics using a sequential approach, which assumes that dispersion occurs on a slower time scale than local dynamics. We conduct a numerical investigation of the multiscale model properties. While the model depends on a relatively small number of parameters, it can produce a wide range of behaviours, including dispersion patterns qualitatively similar to those of mountain pine beetle infestations. We also conduct a Bayesian calibration for key parameters in the model using synthetic and real data.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"241934"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12174937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing the causal illusion: a question of motivation or of information?","authors":"Aranzazu Vinas, Fernando Blanco, Helena Matute","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250082","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The causal illusion is a cognitive bias that involves believing that one event causes another when it does not. It has negative consequences in different spheres of life, including health. Therefore, diverse interventions have been designed to reduce it. The more common ones are educational interventions. These include different elements related to improving both, motivation and information. We wanted to explore which of the two factors was more important for their effectiveness. We first used financial incentives to promote motivation (experiments 1a and 1b), but did not find them effective. Second, we used debiasing instructions about what has to be done to infer the causal relationship between two events accurately. This effectively reduced the causal illusion when the circumstances were in place for the illusion to be high (experiment 2). We discuss the results and their theoretical and practical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fostering trustworthy information: countering disinformation when there are no bare facts.","authors":"Marcel Boumans, Joras Ferwerda, Maya J Goldenberg, Sabina Leonelli, Federica Russo, Vincent Traag, Arjan Wardekker","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250654","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At a time when the dissemination of online information is synonymous with an abundance of disinformation and misinformation, it is important to extend our reflection beyond debunking and fact-checking. In this article, we consider the cases of (dis-, mis- and mal-)information regarding scientific results. We argue that countering misinformation requires a better understanding of the root cause of the problem. We believe the root cause is trust rather than truth. We argue that trust should be approached from a distinct social epistemological perspective that recognizes differences between data and facts and that treats trust as part of the scientific process and as part of the way publics interpret and use scientific information.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250654"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions between CNS regulation and serotonergic modulation of crayfish hindgut motility.","authors":"Spandan Pathak, Norma Peña-Flores, Phillip Alvarez, Jenna Feeley, Reza Ghodssi, Wolfgang Losert, Jens Herberholz","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250094","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motility is a critical function of the gastrointestinal (GI) system governed by neurogenic and myogenic processes. Due to its major role in maintaining homeostasis, overlapping mechanisms have evolved for its adaptive operation including modulation by the central nervous system (CNS), enteric nervous system (ENS) and intrinsic pacemaker cells. Our understanding of the modulatory mechanisms that underlie intestinal motility remains incomplete. Crayfish provide a tractable <i>ex vivo</i> model to study the interplay between CNS and neurochemical regulation of GI motor patterns. Our study investigated the effects of CNS denervation and exogenously applied serotonin (5-HT) on crayfish hindgut motility. Multiscale spatial measurements showed stable motility parameters throughout 90 min of control conditions. Denervation, i.e. separating the gut from the CNS, resulted in a significant decrease in the magnitude and synchrony of hindgut contractions, while preserving the underlying frequency and directional bias of the waves. Subsequent application of 5-HT to the denervated preparation enhanced motility but disrupted spatiotemporal coordination. Treatment with TTX (a sodium channel blocker) had minor impacts on motility metrics, indicating a prominent role of myogenic mechanisms. Our model provides a multiscale analysis framework to dissect CNS and interrelated neurochemistry contributions to GI motor dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250094"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unifying human infectious disease models and real-time awareness of population- and subpopulation-level intervention effectiveness.","authors":"Rachel L Seibel, Michael J Tildesley, Edward M Hill","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241964","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During infectious disease outbreaks, humans often base their decision to adhere to an intervention strategy on individual choices and opinions. However, due to data limitations and inference challenges, infectious disease models usually omit these variables. We constructed a compartmental, deterministic Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) disease model that includes a behavioural function with parameters influencing intervention uptake. The behavioural function accounted for an initial subpopulation opinion towards an intervention, their outbreak information awareness sensitivity and the extent to which they are swayed by the real-time intervention effectiveness information. Applying the model to vaccination uptake and three human pathogens-pandemic influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola virus-we explored through model simulation how these intervention adherence decision parameters and behavioural heterogeneity impacted epidemiological outcomes. From our model simulations, we found that in some pathogen systems, different types of outbreak information awareness at different outbreak stages may be more informative to an information-sensitive population and may lead to less severe epidemic outcomes. Incorporating behavioural functions that modify infection control intervention adherence into epidemiological models can aid our understanding of adherence dynamics during outbreaks. Ultimately, by parameterizing models with what we know about human behaviour towards vaccination adherence, such models can help assist decision-makers during outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"241964"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New monstersaur specimens from the Kaiparowits Formation of Utah reveal unexpected richness of large-bodied lizards in Late Cretaceous North America.","authors":"C Henrik Woolley, Joseph J W Sertich, Keegan M Melstrom, Randall B Irmis, Nathan D Smith","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250435","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monstersauria (Squamata, Anguimorpha) fossils are present in most Upper Cretaceous sedimentary basins in western North America, but despite almost a century of collection, their record remains extremely fragmentary. Here, we describe new material belonging to large-bodied monstersaurs, including a new taxon, <i>Bolg amondol</i> gen. et sp. nov., based on a fragmentary associated skeleton and co-occurring specimens from the middle unit of the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah, USA. Phylogenetic analyses recover <i>B. amondol</i> within Monstersauria, with two unique anatomical features: fused osteoderms on the jugal and the presence of autotomy septa on the distal caudal vertebrae. Critically, <i>B. amondol</i> is morphologically distinct from the problematic Late Cretaceous North American monstersaur <i>Palaeosaniwa canadensis</i>, whereas co-occurring monstersaur vertebrae and parietals from the Kaiparowits Formation (cf. <i>P. canadensis</i>) highlight a pressing need for a reassessment of this important, widespread taxon. These results offer new evidence that at least three lineages of distinct, large-bodied monstersaurian lizard were present on the palaeolandmass of Laramidia during the Campanian Stage. Importantly, <i>B. amondol</i> represents the most complete squamate recovered from late Campanian southern Laramidia and reveals key anatomical characteristics for future identification of isolated lizard fossil elements.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"250435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12201607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the initial stages of biocontrol of the invasive herb <i>Tradescantia fluminensis</i> by beetles.","authors":"Vincent Lomas, Simone Cunha, Mingfeng Qiu, Dave Kelly, Alex James","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241939","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Tradescantia fluminensis</i> is a herbaceous monocot originally from South America which is an invasive weed in many countries. Manual control is highly intensive and efforts have been made to establish colonies of three biocontrol beetles: <i>Neolema ogloblini</i>, <i>Neolema abbreviata</i> and <i>Lema basicostata</i>. Each beetle has its own characteristic life cycle and pattern of tradescantia damage. We construct a model of both plant and beetle population to assess the initial stages of interaction after the release of each biocontrol species. We parametrize the model using field data and give values for parameters which are hard to observe. We use the model to estimate the size of the released population needed for immediate plant control and test the sensitivity of this estimate to parameter estimates using a novel Monte Carlo method. Our results show that this may be a successful method of biocontrol under some circumstances, but the initial number of beetles released would be unrealistically large in some cases. We consider ways that this model could be expanded in future to evaluate longer-term interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 6","pages":"241939"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12151597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}