Royal Society Open Science最新文献_第10页

Analysing public goods games using reinforcement learning: effect of increasing group size on cooperation. 用强化学习分析公共物品博弈：群体规模增加对合作的影响。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-11 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241195

Kazuhiro Tamura, Satoru Morita

{"title":"Analysing public goods games using reinforcement learning: effect of increasing group size on cooperation.","authors":"Kazuhiro Tamura, Satoru Morita","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241195","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241195","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity competition, restrictions on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and arm races between nations are examples of social dilemmas within human society. In the presence of social dilemmas, rational choice in game theory leads to the avoidance of cooperative behaviour owing to its cost. However, in experiments using public goods games that simulate social dilemmas, humans have often exhibited cooperative behaviour that deviates from individual rationality. Despite extensive research, the alignment between human cooperative behaviour and game theory predictions remains inconsistent. This study proposes an alternative approach to solve this problem. We used Q-learning, a form of artificial intelligence that mimics decision-making processes of humans who do not possess the rationality assumed in game theory. This study explores the potential for cooperation by varying the number of participants in public goods games using deep Q-learning. The simulations demonstrate that agents with Q-learning can acquire cooperative behaviour similar to that of humans. Moreover, we found that cooperation is more likely to occur as the group size increases. These results support and reinforce existing experiments involving humans. In addition, they have potential applications for creating cooperation without sanctions.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 12","pages":"241195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Behavioural underpinning of mito-nuclear discordances: insights from fire salamanders. 核分裂不一致的行为基础：来自火蜥蜴的见解。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-11 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241571

Andrea Chiocchio, Erica de Rysky, Claudio Carere, Giuseppe Nascetti, Roberta Bisconti, Daniele Canestrelli

{"title":"Behavioural underpinning of mito-nuclear discordances: insights from fire salamanders.","authors":"Andrea Chiocchio, Erica de Rysky, Claudio Carere, Giuseppe Nascetti, Roberta Bisconti, Daniele Canestrelli","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241571","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241571","url":null,"abstract":"Mito-nuclear discordances across secondary contact zones have been described in a wide range of organisms. They consist of a spatial mismatch between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in terms of location and extension of the contact zone between distinct evolutionary lineages. Despite the evolutionary and biogeographic causes of mito-nuclear discordances having been extensively investigated, we still lack a clear understanding of their phenotypic underpinnings. Here, we test the hypothesis that mtDNA variation could be associated with behavioural variation and that such association could contribute to asymmetric mitochondrial introgression across a secondary contact zone. We analysed behavioural variation across the mtDNA secondary contact zone of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra in central Italy, which is displaced 600 km from the nuclear contact zone. We found distinct behavioural profiles in the two mitotypes co-occurring in the contact zone. The introgressed mitotype was associated with a 'slow-thorough' dispersal profile, characterized by a less active but more cautious and accurate exploration strategy. This pattern was consistent across life stages and contexts: aquatic larvae and terrestrial juveniles, spontaneous activity and response to novelty. These results support the intriguing hypothesis that personality traits associated with distinct mitotypes could contribute to differential mitochondrial introgression and the formation of biogeographic patterns of mito-nuclear discordance.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 12","pages":"241571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inter-call intervals, but not call durations, adhere to Menzerath's Law in the submissive vocal bouts of meerkats. 在猫鼬温顺的叫声中，叫声之间的间隔，而不是叫声的持续时间，遵循门泽拉斯定律。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-11 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241351

Stuart Kyle Watson, Mara Zali, Nikola Falk, Paul Widmer, Marta B Manser

{"title":"Inter-call intervals, but not call durations, adhere to Menzerath's Law in the submissive vocal bouts of meerkats.","authors":"Stuart Kyle Watson, Mara Zali, Nikola Falk, Paul Widmer, Marta B Manser","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241351","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241351","url":null,"abstract":"Diverse information encoding systems, including human language, the vocal and gestural systems of non-human animals and the structure of DNA and proteins, have been found to conform to 'Menzerath's Law'-a negative relationship between the number of units composing a sequence, and the size of those units. Here, we test for the presence of Menzerath's Law in the vocal bouts produced in a submissive context by meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Using a suite of Bayesian mixed effects models, we examined 1676 vocal bouts produced by 89 wild meerkats, ranging from 1 to 590 calls in length, to determine whether the number of calls composing each bout had a negative relationship with the duration of those calls or their inter-call intervals. In contradiction to Menzerath's Law, we found that the duration of vocalizations had a positive relationship with the number of calls in a bout. However, the duration of intervals between calls did have a negative relationship with bout size. Moreover, both calls and intervals had longer durations the closer they were positioned to the end of the bout. These findings highlight the multi-faceted ways in which efficiency trade-offs can occur in the vocal repertoires of non-human animals, shaping variability in the production of signal forms.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 12","pages":"241351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social organization of necrophoresis: insights into disease risk management in ant societies. necrophoresis的社会组织：对蚂蚁社会疾病风险管理的见解。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-11 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240764

Quentin Avanzi, Léon Lisart, Claire Detrain

{"title":"Social organization of necrophoresis: insights into disease risk management in ant societies.","authors":"Quentin Avanzi, Léon Lisart, Claire Detrain","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240764","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240764","url":null,"abstract":"Insect societies, which are at a high risk of disease outbreaks, have evolved sanitary strategies that contribute to their social immunity. Here, we investigated in the red ant Myrmica rubra, how the discarding of nestmate cadavers is socially organized depending on the associated pathogenicity. We examined whether necrophoresis is carried out by a specific functional group of workers or by any nestmates that may become short-term specialists. By observing the behavioural profiles of tagged individuals, we assigned half of the colony members to functional groups (foragers, intermittent-foragers, domestics, nurses and inactives). Following the introduction of uninfected or sporulating corpses into the nest, intermittent-foragers were the functional group most involved in necrophoresis, as they touched, moved and discarded more cadavers. Interestingly, sporulating corpses induced a more generalized response in workers from all functional groups, thereby accelerating their rejection from the nest. The individuals contacting corpses were also prophylactically engaged in more grooming behaviour, suggesting the existence of hygienist workers within ant colonies. These findings raise questions about a trade-off existing between concentrating health risks on a few workers who are highly specialized in necrophoresis and exposing a larger population of nestmates who cooperate to speed up nest sanitization.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 12","pages":"240764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning on the job? Foraging strategies of juvenile versus adult Lesser black-backed gulls at their first migratory stopover. 在工作中学习？幼鸥与成年小黑背鸥在首次迁徙中途停留地的觅食策略。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-11 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241224

Mélibée Morel, Reinoud Allaert, Eric Stienen, Ruben Fijn, Frederick Verbruggen, Wendt Müller, Luc Lens

{"title":"Learning on the job? Foraging strategies of juvenile versus adult Lesser black-backed gulls at their first migratory stopover.","authors":"Mélibée Morel, Reinoud Allaert, Eric Stienen, Ruben Fijn, Frederick Verbruggen, Wendt Müller, Luc Lens","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241224","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241224","url":null,"abstract":"Developing efficient foraging strategies is critical for survival, especially during the high-mortality post-fledging period in birds. This period is particularly challenging for migratory species, where juveniles must navigate unfamiliar environments with limited experience and knowledge. Our study focused on the foraging strategies of 20 juvenile lesser black-backed gulls (Larus fuscus) during the first 20 days of their initial migratory stopover. We assessed learning through changes in their spatial (re)use and activity patterns using GPS tracking data, in direct comparison with similar data collected from 38 experienced adults. Juveniles were less exploratory and spent more time foraging than adults, but showed similar spatial consistency. Over time, both juveniles and adults reduced their range distribution areas, but only adults significantly reduced their flying time. Adults exhibited space use optimization by travelling shorter distances and spending progressively more time foraging. In contrast, juveniles showed no clear evidence of spatial learning or improved foraging skills, as there was no decrease in cumulative distance travelled nor a clear pattern in time spent foraging.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 12","pages":"241224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction to: 'How the pandemic affected psychological research'. 更正：“流行病如何影响心理学研究”。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-11 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.242064

Mario Gollwitzer, Stephan Nuding, Leonhard Schramm, Andreas Glöckner, Robert Gruber, Katharina V Hajek, Jan A Häusser, Roland Imhoff, Selma C Rudert

引用次数: 0

The oldest monofenestratan pterosaur from the Queso Rallado locality (Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Toarcian) of Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina. 阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚丘布省最古老的单翅目翼龙（Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Toarcian）。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-11 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241238

Alexandra E Fernandes, Diego Pol, Oliver W M Rauhut

{"title":"The oldest monofenestratan pterosaur from the Queso Rallado locality (Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Toarcian) of Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina.","authors":"Alexandra E Fernandes, Diego Pol, Oliver W M Rauhut","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241238","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241238","url":null,"abstract":"As the first group of tetrapods to achieve powered flight, pterosaurs first appeared in the Late Triassic. They proliferated globally, and by the Late Jurassic through the Cretaceous, the majority of these taxa belonged to the clade Monofenestrata (which includes the well-known Pterodactyloidea as its major subclade), typified by their single undivided fenestra anterior to the orbit. Here, a new taxon Melkamter pateko gen. et sp. nov., represented by the specimen MPEF-PV 11530 (comprising a partial cranium and associated postcranial elements), is reported from the latest Early Jurassic (Toarcian) locality of Queso Rallado (Cañadón Asfalto Formation) and referred to the clade Monofenestrata, increasing our previously known taxonomic and geographic representations, and temporal range for this clade. This occurrence marks the oldest record of Monofenestrata globally and helps to shed critical light on the evolutionary processes undergone during the 'non-pterodactyloid'-to-pterodactyloid transition within the Pterosauria. In addition, another single isolated tooth from the same locality shows ctenochasmatid affinities. These finds further elucidate the still-poor Gondwanan Jurassic pterosaur fossil record, underscoring that most of our current ideas about the timing and modes of pterosaur evolution during that period are largely based on (and biased by) the pterosaur fossil record of the Northern Hemisphere.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 12","pages":"241238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Concrete evidence: outplanted corals for reef restoration do not need extended curing of ordinary Portland cement. 具体证据：用于珊瑚礁修复的外植珊瑚不需要普通硅酸盐水泥的长时间养护。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-04 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241064

E G Knoester, A Vos, C Saru, A J Murk, R Osinga

{"title":"Concrete evidence: outplanted corals for reef restoration do not need extended curing of ordinary Portland cement.","authors":"E G Knoester, A Vos, C Saru, A J Murk, R Osinga","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241064","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241064","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial reefs for coral reef restoration are often concrete-based. After concrete is poured, it initially has a high surface pH (approx. 13), which neutralizes within several weeks. During this curing, colonization by marine microalgae is delayed and also macrobenthos such as corals may be impacted. In this study, we evaluated how concrete curing time applied prior to the deployment of artificial reefs affected coral performance. Fragments of five coral species were outplanted onto ordinary Portland concrete discs (n = 10) that had been cured on land. Seven different curing periods were applied, ranging from one day up to four months. The discs with corals were deployed at a Kenyan reef and photographed at the start and end of the experiment. After 1 year, coral cover had increased for four coral species and declined for one, but this was unrelated to concrete curing time. Also, no effect of curing time was seen on the development of other common benthic organisms such as macroalgae or soft corals. We conclude that curing of concrete is unlikely to have any long-term negative impacts on coral performance and therefore, extended curing of artificial reefs prior to coral attachment is unlikely to benefit reef restoration efforts.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 12","pages":"241064"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11614532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142781075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimal COVID-19 vaccine prioritization by age depends critically on inter-group contacts and vaccination rates. 按年龄划分的最佳COVID-19疫苗优先顺序主要取决于群体间接触和疫苗接种率。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-04 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240753

Iker Atienza-Diez, Gabriel Rodriguez-Maroto, Saúl Ares, Susanna Manrubia

{"title":"Optimal COVID-19 vaccine prioritization by age depends critically on inter-group contacts and vaccination rates.","authors":"Iker Atienza-Diez, Gabriel Rodriguez-Maroto, Saúl Ares, Susanna Manrubia","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240753","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240753","url":null,"abstract":"The limited availability of COVID-19 vaccines has prompted extensive research on optimal vaccination strategies. Previous studies have considered various non-pharmaceutical interventions, vaccine efficacy and distribution strategies. In this work, we address the combined effects of inter-group contacts and vaccination rates under contact reduction, analysing the Spanish population's demographic and age group contact patterns and incorporating reinfection dynamics. We conduct an exhaustive analysis, evaluating 362 880 permutations of nine age groups across six vaccination rates and two distinct, empirically quantified scenarios for social contacts. Our results show that at intermediate-to-high vaccination rates with unrestricted social contacts, optimal age-based vaccination strategies only slightly deviate from older-to-younger prioritization, yielding marginal reductions in deaths and infections. However, when significant reductions in social contacts are enforced-similar to the lockdowns in 2020-there are substantial improvements, particularly at moderate vaccination rates. These restrictions lead to a transition where infection propagation is halted, a scenario that became achievable during the pandemic with the observed vaccination rates. Our findings emphasize the importance of combining appropriate social contact reductions with vaccination to optimize age-based vaccination strategies, underscoring the complex, nonlinear dynamics involved in pandemic dynamics and the necessity for tailored context-specific interventions.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 12","pages":"240753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11615194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142781080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of target scarcity on visual foraging. 目标稀缺性对视觉觅食的影响。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-12-04 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240060

A E Hughes, H R Statham, A D F Clarke

引用次数: 0